Detroit residents between the ages of 18 and 25 self-reported their conditions via
a survey instrument hosted on Centiment. Co, an online survey platform that T helps
to target specific demographics for researchers. (Centiment, 2022) Data were collected between January 19, 2022, and February 7, 2022. The Detroit Metro
area was experiencing a COVID wave during the same time. (State of Michigan, 2022)
522 people from the target population responded to the survey. 412 people completed
the survey. There are approximately 600,000 people between the ages of 18 and 25 that
reside in the Detroit Metro area. (Detroit Regional Chamber, 2022) 384 samples would
be needed to achieve 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error for statistical
analysis. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2022)The collected responses are greater
than the sample size target.
The survey instrument has 4 sections. The first section covered responder demographics.
The second section is adapted from the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21).
The DASS-21 "is a set of three self-report scales designed to measure the emotional
states of depression, anxiety and stress. Each of the three DASS-21 scales contains
7 items, divided into subscales with similar content. The depression scale assesses
dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest /
involvement, anhedonia and inertia. The anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal,
skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious
affect. The stress scale is sensitive to levels of chronic non-specific arousal. It
assesses difficulty relaxing, nervous arousal, and being easily upset / agitated,
irritable / over-reactive and impatient". Scores for depression, anxiety and stress
are calculated by summing the scores for the relevant items. (Motor Accident Insurance
Commission, Australia, 2016; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1996)DASS-21 responses are summarized
as extremely severe, severe, moderate, mild, and normal.
The third section is based on the Pew Research Center's Teen Survey. (Jiang, 2020) The questions in this section cover the usage of electronic devices by the sampled
population. The fourth section was derived from C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National
Poll on Children's Health. (Freed, n.d.) This survey measures effects of COVID-19 restrictions on teens, who rely on their
peer and social connections for emotional support. In total, the survey instrument
had 46 multiple choices questions.
Descriptive analysis of the data collected was performed to better understand the
demographics of the participants. Descriptive analysis also included breakdown of
responses per question. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to explore whether there
are any statistically significant differences between various groups. Further, ANOVA
was used to investigate the relationships between depression, anxiety, stress, and
self-reported impact of COVID-19 on social interactions. Finally, ANOVA was used to
investigate how young adults in the Detroit Metro area tried to deal with problems
related to their emotional states.
2. III. Results
49% of the respondents identified as female, 46% identified as male. 54% of the respondents
selfreported themselves as white or Caucasian, 35% as black of African American, 9%
as Latino or Hispanic, 7% as Asian, 3% as Native American or Alaskan Native and 1%
as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. A breakdown of respondent by age is shown
in table 1. In response to DASS-21 portion of the survey, most respondents reported their levels
as normal. Specifically, 38.8% reported normal depression levels, 37.4% reported normal
anxiety levels and 47.6% reported normal stress levels. On the other hand, 26.9% of
respondents reported their depression as extremely severe or severe, 36.2% of respondents
reported their anxiety as extremely severe or severe and 18.9% of respondents reported
their stress as extremely severe or severe. Additionally, it can be concluded that
largest number of people reported higher than normal levels of depression, anxiety,
and stress. A complete breakdown of the relevant responses is included in table 2.
A Pearson correlation analysis for the three emotional states was performed. The states
demonstrate a high degree of correlation. The correlation analysis is shown in table
3. Furthermore, moderate degree of statistically significant correlation, with coefficients
between 0.24and 0.39, were found between the levels of emotional states and various
detrimental behaviors reported by the Over 62% of the respondents reported that the
COVID-19 wave that was prevalent during the data collection phase has very negative
or somewhat negative impact on their social interactions. A complete breakdown of
the responses is included in table 4. Respondents used various modes of communication to interact with their family members,
friends or loved ones. Most common modes of communications reported were phone calls,
social media, gaming platforms and inperson interactions. A complete breakdown of
the responses is included in table 5. During the COVID-19 wave prevalent during the
data collection phase 53.6% respondents reported experiencing sleep issues, 56.8%
respondents reported experiencing worry, 53.2% respondents reported experiencing sadness,
38.6% respondents reported experiencing changes in appetite, 24.8% respondents reported
experiencing aggressive behavior and 32.3% respondents reported withdrawing from family.
Further, to seek emotional support 57.8% of respondents looked for information on
internet portals, 32% used mobile applications, 37.6% looked for professional help
and 68.4% talked to people in the family and/or friends. ANOVA was performed to assess
whether levels of depression, anxiety and stress varied by gender. It was found that
the p-values of the F-tests were less than 0.05, hence it can be concluded that there
are statistically significant differences between the means from one level of gender
to another at the 95.0% confidence level. The multiple range tests showed that the
levels varied significantly between the following groups. People who self-reported
their gender as other had statistically significant higher levels of depression and
anxiety when compared to people who self-reported their gender as male or female.
People who selfreported their gender as female or other had statistically significant
higher levels of stress when compared to people who self-reported their gender as
male. Results of the ANOVA are shown in tables 6, 7, 8. Multiple Ranges tests are
shown in tables 9, 10, 11. The results of ANOVA didn't show any statistically significant
differences related to respondents' race. ANOVA did not highlight any statistically
significant differences between levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and self-reported
impact of COVID-19 on social interactions. All p-values were greater than 0.05. Similarly,
the analysis did not demonstrate any statistically significant difference in the impact
of COVID-19 based on gender or race. Tables 12, 13, 14 show that respondents turned to internet portals and professionals for help with
their emotional states at statistically significant levels. The analyses show that
emotional states of young adults in the Detroit Metro area were concerning. The emotional
states were worse for genders other than male. The COVID-19 wave, and the associated
lockdown also seems to have coincided with several detrimental behaviors. The young
adults used various modes of communication to keep their social interactions active.
They turned to various avenues to seek help for their emotional states.
Public health administrators could use the findings of this study to develop effective
remedial programs. At individual level, young adults should keep channels of communications
open via various modes with loved ones and professionals to help elevate their emotional
states. The study is the first of its kind for the Detroit Metro area. Additional
studies should be conducted in other geographical areas to develop a comprehensive
understanding of the emotional states of young people in general and during pandemic
lockdowns in specific. Further longitudinal studies will also help deepen the depth
of knowledge. Regardless, of the COVID-19 related lockdown the emotional states of
young people in the Detroit Metro area were found to be distressed.
Figure 1. Table 1 :1
Age
Frequency
Percent
18
82
16%
19
50
10%
20
65
12%
21
88
17%
22
58
11%
23
45
9%
24
58
11%
25
68
13%
Other/Undisclosed
8
2%
Figure 2. Table 2 :2
Volume XXII Issue III Version I
D D D D ) A
(
Medical Research
Global Journal of
Figure 3. Table 3 :3
Depression Anxiety Stress
Sleep issues
Worry Sadness
Changes in appetite
Aggressive behavior
Withdrawing from family
Depression
0.67
0.68
0.30
0.39
0.39
0.24
0.37
0.30
Anxiety
0.67
0.73
0.32
0.35
0.30
0.24
0.36
0.21
Stress
0.68
0.73
0.30
0.38
0.36
0.25
0.39
0.24
Sleep issues
0.30
0.32
0.30
0.40
0.41
0.39
0.31
0.23
Worry
0.39
0.35
0.38
0.40
0.55
0.28
0.24
0.27
Sadness
0.39
0.30
0.36
0.41
0.55
0.38
0.29
0.37
Changes in appetite
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.39
0.28
0.38
0.25
0.34
Aggressive behavior
0.37
0.36
0.39
0.31
0.24
0.29
0.25
0.30
Withdrawing from family
0.30
0.21
0.24
0.23
0.27
0.37
0.34
0.30
p values < 0.05 in all cases
Figure 4. Table 4 :4
Frequency
Percent
Very Negative
127
30.8%
Somewhat Negative
132
32.0%
Subtotal
259
62.9%
No Impact
114
27.7%
Somewhat Positive
27
6.6%
Very Positive
12
2.9%
Grand Total
Figure 5. Table 5 :5
Text
Phone Call
Social Media
Frequency Percent
Frequency Percent
Frequency Percent
Every day or almost every day
18
4%
32
8%
40
10%
A few times a week
44
11%
85
21%
63
15%
A few times a month or less
131
32%
145
35%
116
28%
Never
219
53%
150
36%
193
47%
Total
412
Gaming Platforms
In-Person (Indoor and/or Outdoor)
Frequency
Percent
Frequency
Percent
Every day or almost every day
113
27%
16
4%
A few times a week
91
22%
107
26%
A few times a month or less
87
21%
127
31%
Never
121
29%
162
39%
Total
412
Figure 6. Table 6 :6
Source
Sum of Squares Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
Between groups
30.21
3
10.07
3.95
0.0085
Within groups
1040.42
408
2.55
Figure 7. Table 7 :7
Source
Sum of Squares Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
Between groups
20.54
3
6.85
3.28
0.0210
Within groups
851.91
408
2.09
Figure 8. Table 8 :8
Source
Sum of Squares Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
Between groups
25.87
3
8.62
5.84
0.0006
Within groups
602.06
408
1.48
Figure 9. Table 9 :9
Year 2022
Volume XXII Issue III Version I
D D D D )
(
Medical Research
Global Journal of
Contrast
Sig.
Difference
+/-Limits
Female -Male
-0.28
0.32
Female -Other
*
1.22
0.97
Female -Prefer Not to Say
0.63
1.30
Male -Other
*
1.50
0.97
Male -Prefer Not to Say
0.90
1.30
Other -Prefer Not to Say
-0.59
1.59
Note: * denotes a statistically significant difference.Distressed
Figure 10. Table 10 :10
Contrast
Sig. Difference +/-Limits
Female -Male
-0.26
0.29
Female -Other
*
1.01
0.88
Female -Prefer Not to Say
0.04
1.18
Male -Other
*
1.27
0.88
Male -Prefer Not to Say
0.30
1.18
Other -Prefer Not to Say
-0.97
1.44
* denotes a statistically significant difference.
Figure 11. Table 11 :11
Contrast
Sig.
Difference +/-Limits
Female -Male
*
-0.39
0.24
Female -Other
0.72
0.74
Female -Prefer Not to Say
0.39
0.99
Male -Other
*
1.12
0.74
Male -Prefer Not to Say
0.78
0.99
Other -Prefer Not to Say
-0.33
1.21
Figure 12. Table 12 :12
Source
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value
MAIN EFFECTS
A:Advice from internet
23.35
1
23.35
11.71
0.0007
B:Help from app
1.01
1
1.01
0.51
0.4775
C:Helpfrm professional
12.61
1
12.61
6.32
0.0123
D:Helpfrmfam_friend
4.92
1
4.92
2.47
0.1169
All F-ratios are based on the residual mean square erro.
Figure 13. Table 13 :13
Source
Sum of Squares Df
Mean Square F-Ratio
P-Value
MAIN EFFECTS
A:Advice from internet
48.13
1
48.13
20.62
0.0002
B:Help from app
7.10
1
7.10
3.04
0.0819
C:Helpfrm professional
13.97
1
13.97
5.99
0.0148
D:Helpfrmfam_friend
0.82
1
0.82
0.35
0.5536
All F-ratios are based on the residual mean square error.
The neglected health of international migrant workers in the COVID-19 epidemic.
A Liem
, C Wang
, Y Wariyanti
, C A Latkin
, B J Hall
. The Lancet Psychiatry2020. 7 (4) p. e20.
Evidence for elevated psychiatric distress, poor sleep, and quality of life concerns
during the COVID-19 pandemic among US young adults with suspected and reported psychiatric
diagnoses.
C H Liu
, C Stevens
, R C Conrad
, H C &hahm
. Psychiatry research2020. p. 113345.
WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic.
D Cucinotta
, M Vanelli
. Acta Bio Medica: AteneiParmensis2020. 91 (1) p. 157.
Medical isolation and solitary confinement: balancing health and humanity in US jails
and prisons during COVID-19.
D H Cloud
, C Ahalt
, D Augustine
, D Sears
, B Williams
. Journal of General Internal Medicine2020. 35 (9) p. .
Coronavirus pandemic and worries during pregnancy; a letter to editor. Archives of
academic emergency medicine,
F R Fakari
, M Simbar
. 2020. 8 p. .
The psychological effects of quarantining a city.
G J Rubin
, S Wessely
. Bmj2020. p. 368.
COVID19-clinical presentation and therapeutic considerations.
G Kenny
, P W Mallon
. Biochemical and biophysical research communications2021. 538 p. .
Emotions and emotion up-regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.
I Schelhorn
, S Schlüter
, K Paintner
, Y Shiban
, R Lugo
, M Meyer
, S Sütterlin
. Plos one2022. 17 (1) p. e0262283.
COVID-19 and its impact on society.
J Singh
, J Singh
. Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities2020. 2.
A longitudinal study on the emotional impact cause by the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine
on general population.
L Canet-Juric
, M L Andrés
, M Valle
, H López-Morales
, F Poó
, J I Galli
, . . &urquijo
, S
. Frontiers in Psychology2020. p. 2431.
Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk
and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study.
L Shanahan
, A Steinhoff
, L Bechtiger
, A L Murray
, A Nivette
, U Hepp
, . . Eisner
, M
. Psychological medicine2022. 52 (5) p. .
Children and coping during COVID-19: A scoping review of bio-psycho-social factors.
M Buheji
, A Hassani
, A Ebrahim
, K Da Costa Cunha
, H Jahrami
, M Baloshi
, S Hubail
. International Journal of Applied Psychology2020. 10 (1) p. .
COVID-19 and social distancing.
M Qian
, J Jiang
. Journal of Public Health2020. p. .
Meaningful living, resilience, affective balance, and psychological health problems
among Turkish young adults during coronavirus pandemic.
M Y?ld?r?m
, G Arslan
, P T Wong
. Current Psychology2021. p. .
Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. World Health
Organization.
https://covid19.who.int/World Health Organization2022. June 18, 2022. 2022. June 18, 2022.
(WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization. Retrieved)
COVID19 meets the antivaccine movement.
P J Hotez
. Microbes and infection2020. 22 (4) p. 162.
Uncertainty, shock and anger: Recent loss experiences of first-wave COVID-19 pandemic
in Italy.
S Cipolletta
, L Entilli
, S Filisetti
. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology2022.
Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales.
S H Lovibond
, P F Lovibond
. Psychology Foundation of Australia1996.
Mental healthcare for psychiatric inpatients during the COVID-19 epidemic.
S Li
, Y Zhang
. General Psychiatry2020. (2) p. 33.
A second wave? What do people mean by Covid waves?-a working definition of epidemic
waves.
S X Zhang
, F A Marioli
, R Gao
, S Wang
. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy2021. 14 p. 3775.
Three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.
T Fisayo
, S Tsukagoshi
. Postgraduate medical journal2021. 1147. 97 p. .