1. Introduction a) Geographical Distribution of Hyderabad
yderabad is located in central Telangana and is situate over an area of 260 km2. It lies in the Deccan Plateau with an average height of 536 m above the sea level. The latitude is 17.3660 N and longitude is 78.4760 E [1]. The Average temperature is 130c to 390 c, June to September is the south-west monsoon season, and Humidity is with an average of 25 to 30% [2].
2. b) Medicinal Plant flora of Hyderabad district
As per the recent surveys there, are more than 583 reported genus and 1335 species belonging to 160 different families and predominant to 120 families [3].
Author ?: School of Pharmacy, Guru Nanak Institution Technical Campus, Khanapur, Ibrahimpatam, Ranga Reddy Dist, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India. e-mail: [email protected] c) Medicinal Flora in Guru Nanak School of Pharmacy
The Guru Nanak School of Pharmacy is a part of GURU NANAK INSTITUTIONS TECHNICAL CAMPUS (AUTONOMOUS), situated in the eastern core of Hyderabad called Ibrahimpatnam. The school is maintaining a medicinal plant garden with around 50 varieties in an area of around 1000 sqft as a part of its curriculum and also to create awareness on how these plants are being use by common man as a medicine or as a nutritional supplement. The current review is focusing on the importance of 20 important flora of Hyderabad.
i. Erythrina variegata a) Botanical description: Scientific Name: Erythrina variegata L. Family: Fabaceae (legume family) b) Habitat: A deciduous tree with 15-18 m tall and leaves are 6 inches long having spiny branches [4]. c) Vernacular Names: English: Indian Coral Tree, Lenten tree, Tiger claw, Hindi: Pangara Manipuri: Kurao, Tamil: Kalyana murungai, Telugu: mulla moduga, tella-varjam., Tangkhul: Thikchowon kahunga [5]. d) Phytochemical Constituents: Alkaloids, flavonoids, pterocarpans, triterpenes, steroids, alkyl transferulates, proteins, and lecithin [6]. e) Isolated Phytoceuticals: Erythratidine [7], N, Ndimethyl tryptophan [8], erystagallin A [9]. f) Nutritional Values: The amino acid composition of seed protein is as follows: alanine (7.2), arginine (3.4), aspartic acid (12.9), glutamic acid (13.4), glycine (7.6), histidine (3.9), isoleucine (3.6), leucine (7.1), lysine (5.1), methionine (0.5), phenylalanine (3.3), proline (4.7), serine (7.1), threonine (5.7), tyrosine (2.2), and valine (4.8) g/100g [10]. g) Pharmacological uses: Antioxidant [11], Analgesic and anti-inflammatory [12], Antisclerotic effect [13]. h) Traditional claims: used especially for menstrual disorders and fissures at penis tip [14]. i) Folklore uses: The tribes of Hingoli, Maharashtra, India use this bark powder as Antirheumatic and internally as a decoction to treat tetanus [15]. ii. Eruca sativa a) Botanical description: Scientific Name: Eruca sativa, Family name: Brassicaceae. [56], Pinitol, Quercetin [57], Bougainvinones A-H [58]. f) Nutritional Values: Unknown g) Pharmacological uses: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial [59], Anticancer [58]. h) Traditional claims: diarrhea, excess acidity, cough and sore throat, in treatment of low blood pressure Leucorrhea, Hepatitis [60]. i) Folklore uses: The leaf decoction is used in treatment of cough and sore throat by Mexican folks/tribes [61].
viii. Psidium guajava a) Botanical description: Scientific Name: Psidium guajava, Family: Myrtaceae b) Habitat: Psidium guajava is a large dicotyledonous shrub, or small evergreen tree, generally 3-10 m high, many branches; stems crooked, bark light to reddish brown, thin, smooth, continuously flaking; root system generally superficial and very extensive, frequently extending well beyond the canopy, there are some deep roots but no distinct taproot [62]. c) Vernacular Names: English: common guava, Hindi: Amrud, Malayalam: Pela, Marathi: Jamba, Sanskrit: amrutha phalam, Tamil: Koyya phalam, Telugu: , antimutagenic [82], antidiarrhoeal [83], antimalarial [84]. h) Traditional claims: In Ayurveda, this ancient herb is useful to treat weak digestion, poor concentration, poor circulation, varicose veins, fever, intestinal infections, and certain skin conditions [85]. i) Folklore uses: Lemongrass is a folk remedy for coughs, elephantiasis, flu, gingivitis, headache, leprosy, malaria, ophthalmic, pneumonia and vascular disorders. Studies have shown that the lemon grass has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Mixed with pepper, it's a home therapy for menstrual troubles and nausea [78].
xi. Emblica officinalis a) Botanical description: Scientific Name: Phyllanthus emblica , Family: Phyllanthaceae b) Habitat: The tree is small to medium in size, reaching 1-8 m (3 ft 3 in-26 ft 3 in) in height. The branchlets are not glabrous or finely pubescent, 10-20 cm (3.9-7.9 in) long, usually deciduous; the leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling pinnate leaves [86]. c) Vernacular Names: English name: Amla, Indian gooseberry, Hindi: Aonla, Manipuri: Amla In India, it is a belief that this tree is a holy, uses in many prayers and homams in belief that its medicinal air will heal [95], Snake venom neutralizer [96]. As an ayurvedic immunobooster and digestive aid [95]. i) Folklore uses: In Unani folklore, The plant can use both as a medicine and as a tonic to build up lost vitality and vigor [96] The above described medicinal flora of school of pharmacy, GNITC, Hyderabad also represented in table 1 below for easy understanding to the researchers, the pictures of the various medicinal flora were given below in the figure 1 and the mol format of Phytoceuticals isolated from various medicinal flora were represented in the below pages as figure 2.
3. II.
4. Current Challenges
The maintenance of medicinal park / garden is not an easy task, however the school of pharmacy, GNITC, Hyderabad, India is striving hard to maintain these flora, the main challenges we are facing are a) Weed
Occurrence of unnecessary flora in desired environment are called weeds, this is one of the major challenges we are facing. Removal of these weeds is again a big challenging task as it requires a separate manpower to maintain the flora and protect from these weeds. As our motto is to maintain healthy organic fields, we are not using any chemicals and use of natural herbicides is again a challenging task so that many of these natural herbicides are failure in eradicating the weeds.
5. b) Water
Now days, as water is one of the sacred element in the nature especially in summer season and most of these flora need more water at their development stages, this became a ultimate challenge to get quality water and the underground water in this area is absent. However, the Management, School of Pharmacy, GNITC, Hyderabad, outsourcing quality water to safe guard and maintain this medicinal flora.
6. c) Sudden climatic changes
Even sudden changes in the climatic conditions also became a challenge to get uniformity in the growth and quality of the medicinal flora.
7. d) Genetic information
Getting a genetic barcode of this flora became a challenging task even though we maintaining a authentic flora in the garden, still there genetic identification is missing.
8. e) Variation in the phytochemical uniformity
Getting an uniform phytochemical fingerprint from these medicinal flora is a big challenge now a days we are facing due to variation in exogenous and endogenous factors.
9. f) Loss of fertility
The cultivation fields are losing their fertility due to various environment factors.
10. III. Future Directions to Develop this Medicinal Flora in Campus
The School of pharmacy, GNITC, Hyderabad, India is striving hard to get funds from various organizations to develop a medicinal park/garden with a theme heal through breath under medicinal floral air. Genetic marking and monographic labeling of this flora and to start research and development on these medicinal flora focusing major diseases like cancer, tuberculosis, STD etc towards a preventive measure. The School of Pharmacy, GNITC, Hyderabad also striving hard to conduct awareness programs, workshops, empowerment programs and seminars focusing on the theme of Medicinal and Nutritional values of the flora of the Telangana, India, so that even a common man knows about the nutritional and medicinal values of the flora that grows near to his environment.
IV.
11. Conclusion
The main focus of this article is to create awareness to the public/ researchers about the medicinal importance of the common flora that distributed widely inside the Hyderabad and many of us don't know the importance of these flora and deforesting this flora and many of these flora due to ignorance will be under endangered list in future, if utmost care is not taken place. This can happen only through organizing workshops or seminars on the significance of this medicinal flora and how to gain money from this flora through some homemade elixirs prepared from these plants. The government bodies must encourage these types of organizations where there ambition is to promote medicinal flora for healthy and wealthy India. GNITCSP001 Erythratidine [7], N, N-dimethyltryptophan [8], erystagallin A [9].
The tribes of Hingoli, Maharstra, India use this bark powder as Antirheumatic and internally as a decoction to treat tetanus [15] 2.
Eruca sativa (Brassicaceae)
12. GNITCSP002
Kaempferol, Rhamnocitrin [19] The local people of Mihalgazi district (Turkey) uses the leaves in treatment of Diabetes, ulcer, kidney diseases, asthma, high cholesterol [23].
13. 3.
Euphorbia tirucalli (Euphorbiaceae) GNITCSP003 ?-amyrin acetate, lupenone , daucosterol [27].
In Malabar of India and Moluccas, the latex is used as an emetic and an antisyphilitic [28].
14. 4.
Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) GNITCSP004 Sarpagine [32].
In Bay islands, the tribes used it as an antimicrobial [36].
15. 5.
Aloe vera (Liliaceae) GNITCSP005 P-coumaric acid [38] , aloe-emodin & chrysophanol [39].
During the 16th century, the Indian tribes uses this as healing plant, it is one of the 16 holy plants having divine status, the Indian tribes uses this plant as mosquito repellent, it also used on wood as insect repllent [43].
16. 6.
Catharanthus roseus (Apocyanceae)
17. GNITCSP006
Rhazimol [47], Vindoline [48].
The Bhilla tribe of Maharashtra, India uses this leaf decoction in treatment of leucorrhoea/menstrual complaint [51].
18. 7.
19. Bougainvillea glabra (Nyctaginaceae)
20. GNITCSP007
Betacyanins [55], Oleananoic acid acetate [56], Pinitol, Quercetin [57], Bougainvinones A-H [58].
The leaf decoction is used in treatment of cough and sore throat by Mexican folks/tribes [61].
21. 8.
Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) GNITCSP008
Lyxopyranoside [65] , lanost-7-en-3?-ol-26oic acid [66].
In Saint Lucia, the local tribes uses a tea of the new leaves of Psidium guajava, guava, with sugar is given for worms and bellyache but the most common medicinal use is to stop diarrhea. [68]. 9.
22. Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae) GNITCSP009
Neonirtetralin [72], 4,4,8-trimethoxy chroman [73], Corilagin, ethyl brevifolincarboxylate [74].
The local person of India, china and Africa uses this plant paste to treat hepatic disorders [77].
23. 10.
Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) GNITCSP010 myrcene, citronellal, citronellol and geraniol [78].
Lemongrass is a folk remedy for coughs, elephantiasis, flu, gingivitis, headache, leprosy, malaria, ophthalmic, pneumonia and vascular disorders. Studies have shown that the lemon grass has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Mixed with pepper, it's a home therapy for menstrual troubles and nausea [78].
24. 11.
Emblica officinalis (Phyllanthaceae) GNITCSP011 ?-glucogallin [89], Pectin [90], Phyllemblin [91], Emblicanin A and B [92].
In Unani folklore, The plant is used both as a medicine and as a tonic to build up lost vitality and vigor [96].
12. In Nigeria, the decoction of boiled leaves is used to treat diabetes, in cameroon , the leaves are used to treat arthritis [115]. In treatment of amenorrhoea, jaundice, antiulcer, febrifuge [128].
25. Vetivera
26. 17.
Simarouba glauca (Simaroubaceae) GNITCSP017 glaucarubine [131] Indigenous tribes throughout the South American rainforest uses bark decoction in treatment of fevers, malaria, and dysentery, as a hemostatic agent [135]. used in the treatment phlegm and rheumatism [139].
27. 19.
Mirabilis jalpa (Nyctaginaceae) GNITCSP019 Miraxanthins, Indicaxanthin [141].
The native people of Mexico use M. jalapa uses in gastrointestinal disorders [145].
| b) Habitat: Aloe vera having a less stem or very short- | g) Pharmacological uses: analgesic, anthelmintics, |
| stemmed plant growing to 60-100 cm (24-39 in) | antiarthritic, antibacterial/ antifungal/ antimicrobial, |
| tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and | anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, |
| fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties | biodiesel production, CNS depressant/neuropathic |
| showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem | pain, cytotoxicity/ anticancer, genotoxic/ mutagenic, g) Pharmacological uses: Antineoplastic, Antidiabetic, |
| surfaces. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has | hepatoprotective, insect repellants, immune-Antioxidant [50]. |
| seriate and brownish [16] small white teeth. The flowers are produced in | modulatory, larvicidal, molluscicidal/ ovicidal/ h) Traditional claims: Relieving muscle pain, |
| c) Vernacular Names: English name: Rocket Salad, summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each | piscicidal, myelopoiesis, proteolytic/ chitinolytic [27]. depression of the central nervous system, also used |
| Hindi: Tara Mira, Malayalam: Rucola Bengali: Suffed flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla | h) Traditional claims: In India, it is useful in treatment of to heal wounds [50]. |
| shorshi, Sanskrit: Sarishapa [17] 2-3 cm (0.8-1.2 in) long. Like other Aloe species, | biliousness, leprosy and leucorrhea. In Brazil, it is i) Folklore uses: The Bhilla tribe of Maharashtra, India |
| d) Phytochemical constituents: Alkaloids, Cardiac Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis | used against cancroids, cancer, sarcomas, tumors, uses this leaf decoction in treatment of leucorrhoea/ |
| glycosides, Flavonoids, Phenolics, Ascorbic acid, that allows the plant better access to mineral | etc [27]. menstrual complaint [51]. |
| Saponins and Tannins [18]. e) Isolated Phytoceuticals: kaempferol, Rhamnocitrin [19] f) Nutritional values: The values mentioned are per 100 g 1. Calories: 25 K.calories, 2. Total Fat: 1 g, 3. Sodium: 27 mg, 4. Potassium: 369 mg, Carbohydrates: 4 g, Dietary fibre: 2 g, Sugars: 2 g, Protein: 2 g, Vitamin A: 47 %, Vitamin C: 25%, Calcium: 16%, Iron: 8% [20]. g) Pharmacological uses: Anticancer [19], Antimicrobial [21]. iii. Euphorbia tirucalli a) Botanical description: Scientific Name: Euphorbia tirucalli, Family name: Euphorbiaceae b) Habitat: E. tirucalli is a many-branched succulent plant. Trees or shrubs, producing abundant milky latex when injured, 2-6 m tall, dioecious, having a Flavanoids, Tannins, Saponins [26]. and saponins [46]. d) Phytochemical constituents: Alkaloids, Terpenoids, depsidones, steroids and triterpenoids, alkaloids cakkalavi, Telugu: cemudu, [25]. sugars, phenols and tannins, depsides and Marathi: sher-kandvel, Sanskrit: saptala, Tamil: d) Phytochemical constituents: organic acids, reducing anglithor, Kannada: bonta-kalli, Malayalam: guda, billaganneru [45]. Pencil Tree, Pencil Cactus, Sticks on Fire, Hindi: Marathi: Sadaphuli ? Bengali: Nayantara, Telugu: Firestick Plants, Indian Tree Spurge, Naked Lady, Hindi: Sadabahar, Malayalam: Shavam Naari, c) Vernacular Names: English names: Pencil Tree, Madagascar periwinkle, Rosy periwinkle, Vinca glabrous, exserted from involucres [24]. c) Vernacular names: English name: Periwinkle, many, exserted from involucre. Female flower: ovary latex [44]. attenuate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Male flowers erect (30 cm to 1 m in height). The sap is a milky growth; stipules very small, caducous; base b) Habitat: A tender, perennial subshrub with standing striate. Leaves are alternate, present only on new Catharanthus roseus, Family: Apocynaceae Stems are green, succulent, finely, longitudinally a) Botanical Description: Scientific Name: trunk 10-25 cm, with rugose, gray or light bark. vi. Catharanthus roseus on wood as insect repellent [43]. uses this plant as mosquito repellent, it also used holy plants having divine status, the Indian tribes tribes uses this as healing plant, it is one of the 16 i) Folklore uses: During the 16th century, the Indian booster and liver cleanser [41]. wounds, anti-hypertension, anti-stress, Energy nutrients in soil [35]. c) Vernacular Names: English name: Aloe vera, Medicinal aloe, Burn plant, Hindi: Gheekumari Marathi: Khorpad, Tamil: athalai, Malayalam: Chotthu kathalai, Nepali: Ghyu Kumaari, Telugu: Kalabanda [36]. d) Phytochemical constituents: Tannin, Saponin, Flavonoids and Terpenoids [37]. e) Isolated Phytoceuticals: p-coumaric acid [38], aloe-emodin & chrysophanol [39]. f) Nutritional values: stated below are ingredients per 100 g of juice Sodium: 3%, Total carbohydrate: 1%, vitamin C: 17%, Dietary fiber: 1%, Calcium: 1%, Iron: 2% [41]. g) Pharmacological uses: Wound healing, Anti-aging and Anticancer [42]. h) Traditional claims: Purgative, In treatment of arthritis, Sinusitis, conjunctivitis, Ophthalmia, treatment of | an antimicrobial [36]. i) Folklore uses: In Bay islands, the tribes used it as expectorant [35]. dried leaves of the Alstonia scholaris are used as an weeks to treat excessive vaginal discharge. The boiled with rice and eaten by girls daily for several externally to treat tumors. The bark and roots are so forth. The leaves and the latex are applied troubles in digestion, tumors, ulcers, asthma, and is used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat fever, malaria, h) Traditional claims: The bark of the Alstonia scholaris cancer [34]. g) Pharmacological uses: anti-malarial [33], anti-Dietary fibre: 12.4 %, [33]. i) Folklore uses: In Malabar of India and Moluccas, the latex is use as an emetic and an anti-syphilitic [28]. iv. Alstonia scholaris a) Botanical description: Scientific Name: Alstonia scholaris, Family name: Apocynaceae b) Habitat: Large trees; height to 30 m; bark 10-15 mm thick, surface grey-brown, irregularly cracked and shallowly fissured, subverrucose, lenticellate; blaze creamy yellow, outer layer thin, corky, inner layer brittle; latex milky white; branchlets whorled. Leaves simple, whorled, estipulate; petiole 5-12 mm long, stout, glabrous; lamina 5-20 x 3-7 cm, obovate, oblanceolate or obovate-oblong; base cuneate or attenuate; apex obtuse or emarginate; margin entire, glabrous, subcoriaceous; lateral nerves many, slender, prominent, glabrous, parallel, looped near the margin forming intramarginal nerves; d) Phytochemical constituents: f) Nutritional values: Fats: 1.4%, Proteins: 2.8%, e) Isolated Phytoceuticals: sarpagine [32]. triterpenes and phytosterols [31]. hydrocarbons, Ponna [30]. Ezhilampala, Kannada: Doddapala, Telugu: Edakula tree, Shaitan wood Tamil: Elilaipalai, Malayalam: c) Vernacular Names: English: Devil tree, Dita bark intercostae reticulate, obscure [29]. vii. Bougainvillea glabra a) Botanical description: Scientific name: Bougainvillea glabra, Family: Nyctaginaceae b) Habitat: Bougainvillea glabra is a climbing shrub with thorny stems, usually grows 3-4m (10-12feet) tall, The flowers are white and tiny appears in cluster surrounded with papery bracts, hence the name known as paper flower [52]. c) Vernacular Names: English Name: Paper Rose, Hindi: Booganbel, Manipuri: Cherei, Bengali: Baganbilas, Marathi: Booganvel, Konkani: Bouganvila, Telugu: Kagithala Puvvu [53]. d) Phytochemical constituents: Alkaloids, flavonoides, phlobatannins and terpenoids. Steroids, phenol, tannins, cardinolides [54]. e) Isolated Phytoceuticals: Betacyanins [55], Oleananoic acid acetate |
| e) Isolated Phytoceuticals: ?-amyrin acetate, lupenone, | v. Aloe vera |
| daucosterol [27]. | a) Botanical Description: Scientific Name: Aloe vera, |
| f) Nutritional values: NA | Family: Liliaceae. |
| Telangana, India |
| zizanioides | GNITCSP012 | vetiverol, vetivenene [100]. | ||
| (Poaceae) | ||||
| 13. | Tylophora indica (Apocynaceae) | GNITCSP013 | Tylophorine, kaempferol, ?-amyrin [106]. | anti-Allergy, Antirheumatic and dermatitis [109]. |
| 14. | Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) | GNITCSP014 | Curcacycline-A [112]. |