Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative Disease

Table of contents

1. V.E. Korelina ? & I.R. Gazizova ?

Abstract-Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) remains one of the most controversial eye diseases. Ophthalmologists do not have a consensus on the etiology and pathogenesis of POAG. It is obvious that glaucoma is no longer considered as an exclusively ocular disease associated with impaired hydrodynamics. The search for the causes of the inexorable progression of optic neuropathy has taken researchers far from the eyeball. According to modern concepts, glaucoma is considered as a neurodegenerative disease, located on the border of the professional interests of neurologists and ophthalmologists. Experimental and clinical studies reveal degenerative processes in glaucoma not only in the retina and optic nerve, but throughout the entire visual pathway. Structural changes in the brain in POAG are similar to those in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, for example, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. These changes correlate with clinical characteristics and severity of glaucoma. More recent studies have shown that neurodegeneration in glaucoma is also associated with neuroinflammatory processes affecting both the retina and brain. Characteristic signs of central nervous system (CNS) degeneration may precede the death of optic nerve fibers. Can neurodegeneration in glaucoma be considered a top-down process, or do events begin to unfold in the retina and gradually move into the brain? [31,41,54].

2. Keywords

3. ?????????????????

? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????, ?? ? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????. [65,88,91,93].

??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???Ð?" ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????????????? ???????????, ????????, ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????? [81,92]. ??? ????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????????????? ? ???????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ???????????????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ??? ????????, ??? ? ???????? ???? [78]. ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? (???) ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? [55]. ????? ?? ??????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????.

4. II.

5. ???????????????? ??? ????

6. ???????

??????????? (??) ? ??????? ?????????? (??) ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ?? ? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????: ??????????? (?-???) ??? ??, ???-????? (p-tau) ? ????????? (A?) ??? ?? [62].

?? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ????????, ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????. ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? (A?) ? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????? ???-????? (pTau). ??? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? [67].

?? ???????????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????. ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ????, ????????? ?? ????????? ???????????. ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? [58].

Ð?"???????, ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????, ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? (Ð?"??) ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? [85,95].

??? ?????????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???????????? ??-??????, ?????????????????? ??? ????????????????, ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ??-??????, ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????. ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????????????, ?????????? ? ?????? ???????. ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ????????? [16,74,81,92].

? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ? 5 ??? ????, ??? ? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??????. ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? [14,39]. [34,56].

? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? [72].

???? ????? ????????? ??? ? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????? [18], ?? ?????? ????????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? [38] [22].

Ð?"??????????-????????? ???????????? (Ð?"??) ???????????? ????? ????? ???, ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ? ???????. ????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ??????in vivo.?????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ? ????????? ? ?????????. ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? [21].

????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????, ?? ????????? ? ????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????, ??????????? ???Ð?".

7. III.

???????????????? Ð?"????????? ??? ???Ð?" ???? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? [26,27]. ?????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? [37,84]. ????????? ??????????? ??? ???Ð?" ???? ???????? ? ????????????????? ? ??????????? ????????????? [23,52]. ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? [76]. ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?Ð?"Ð?".

????????????? ?????????????, ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???Ð?" [12,20,35,60,71]. ????????, ??????? ???????????????? Ð?"?? (??Ð?"??) ? ??????? Ð?"??, ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????, ????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????????, ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ???Ð?" [48].

???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ? ???????? ???????????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????.

???????????????? [11,33,82]. ? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

?? ?????? ?????? ???????, ? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? [42,44,79]. ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????. ? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? [68]. ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? Ð?"?? ?? ????? ???????????. ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????, ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? [43]. ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????, ????? ????????? ?????????? [45] [61].

?????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????-? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? Ð?"?? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? [69].

??? ??????????????????? ???????????? ??? (????????, ??, ??) ????? ??????? ????????? ?????-? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????????? [82].

???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????, ??????????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ????? (??????, ??????????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????), ? ????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? [57].

?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? (?Ð?"Ð?") ?? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? ???Ð?" ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????, ?????? ? ??????????? ???????????, ????????????????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????.

?????????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ?Ð?"Ð?" ???????? ? ?????????? ?? ? ?-??? ? Ð?"??, ???, ? ???? ???????, ???????????? ?????? ???????? [29].

???

Figure 1.
????????. ????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? 479-486. -https://doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-
?????-? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????? 2019-4-479-486
????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????. 99. ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????????
?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????
?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ? ???????????????. ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????, ??????????????? ????????/ 107-111.
????????? ?? ???????????????. 100. ??????????? ?????????? ????????? Ð?"???????, Ð?".?. ??????? // C?????????? ??????????
??????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????
?????? ????????? ??????, ????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ??????: ????????? ???????????, ???, 12-13
????????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????[99]. ????????????? ???????/ ?????? ?.?. [? ??.] // ???????? 2013 ?. -???.: ?????, 2013. -?. 13-14.
Year 2023 Medical Research Volume XXIII Issue VIII Version I ( D D D D ) F Year 2023 Medical Research Volume XXIII Issue VIII Version I ( D D D D ) F 34 ???????? ????????? A? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????, ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ????, ??? ??? ???????????? ???????????????? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????????? ? Ð?"?? [73]. ? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? p-tau, ??????????? A? ? ??????? Ð?"?? [105]. ?????????, ??? ?????????? ?Ð?"Ð?" ??????????? ?????????? ??? ? ?????? Ð?"??, ? ?????????? ??? ??????? Ð?"??. ????? ????, ????????? A? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????-1? (IL-1?), IL-6 ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? (TNF?). ?????? ? A?-????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ? ?????? Ð?"?? ? ?????????? ???? [89]. ?????????? ?????????? ????-???????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????????. V. ?????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????, ? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????, ???????????????? ??????????, ????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ???????? Ð?"?? ? 89. ????????, ?.?. ?????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ???????? / ???????? ?.?., ???????? ?.?., ???? ?. // ??????????? ?????????????. -2008. -?3. -?. 82-83. 116-121. 95. ??????, ?.?. ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????; Year 2023 ????????? ?? ????. -2014. -?34(3). -?. 6-12. Financial Disclosure: No author has a financial or property interest in any material mentioned. There is no conflict of interests. ???????????????? 101. ?????????, ?.?. ???????-??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ???????????: ??????????? ???. ... ????????? ??????????? ????: 14.01.07 / Medical Research Volume XXIII Issue VIII Version I ( 90. ?. 116-121. -doi: 10.32364/2311-7729-2022-22-2-D D D D )
Global Journal of Global Journal of ??????????? ??????????? ?????. ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ?? ? ??????????? ???????? ? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????, ??????????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? / Global Journal of
???????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????
?????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ??
????????????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ???????
?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????
???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????
??????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ????????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ????
? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????.
??????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????
???????? ????????????? ? ????????????????
© 2023 Global Journ als © 2023 Global Journ als
Note:

F © 2023 Global Journ als Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative Disease

1

Appendix A

  1. , 10.1007/s00234-019-02347-1. p. .
  2. , 10.3390/jcm9103172. 9 p. 3172.
  3. -2018. -V. 33. -P. 1390-1406. Parkinson's disease: possible value as biomarkers / L. Guo, (et al.)
  4. , 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214. p. 214.
  5. , 10.1111/bph.13426. p. .
  6. , 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.005. 25 p. .
  7. , Opthalmology & Visual Science 2014. 55 (2) .
  8. 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003. Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina/ VecinoE, 2016.
  9. ???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????: ?????????????????, ? ? ???????? .
  10. Neuroinflammation as a target for glaucoma therapy. A Adornetto , A Adornetto , R Russo , V Parisi . 10.4103/1673-5374.245465. Neural Regen Res 2019. 14 (3) p. .
  11. Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection in Glaucoma. A C Gauthier , A C Gauthier , J Liu . Yale J Biol Med 2016. 89 (1) p. .
  12. Advanced morphological and functional magnetic resonance techniques in glaucoma / Mastropasqua R. 10.1155/2015/160454. Biomed Res Int 2015:160454. (et al.)
  13. In vivo imaging of structural, metabolic and functional brain changes in glaucoma, A Kasi . / Kasi A., Faiq M.A., Chan K.C. // Neural Regen Res (ed.) 2019. 14 p. .
  14. Altered large-scale brain functional connectivity in ocular hypertension / Giorgio A, 10.3389/fnins.2020.00146. (et al.)
  15. Glia of the human retina / Reichenbach A, A Reichenbach . 10.1002/glia.23727.
  16. Janus-faced microglia: beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis, A Sierra . 10.3389/fncel.2013.00006. / Sierra A., Abiega O., Shahraz A., Neumann H. // Front Cell Neurosci. -2013 (ed.)
  17. The Trojan horse -neuroinflammatory impact of T cells in neurodegenerative diseases, A Sommer . 10.1186/s13024-017-0222-8. / Sommer A., Winner B., Prots I. // Molecular Neurodegeneration (ed.) 2017. 12 p. 78.
  18. Association between mitochondrial DNA damage and ocular blood flow in patients with glaucoma / Inoue-Yanagimachi M. 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312356. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2019. 103 (8) p. .
  19. , A Verkhratsky , A Verkhratsky , A M Butt , Oxford . 2013. WileyBlackwell-John Wiley & Sons.
  20. Brain morphological alterations of cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei in high-tension glaucoma brain and its associations with intraocular pressure / Wang Y, 62. (et al.] // Neuroradiology. -2020)
  21. An inflammatory review of Parkinson's disease, C F Orr , C F Orr , D B Rowe , G M Halliday . Neurobiol. -2002. -V. 68. p. .
  22. Changes in gene expression in experimental glaucoma and optic nerve transection: the equilibrium between protective and detrimental mechanisms / Yang Z. 10.1167/iovs.07-0542. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (et al.)
  23. Retinal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and implications for biomarkers, C Liao , C Liao , J Xu , Y Chen , N Ip . 10.3390/biom11081215. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081215 p. 1215.
  24. Coenzyme Q10 inhibits glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial alteration in a mouse model of glaucoma/ Lee D. 10.1167/iovs.13-12564. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014. 55 (2) p. .
  25. Cognitive dysfunctions in glaucoma: An overview of morpho-functional mechanisms and the impact on higher-order visual function / Arrigo A, 10.3389/fnagi.2021.747050. (et al.)
  26. Common aspects between glaucoma and brain neurodegeneration / S.C. Saccà // Mutation Research -Reviews in Mutation Research. -2020, 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108323. 108323. 786.
  27. Decreased retinal vascular density in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI): An optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) study / Wang X, 10.3389/fnagi.2020.572484. (et al.)
  28. Disruption of brain network organization in primary open angle glaucoma / Minosse S. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2019. -V. 2019. p. .
  29. Mitochondrial morphological changes of trabecular area cells in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. E A Egorov , E A Egorov , V N Alekseev , I R Gazizova , E B Martynova . Clinical ophthalmology 2016. 3 p. . (RMJ)
  30. How strong is the relationship between glaucoma, the retinal nerve fibre layer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, E Jones-Odeh , E Jones-Odeh , C J Hammond . 2015. Lond. 29 p. .
  31. Elevated hydrostatic pressure triggers mitochondrial fis-sion and decreases cellular ATP in differentiated RGC-5 cells/ Ju W. 48. -P. 2145-2151. Invest Ophthalmol & Visual Science 2007. (et al.)
  32. Flow dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid between the intracranial cavity and the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve measured with a diffusion magnetic resonance imaging sequence in patients with normal tension glaucoma / Boye D, Ophthalmol. -2018. -V. 46(5). -P. 511-518. (et al.)
  33. Microglia antioxidant systems and redox signaling. F Vilhardt , F Vilhardt , J Haslund-Vinding , V Jaquet , G Mcbean . Br J Pharmacol 2017. 174 (12) .
  34. Advanced MR imaging of the visual pathway. F Yu , F Yu , T Duong , B Tantiwongkosi . Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2015. 25 (3) p. .
  35. Focus on mito chondria in relation to pathogenesis and neuroprotection/ Osborne N. Glaucoma . Eur J Pharmacol 2016. 15 p. . (et al.)
  36. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy evaluation project: a standardized internet system for assessing skills in optic disc examination. 39. -P. 308- 317. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol Y X Kong (ed.) 2011. (et al.)
  37. Oxidative stress in glaucomatous neurodegeneration: mechanisms and conseguences / Tezel G. G Tezel . 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.07.003. Prog Retin Eye Res 2006.
  38. Physiology of microglia. H Kettenmann , H Kettenmann , U K Hanisch , M Noda , A Verkhratsky . 10.1152/physrev.00011.2010. Physiol Rev 2011. 91 (2) p. .
  39. Update on the genetics of primary open-angleglaucoma, H Youngblood , H Youngblood , M A Hauser . 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107795.
  40. Inflammasomes in neuroinflammation and changes in brain function: a focused review / Singhal G, 10.3389/fnins.2014.00315. (et al.)
  41. Inner retinal thinning as a biomarker for cognitive impairment in de novo Parkinson's disease / Sung M, 10.1038/s41598-019-48388-7. 2019. 9.
  42. Analyses of mitochondrial respiratory chain function and mitochondrial DNA deletion in human skeletal muscle: Effect of ageing. J Cooper , J Cooper , V Mann , A Schapira . 10.1016/0022-510X. J Neurol Sci (92) p. 90270.
  43. Retinal thickness in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis / Den. J Den Haan , J Haan , F D Verbraak , P J Visser , F H Bouwman . Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2017. p. .
  44. The eye as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, J K Lim . 10.3389/fnins.2016.00536. (et al.)
  45. Potential and limitations of diffusion MRI tractography for the study of language, J S Campbell . 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.06.007. / Campbell J.S., Pike G.B. // Brain Lang. -2014 (ed.)
  46. Mitochondrial abnormalities in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma / Abu. K Abu-Amero , K Amero , J Morales , T Bosley . 10.1167/iovs.05-1639. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. -2006, 47 p. 2533.
  47. Dysfunction of axonal transport in normal-tension glaucoma: a biomarker of disease progression and a potential therapeutic target. K Hirooka , K Hirooka , T Yamamoto , Y Kiuchi . 10.4103/1673-5374.293145. Neural Regen Res. -2021, 16 p. .
  48. Mitochondrial dysfunction in ocular disease: Focus on glaucoma, K Kamel . / Kamel K., Farrell M., O'Brien C. // Mitochondrion (ed.) 2017. p. .
  49. Mitochondrial DNA variation and disease susceptibility in primary open-angle glaucoma. L N Singh . 10.1167/iovs.13-1296847. 10.1167/iovs.18-25085. / Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. -2018. -V, 59 p. 4598. (et al.)
  50. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration / Glass C.K, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.016.
  51. , Microglia . 10.1007/s00401-015-1524-y.
  52. Müller glia cell interactions control neurotrophic factor production during light-induced retinal degeneration / Harada T, Microglia . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-21-09228.2002. (et al.)
  53. Microglia shape presynaptic properties at developing glutamatergic synapses / Basilico B, 10.1002/glia.23508.
  54. Mitochondrial DNA variant discovery in normaltension glaucoma patients by next-generation sequencing /Jeoung J, (et al.)
  55. Mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma: Understanding genetic influences / Lascaratos G, 10.1016/j.mito.2011.11.004. (et al.)
  56. Mitochondrial genome analysis of primary open angle glaucoma patients / Banerjee D. 10.1371/journal.pone.0070760. PLoS ONE 2013. 8 (8) . (et al.)
  57. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the human brain as a function of age / Ojaimi J. 10.1016/S0047-6374(99)00071-8. Mech Ageing Dev 1999. 111 (1) p. . (et al.)
  58. Mitochondrial transfer RNA variants and primary congenital glaucoma / Yi Q, 10.3109/19401736.2015.1028050. 2016. 27 p. . (// Mitochondrial DNAA DNA Mapp Seq Anal)
  59. Advanced MRI of the optic nerve. M J Hoch , M J Hoch , M T Bruno , T M Shepherd . J Neuroophthalmol 2017. 37 (2) p. .
  60. The optic nerve head in glaucoma: role of astrocytes in tissue remodeling / Hernandez M. M R Hernandez . 10.1016/s1350-9462(99)00017-8. Prog Retin Eye Res 2000. 19 (3) p. .
  61. Degenerative and apoptotic events at retinal and optic nerve level after experimental induction of ocular hypertension / Calandrella N. N Calandrella . 10.1007/s11010-006-9407-0. Mol Cell Biochem 2007. Scarsella G., Pescosolido N., Risuleo G. 301 (1-2) p. .
  62. Neuroinflammation in primary open-angle glaucoma / Vernazza S, (et al.]// GCM. -2020)
  63. Ocular indicators of Alzheimer's: Exploring disease in the retin?. N J Hart , N J Hart , Y Koronyo , K L Black , M Koronyo-Hamaoui . 10.1007/s00401-016-1613-6. Acta Neuropathol
  64. Ocular neurodegenerative DISEASES: Interconnection between retina and cortical areas / Marchesi N, 10.3389/fnins.2018.0036355. 10.3390/cells10092394. 10 p. 2394. (et al.] // Cells. -2021)
  65. One protein, multiple pathologies: multifaceted involvement of amyloid ? in neurodegenerative disorders of the brain and retina / Gupta V. 10.1007/s00018-016-2295-x. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016. 73 (22) p. .
  66. Ocular manifestations of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases: The prospect of the eye as a tool for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease / Colligris P, P Colligris . 10.1155/2018/8538573. Lara M.J., Colligris B., Pintor J. // J Ophthalmol (ed.) 2018. 8538573.
  67. Protective effect of mitochondria-targeted peptide MTP-131 against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in RGC-5 cells / Chen M. 10.3892/mmr.2017.6271. Mol Med Rep 2017. 15 (4) p. .
  68. Visual symptoms in Parkinson's disease / R, R A Armstrong . 10.4061/2011/908306.
  69. Real-time imaging of single neuronal cell apoptosis in patients with glaucoma / Cordeiro, 10.1093/brain/awx088. 2017. p. . (et al.)
  70. Retinal changes in Alzheimer's disease-integrated prospects of imaging, functional and molecular advances/ Gupta V. 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100899. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2021 p. 82.
  71. Retinal glial changes in Alzheimer's disease -a review / Fernández-Albarral J, 10.1016/j.optom.2018.07.001.
  72. Changes of visual pathway and brain connectivity in glaucoma: a systematic review / Nuzzi R, R Nuzzi . 2018. Dallorto L., Rolle.
  73. Role of structural, metabolic, and functional MRI in monitoring visual system impairment and recovery / Sims. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021. 54 (6) p. . (J.R.)
  74. The clinical maze of mitochondrial neurology. S Dimauro , S Dimauro , E Schon , V Carelli , M Hirano . Nature Reviews Neurology 2013. 9 (8) p. .
  75. Glaucomatous outflow pathway and oxida-tive stress. S Saccà , S Saccà , A Izzotti , P Rossi , C Traverso . 10.1016/j.exer.2006.10.008. Exp Eye Res. -2007, 84 p. .
  76. Biomarkers in Alzheimer's diseaserecent update. S Sharma , S Sharma , W Lipincott . Current Alzheimer research 2017. p. .
  77. Structural analysis of glaucoma brain and its association with ocular parameters / Gracitelli C. Journal of Glaucoma 2020. 29. (P.B.. Iss)
  78. Structural and functional rescue of chronic metabolically stressed optic nerves through respiration / Harun-Or-Rashid M. The Journal of Neuroscience 2018. 38 (22) p. .
  79. Subcortical visual pathway may be a new way for early diagnosis of glaucoma / Y. Sun, 2019. p. . (et al.)
  80. S Voet . Microglia in central nervous system inflammation and multiple sclerosis pathology / Voet S., Prinz M, 2019.
  81. Tau accumulation in the retina promotes early neuronal dysfunction and precedes brain pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease / Chiasseu M, 10.1186/s13024-017-0199-3. 2017. 12 p. 58. (et al.)
  82. Associations between primary open angle glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: record linkage study, T D Keenan . / Keenan T.D., Goldacre R., Goldacre M.J. // Br J Ophthalmol (ed.) 2015. 99 p. .
  83. The association of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups with POAG in African Americans / Gudiseva H. 10.1016/j.exer.2019.01.015. Exp Eye Res 2019.
  84. The distributions of mitochondria and sodium channels reflect the specific energy requirements and conduction properties of the human optic nerve head. Br J Ophthalmol M J Barron (ed.) 2004. (et al.)
  85. The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson, and glaucoma / Ramirez A.I, 2017. (et al.)
  86. TIMP1, and IL-1 Pasa risk factor for the elevated IOP and optic nerve head damage in the primary openangle glaucoma patients / MarkiewiczL. 10.1155/2015/812503. Biomed Res Int 2015. 9 p. 812503. (MMP)
  87. Editorial: Glaucoma and brain: Impact of neurodegeneration on visual abilities and related biomarkers. T Rolle , T Rolle , G C M Rossi , P Brusini . 10.3389/fnagi.2022.919775. Aging Neurosci
  88. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma. V Chrysostomou , V Chrysostomou , F Rezania , I Trounce , J Crowston . Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013. 13 (1) p. .
  89. Visual features in Alzheimer's disease: From basic mechanisms to clinical overview / Cerquera-Jaramillo M. 10.1155/2018/2941783. Neural Plast 2018:2941783. (et al.)
  90. Whole-mitochondrial genome sequencing in primary open-angle glaucoma using massively parallel sequencing identifies novel and known pathogenic variants / Sundaresan P. 10.1038/gim.2014.121. Genetics in Medicine 2014. 17 (4) p. . (et al.)
  91. Role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis and treatment of glaucoma. X J Yang , X J Yang , J Ge , Y H Zhuo . Chin Med J (Engl) 2013. 126 (22) p. .
  92. Mitochondrial dynamics, transport, and quality control: A bottleneck for retinal ganglion cell viability in optic neuropathies / Ito Y, Y Ito . 36. -P. 186-192. 2017.
  93. Modulation of mitochondria in the axon and soma of retinal ganglion cells in rat glaucoma model, Y Munemasa , Y Munemasa , Y Kitaoka , J Kuribayashi . S. // J Neurochem. -2010. -V. 115. -P. 1508-1519. Ueno.
Notes
1

Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative Disease

Home 
Date: 1970-01-01