edicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body [1]. The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, and Phenolic compounds [2]. Many of these indigenous medicinal plants are used as spices and food plants. They are also sometimes added to foods meant for pregnant and nursing mothers for medicinal purposes [3;4]. This field of natural products research is currently being carried out intensively though it remains far from exhaustion. An attempt to obtain bioactive agents from plants is a worthwhile exercise since only 10% of all plants have been investigated in detail [5]. However, as at the time of this study, a higher percentage of bioactive compounds could have been discovered. The majority of these bioactive compounds are Sesquiterpenes, Diterpenes, Triterpene Saponins, Triterpene Aglycones, and Monoterpenes. It is imperative that ethnobotanical researches and phytochemical tests have led to some patent-able and industrially exploitable compounds for drug development. Plants fulfill the needs of not only human being but also entire animal kingdom.

Man as a unique creation of God [6] is but a part of the universe that relates domestically with other living creatures, man has been provided with food, water, shelter and herbal medicine around his habitat. However, the orange pulps of the fruits of Citrus aurantium var. Dulcis L. which is part of man's food are more beloved to domestic animals like goat and sheep for reason not yet proven scientifically. Domestic animal kept looking at human when eating or drinking such food and most times compete with them self in eating the thrown away part by human.

The popular orange tree (Citrus aurantium var. Dulcis L.) belongs to the plant family Rutaceae. It is a small tree with grayish-brown branches that are widely spread. The petioles of the leaves are winged and the leaves are ova, alternate, and have a deep green colour. The calyx is bell-shaped and bisexual flowers are pure white. The fruit is round and green and yellow when ripe. It is widely used for it juice which is sweet [7].

Medicinal Uses

The infusion of the leaves, mixed with a little honey, is used for controlling cough.

The pulp should be eaten instead of drinking only the juice as it ease bowel movement.

The fruit in general is good for cases of arthritis, asthma, respiratory problems, pneumonia, hysteria, neurasthenia, neuralgia, headache, colds, cough, fevers and influenza. It is highly recommended for scurvy.

Fresh rind rubbed on the face is a good remedy for acne.

The consumption of orange juice strengthens the stomach, increases Musa, The back of the oranges were pealed, the pulps were collected after juice extraction and washed with pure water, air dried as shown below and pulverized into a fine powder using a commercial blender.

Extraction and fractionation of the pulp ethanolic extract was carried out by bioassay guided fractionation protocol [8]. The procedure was carried out using ethanol-water (95:5v/v) and different organic solvent in order of polarity (Hexane, chloroform and Methanol) using separatory funnel to fractionate them into different fractions. One thousand grams of the powdered fruits of Citrus aurantium var. Dulcis L pulp materials (20 mesh~1g) were extracted using percolation process in a mixture of 95ml of distilled ethanol and 5 ml of distilled water at ambient temperature overnight. The extractives was filtered and re-extracted three times. The combined extract were filtered through a Whatman No. 1 paper and then concentrated invacuo at 40 0 C using a rotary evaporator, model W2-100 SENCO® @ rpm of 100; Shanghai SENCO technology Co, Ltd Japan. The various extractive concentrates were evaporated to dryness using water bath for some days and residues were obtained in gram for basic, acidic, polar and non-polar fraction as 0.3g, 1.2g, 1.3g, and 40g.

Preliminary Phytochemical screening was done using standard procedures to identify constituents, as described [9;10]

To the small quantity of extract 1-2 drops of Biurret reagent was added. Formation of violet colourprecipitate showed presence of proteins.

To the small quantity of extract 1-2 drops of Million's reagent was added. Formation of white colour precipitate showed presence of proteins.

To the 3ml of extract, dil. H 2 SO 4 was added. The solution was then boiled and filtered. The filtrate was cooled and to it equal volume of benzene was added. The solution was shaken well and the organic layer was separated. Equal volume of dilute ammonia solution was added to the organic layer. The ammonia layer turned pink showing the presence of glycosides.

To the 5ml of extract, 1ml of conc. H 2 SO 4, 2ml of Glacial acetic acid and 1 drop of FeCI 3 solutions was added. Appearance of Brown ring shows the presence of cardiac glycosides.

To the 2ml of extract 10% NaOH was added and shake well for 5mm shows the yellow colour.

To the 2ml of extract conc. H 2 SO 4 added and shake well for 5 mm shows the Red colour.

To 2 ml of extract, 2 ml of chloroform and 2 ml of conc. H 2 SO 4 was added. The solution was shaken well. As a result chloroform layer turned red and acid layer showed greenish yellow fluorescence.

To the 2-3 ml of filtrate, 1ml of dil. HCI and Hager's reagent was added and shake well. Yellow precipitate was formed showing the presence of alkaloids.

To the 2-3 ml of filtrate, 1 ml of dil. HCI and Mayer's reagent was added and shake well. Formation of yellow precipitate showed the presence of alkaloids.

To the 2-3ml of filtrate, 1ml of dil. HCI and Dragendroff's reagent was added and shake well. Formation or orange-brown precipitate showed the presence of alkaloids.

To the 2-3ml of filtrate, 1ml of dil. HCI and Wagner's reagent was added and shake well. Formation of reddish-brown precipitate showed the presence of alkaloids.

To the small quantity of extract lead acetate solution was added. Formation of yellow precipitate showed the presence of flavonoids.

On addition of 5% FeCI 3 solution to the extract, deep blue black colour appeared.

On addition of lead acetate solution to the extract white precipitate appeared.

To 1mol extract 20ml distilled water was added and shakes well in measuring cylinder for 15min. Then 1cm layer of loam was formed. Above phytochemical analysis will be carried out using standard procedure [11;12].

These include Alkaloids, Saponins, Steroid, Carbohydrate, Tannins, Quinone, Coumarins, Phenolics, Terpenoids Fixed Oil, Fat and Flavonoids as shown in Table 2. As it is expected for ethanolic solvent used being an active component extractor [13]. Therefore, the presence of these secondary compounds validates the use of oranges pulps as herbal drugs anywhere they are found. On carrying out phytochemical analysis, crude extracts were fractionated into acidic, basic, polar and nonpolar fractions as shown in Table 3. The highest quantity of phytochemical was found to be oil from hexane fraction thereby indicating steroidal properties responsible in the hormonal production and enhancement. Most Alkaloid fraction is known to be poisonous. Thus, it was the least fraction obtained from the fruitof Citrus aurantium var. Dulcis L. pulp showing their friendly and less harmful as to be used in medicine.

Each fraction obtained through the bioassay fractionation protocol showed fluorescence under the UV observation. Thus, wavelength between 254-365nm has indicated the presence of secondary metabolites in the fractions. The ultraviolet region extends from about 10 to 380nm, but the most useful region in analysis is from 200 to 380nm, called the near-ultraviolet or quartz UV region. This is as a result of chromophores acting as chromatogram and conjugation (where multiple e.g., double and triple bonds are separated by just one single bond each) between the double bonds from oxygen atoms with the single bonds present in the structure. The different colours of the fluorescence rings are due to different atoms present in the compound having different wavelengths. When atoms are excited to a higher energy level, they may fall back to their original position using the same or a different wavelength resulting to emission of different colours [14]. At still higher energies (visible and ultraviolet wavelengths) different levels of electronic transition take place, and rotational and vibrational transitions are superimposed. Thus, indicating that important medicinal compound could be present in the fruit of Citrus aurantium var. Dulcis L. pulp fractions. Phytochemicals are known to possess antimicrobial properties as reported [13]. This showed that the orange pulps were rich in chemical constituents. These principles have been known for many years to exhibit biological activity, such as effects on the central nervous system, and antibacterial, antiturmour, and anthehelmintic activity [16]. Many alkaloids are known to have effect on the central nervous system and some act as antiparasitic (such as morphine, a pain killer). Quinine was widely used against Plasmodium falciparum. In this respect, it is found from the phytochemical screening that most plants traditionally used to treat malaria contain alkaloids among other things. Analgesia is another property of many alkaloids containing plants used in traditional medicine. Degenerative disorders, such as gouts and rheumatism, have also been traditionally treated with alkaloidcontaining plants. Cochicine compounds are well known in treating gouts [14]. Alkaloids which have antiinflammatory activity were present in the orange pulp and Saponins which have anti-inflammatory and considered as hemotoxic. Coumarins were present which is precursor for several anticoagulants. Tannins were present which have astringent and detergent properties were also present and can be used against diarrhea [15]. The presence of these compounds in Citrus aurantium var. Dulcis L pulpwill be useful in the treatment of diseases associated with the heart, antiinflammatory action, anticoagulant, diarrhea and dysentery. Steroidal compounds are known to behave like hormones [16] have reported oils, alkaloids and associated with plants to have medicinal value. Others are Tritepenoids, which include: Cardiac Glycosides, Sterols, Saponins and Tritepenes. Mode of action of compounds present in the extracts indicates that the extracts from these pulps have the potential of solving the problem of multi-drug resistance.

The study is useful for the utilization of natural product waste fruit such as the fruit of Citrus aurantium var. Dulcis L. pulpas therapeutic agents especially those that are thrown away been considered not very necessary. These may be more needed for the body wellbeing as it contains very important phytochemicals. Thus, it provides an ethnobotanical data of the medicinal fruits as used by the local practitioners, traditional healers to cure different diseases, and promote a practical use validation and to bring back the extinct knowledge for medicine. Further detailed exploration and collection of ethnobotanical information, chemical studies and screening for medicinal properties which are ignored will also provide less cost effective and reliable source of medicine for the welfare of humanity. However, the observations from the present study need to be further validated with isolations of compounds and pharmaco-chemical studies, in order to confirm their efficacy of such components present in the phytochemicals as a future drug.