Result of a Questionnaire Survey of 61 Females on their Satisfaction with Fish, Calcium and Protein Intake

Table of contents

1. Introduction

n Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare publishes dietary standards for Japanese every five years. According to the Japanese Dietary Intake Standards issued by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 2020, the daily protein intake for adults is 60g for males and 50g for females.

Per capita consumption of seafood in Japan continues decline. According to the Japanese "Food Supply and Demand Chart," the consumption of edible seafood per person per year, peak intake of fish per person is 40.2 kg in 2001, but peak intake of fish per person is 24. 6 kg in 2016 which is 1.1 kg less than the previous year. This fish intake is about the same level as in the late 1930s.In recent years, in Japan, protein intake is starting to decrease. This is thought to be due to factors such as the aging of the population. Calcium intake in Japan is much less than the recommended amount of 800~700mg for males and 650~600mg for females. The recent calcium intake in Japan is 470~550mg for males and 400~500mg for females. That is nearly 250mg less than the recommended amount.

Data from 1995 to 2015 show that Japanese protein intake is declining. Total protein may be sufficient, but animal proteins are too few, and it can be said that the Japanese lack "good quality protein."That means that the amino acid score does not exceed 100.

The 61 females (18-28) who participated in a health class were asked about satisfaction with their intake of fish, calcium, and protein intake.

2. II.

3. Materials and Methods

Participants were 61 females who were briefed about the study and signed a consent form. The questions consisted of the following seven items. 1) Do you like fish to eat? 2) Do you know a commercial fish that can eat up to the bones? 3) Would you like to eat a fish that can be eaten up to the bones of a commercial product? 4) Do you feel that you are deficient in calcium intake daily? 5) Do you want to take calcium positively? 6) Do you feel that you are deficient in protein intake daily? 7) Do you want to take protein positively? Participants self-administered responses to a sevenitem questionnaire. In addition, participants were asked about their frequency of consumption of fish, meat, eggs, and beans using a self-administered questionnaire. The participants also answered the desired purchase price of the fish whose bones are edible.

4. III.

Results 61 participants aged 18 to 28 years (see Table 1.), and the average age ± standard deviation was 21.1 ± 2.0. Weight was 52.9±7.1, and height was 158.4±5.9 (see Table 2

5. .).

Table 3 shows the results of a seven-item selfadministered questionnaire conducted on the participants. Among the participants, 83.6% answered that they like to fish. The participants of 75.4% responded that they know a commercial fish that can eat up to the bones. Among the participants, 82.0% answered that they would like to eat a commercial product of fish whose bones are edible. In addition, 68.9% of the participants answered that they felt calcium deficiency in their daily lives. And 95.1% of the participants insisted on positive calcium intake. Similarly, 32.8% of the participants felt that they were not getting enough protein in their daily lives. The participants of 90.2% responded that they want to take protein positively.

Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire about the frequency of consumption of fish, meat, eggs, and beans (see Table 4.). Many participants responded to the question as follows. They ate fish 1-2 times a week, meat 3-4 times a week, eggs 3-4 times a week, and beans 1-2 times a week.

In addition, participants answered the following questions: 6.6% of participants ate meat every day, 23.0% of participants ate eggs every day, and 18.0% of participants ate beans every day. However, none of the participants ate fish every day. Table 5 shows the results of a self-administered questionnaire survey of participants regarding the desired purchase price of commercially available fish that even the bones can be eaten. As a result, among the participants, the most requested price was 200 yen (about 1.5 US dollars). However, the reality is that the price of commercially available fish with edible bones in 400 yen (about 3-4 US dollars). It is about twice the purchase price requested by the participants.

years

6. IV.

7. Discussions

From the results of a self-administered questionnaire survey conducted on 61 females, they did not feel a lack of protein, but felt a lack of calcium. However, 61 females wanted to consume both protein and calcium actively. The participants knew that even the bones of the fish were edible and tried to eat them, but the purchase price they wanted to buy them at a price far below the actual market price. Therefore, consumers consider fish that can be eaten, even the bones, expensive. As the protein in daily life, it is possible to purchase eggs, beans, and meat every day, but it is not easy to eat fish every day. Fish contain not only high-quality protein, but also large amounts of EPA and DHA1), which are suitable for blood vessels 2-4) and the brain 5 ). In order to prevent Alzheimer's disease 6,7) , it is desirable to take EPA and DHA, which are abundant in fish oil. They are also reported to be effective in preventing neuropathy 8) and leading to health promotion by numerous reports 9,10) . Eating fish for calcium 11) and for protein 12,13) intake is recommended. However, the high price of fish prevents consumers from purchasing fish daily. Even if it is challenging to buy raw fish, is it possible to increase the consumption of fish whose bones are edible by storing it at room temperature in retort pouches and using canned food?

Encourage consumers to consume processed fish caught in season (such as canned fish that can store for a long time and even the bones are edible) to increase protein and calcium intake.

V.

8. Conclusions

Concerning the consumption of calcium, which did not meet the Japanese dietary intake standards, and the consumption of fish, which is declining a selfadministered questionnaire survey was conducted on 61 females. As a result, the participants felt that their protein intake was sufficient, but felt that their calcium intake was low. The participants answered that they wanted to ingest both protein and calcium actively. The participants knew that there were fish available on the market that could be eaten, including the bones, from which calcium and protein could be ingested simultaneously, but they did not know that the price was higher than the asking price. Some participants ate eggs, meat, and beans daily, but none ate fish daily. In the future, we would like to introduce low-price canned fish and retort-pouch foods to consumers, increase the consumption of fish, even the bones which can be eaten, and increase the intake of calcium and protein.

Figure 1. Table 1 .
1
old 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
number of participants 3 7 14 20 7 2 3 2 2 0 1
Table 2. Basic information of 61 participants
Average age Average height Average weight
Average±Standard diviation 21.1 ±2.0 158.4 ±5.9 52.9 ±7.1
Question items Yes No No answer
Do you like fish to eat? 83.6 16.4 0.0
Do you know a commercial fish that can eat up to the bones? 75.4 24.6 0.0
Would you like to eat a fish that can be eaten up to the bones of a commercial product? 82.0 18.0 0.0
Do you feel that you are deficient in calcium intake on a daily basis? 68.9 29.5 1.6
Do you want to take calcium positively? 95.1 3.3 1.6
Do you feel that you are deficient in protein intake on a daily basis? 32.8 67.2 0.0
Do you want to take protein positively? 90.2 9.8 0.0
Figure 2. Table 3 .
3
Year 2022
32
Figure 3. Table 4 .
4
Figure 4. Table 5 .
5
Questions 50 yen 100 yen 120 yen 150 yen 180 yen 200 yen 250 yen 280 yen
Suggested purchase price (number) 1 5 1 8 1 16 5 2
Suggested purchase price (%) 1.6 8.2 1.6 13.1 1.6 26.2 8.2 3.3
Questions 298 yen 300 yen 350 yen 400 yen 500 yen 800 yen 1000 yen no answer
Suggested purchase price (number) 1 7 2 5 4 1 1 1
Suggested purchase price (%) 1.6 11.5 3.3 8.2 6.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Year 2022
33

Appendix A

Appendix A.1 Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Japanese Society of Taste Technology, 2021.

Appendix B

  1. 22884424. Free PMC article, 2012.
  2. A Recent Update on the Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Alzheimer'sDisease,
  3. Association of plasma ?-3 and ?-6 lipids with burden of disease measures in bipolar subjects,
  4. Brain delivery of supplemental docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial,
  5. Dietary Animal and Plant Protein and Human Bone Health: A Whole Food Approach. Linda K. Massey. American Society for Nutritonal Sciences 2003. p. .
  6. , D Swanson , R Block , S A Mousa , D Swanson . 2012 Jan.
  7. Effect of nutrition on neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic review,
  8. Emerging Evidence for the Importance of Dietary Protein Source on Glucoregulatory Markers and Type 2 Diabetes: Different Effects of Dairy, Meat, Fish, Egg, and Plant Protein Foods. Kevin B. Comerford and Gonca Pasin. Nutrients 2016. 8 p. .
  9. , Free . Clinical Trial
  10. Free PMC article. Review. 2. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the bloodstream of healthy adults, 10.3945/an.111.000893. 22332096. 2012 Jan 5. 2012. 3 p. . (Adv Nutr)
  11. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. F Shahidi , P Ambigaipalan , F Shahidi . 10.1146/annurev-food-111317-095850. 29350557. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2018 Mar 25. 2018. 9 p. . (Review)
  12. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),
  13. , I C Arellanes , N Choe , V Solomon , X He , B Kavin , A E Martinez , N Kono , D P Buennagel , N Hazra , G Kim , D 'orazio , L M Mccleary , C Sagare , A Zlokovic , B V Hodis , H N Mack , W J Chui , H C Harrington , M G Braskie , M N Schneider , L S Yassine , H N Arellanes , IC . 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102883. 32690472. EBioMedicine 2020 Sep. 2020 Jul 17. 2020. 59 p. 102883. (Free PMC article. Clinical Trial)
  14. , K D Stark , M E Van Elswyk , M R Higgins , C A Weatherford , N SalemJr , K D Stark . 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001. 27216485. Prog Lipid Res 2016 Jul. 2016 May 20. 2016. 63 p. . (Prog Lipid Res. Free article. Review)
  15. , L A Horrocks , Y K Yeo , L A Horrocks . 10479465. Pharmacol Res 1999 Sep. 1999. 40 (3) p. . (Pharmacol Res.. Review)
  16. A Mixed Flavonoid-Fish Oil Supplement Induces Immune-Enhancing and Anti-Inflammatory Transcriptomic Changes in Adult Obese and Overweight Women-A Randomized Controlled Trial. L Cialdella-Kam , D C Nieman , A M Knab , R A Shanely , M P Meaney , JinF , Sha W Ghosh , S Cialdella-Kam , L . 10.3390/nu8050277. 27187. Nutrients 2016 May 11. 2016. 8 (5) p. 277. (Nutrients)
  17. , Mow Grimm , D M Michaelson , T Hartmann , Mow Grimm . 10.1194/jlr.R076331. 28528321. J Lipid Res 2017 Nov. 2017 May 20. 2017. 58 (11) p. . (J Lipid Res. Free PMC article. Review)
  18. Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life,
  19. Omega-3 fatty acids, lipids, and apoE lipidation in Alzheimer'sdisease: a rationale for multi-nutrient dementia prevention,
  20. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Health Benefits,
  21. , S J Evans , M Kamali , A R Prossin , G J Harrington , V L Ellingrod , M G Mcinnis , C F Burant , S J Evans . 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.07.016. J Psychiatr Res 2012 Nov. 2012 Aug. 46 (11) p. .
  22. , T A Ajith , T A Ajith . 10.2174/1574884713666180807145648. 30084334. Curr Clin Pharmacol 2018. 2018. 13 (4) p. . (Curr Clin Pharmacol. Review)
  23. , T Larsen , Thilsted , Hansen . 10743499. Br. J. Nutr 2000 Feb. 83 (2) p. .
  24. , V E Bianchi , P F Herrera , Laura R Bianchi , VE . 10.1080/1028415X.2019.1681088. 31684843. Nutr Neurosci 2021 Oct. 2019 Nov 4. 2021. 24 (10) p. . (Nutr Neurosci.)
Date: 2022 1970-01-01