@incollection{,
	
					
					
					47095A90F8BBDE4B0D1D88D65D07FDB6
				,
	author={{Ebtissam ZakariaMurshid} and {Ebtissam ZakariaMurshid} and {King Saud University, College of Dentistry}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Medical Research}},
	journal={{GJMR}}2249-46180975-588810.34257/GJMR,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1421118
}

@incollection{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{The pathophysiology, medical management, and dental implications of autism}}
		,
	author={{
			AHFriedlander
		} and {
			JAYagiela
		} and {
			VIPaterno
		} and {
			MEMahler
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of the California Dental Association}}
		
			31
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@book{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{The genetics of autism}}
		,
	author={{
			RMuhle
		} and {
			SVTrentacoste
		} and {
			IRapin
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2004}
			113
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{Early social and emotional communication in the infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders: an examination of the broad phenotype}}
		,
	author={{
			TDCassel
		} and {
			DSMessinger
		} and {
			LVIbanez
		} and {
			JDHaltigan
		} and {
			SIAcosta
		} and {
			ACBuchman
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder}}
		
			37
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{Fertility and abortion rates in the United States}}
		,
	author={{
			BEHamilton
		} and {
			SJVentura
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Andrology}}
		
			29
			
			,
	year={1960-2002. 2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder}}
		,
	author={{
			SEFolstein
		} and {
			BRosen-Sheidley
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Nature Reviews Genetics}}
		
			2
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{Autism: an overview of genetic aetiology}}
		,
	author={{
			NBayou
		} and {
			RAhlem
		} and {
			BBéchir Helayem
		} and {
			MChaabouni
		} and {
			H
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Tunis Med}}
		
			86
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{Infants and Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Early Identification and Early Intervention}}
		,
	author={{
			BABoyd
		} and {
			SLOdom
		} and {
			BPHumphreys
		} and {
			AMSam
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Early Intervention}}
		
			32
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{What causes autism? Exploring the environmental contribution}}
		,
	author={{
			PJLandrigan
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Current Opinion in Pediatrics}}
		
			22
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{Use of M-CHAT for a multinational screening of young children with autism in the Arab countries}}
		,
	author={{
			ASeif Eldin
		} and {
			DHabib
		} and {
			ANoufal
		} and {
			SFarrag
		} and {
			KBazaid
		} and {
			MAl-Sharbati
		} and {
			HBadr
		} and {
			SMoussa
		} and {
			AEssali
		} and {
			NGaddour
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Review of Psychiatry}}
		
			20
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b9,
	
	
		,
	title={{Susan L Santangelo Paternal age increases the risk for autism in an Iranian population sample}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Mol Autism}}
		,
	editor={Roksana Sasanfar, 1,2 Stephen A Haddad, 2 Ala Tolouei, 3 Majid Ghadami, 4 Dongmei Yu}
		
			1
			2
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@book{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR}}
		
			,
	year={2000}
			,
	publisher={American Psychiatric Association}
			
			,
	address={Washington}
		
	
	,
	note={4th ed}

}

@incollection{b11,
	
	
		,
	title={{A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism}}
		,
	author={{
			SOzonoff
		} and {
			AMIosif
		} and {
			FBaguio
		} and {
			Cook
		} and {
			Ic
		} and {
			MMHill
		} and {
			THutman
		} and {
			SJRogers
		} and {
			ARozga
		} and {
			SSangha
		} and {
			MSigman
		} and {
			MBSteinfeld
		} and {
			GSYoung
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry}}
		
			3
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders}}
		,
	author={{
			CJNewschaffer
		} and {
			LACroen
		} and {
			JDaniels
		} and {
			EGiarelli
		} and {
			JKGrether
		} and {
			SELevy
		} and {
			DSMandell
		} and {
			LAMiller
		} and {
			JPinto-Martin
		} and {
			JReaven
		} and {
			AMReynolds
		} and {
			CERice
		} and {
			DSchendel
		} and {
			GCWindham
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Annual Review of Public Health}}
		
			28
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{Autism in Saudi Arabia: presentation, clinical correlates and comorbidity}}
		,
	author={{
			SMAl-Salehi
		} and {
			EHAl-Hifthy
		} and {
			MGhaziuddin
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Transcult Psychiatry}}
		
			2
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessment of the autistic patient's dental needs and ability to undergo dental examination}}
		,
	author={{
			OLowe
		} and {
			RLindemann
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children}}
		
			52
			
			,
	year={1985}
		
	

}

@incollection{b15,
	
	
		,
	title={{Visual pedagogy in dentistry for children with autism}}
		,
	author={{
			BBackman
		} and {
			CPilebro
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children}}
		
			66
			
			,
	year={1999}
		
	

}

@incollection{b16,
	
	
		,
	title={{Dental care of autistic children within the non-specialized Public Dental Service}}
		,
	author={{
			CFahlvik-Planefeldt
		} and {
			PHerrstrom
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Swedish Dental Journal}}
		
			25
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{The autistic child in dental practice}}
		,
	author={{
			HMKopel
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children}}
		
			42
			
			,
	year={1977}
		
	

}

@incollection{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{Dental management of the autistic child}}
		,
	author={{
			SKarmen
		} and {
			JSkier
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Special Care in Dentistry}}
		
			5
			
			,
	year={1985}
		
	

}

@book{b19,
	
	
		,
	title={{Do autistic children have higher levels of caries? A cross-sectional study in Turkish children}}
		,
	author={{
			NNamal
		} and {
			HEVehit
		} and {
			SKoksal
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2007}
			,
	publisher={Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent}
			25
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{The caries experience and behavior of dental patients with autism spectrum disorder}}
		,
	author={{
			CLoo
		} and {
			RGraham
		} and {
			CHughes
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Am Dent Assoc}}
		
			139
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@book{b21,
	
	
		,
	title={{Dental caries experience, oral health status and treatment needs of dental patients with autism Journal of applied oral science}}
		,
	author={{
			MAJaber
		}}
		
			,
	year={2011}
			19
		
	

}

@book{b22,
	
	
		,
	title={{Oral health status and dental needs of an autistic population of children and young adults. Spec Care Dent}}
		,
	author={{
			JShapira
		} and {
			JMann
		} and {
			ITamari
		} and {
			RMester
		} and {
			HKnobler
		} and {
			YYoeli
		} and {
			ENewbrun
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={1989}
			9
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{Oral health status, dental needs habits and behavioral attitude towards dental treatment of a group of autistic children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}}
		,
	author={{
			EZMurshid
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Saudi Dental Journal}}
		
			17
			3
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Oral assessment of children with an autism spectrum disorder}}
		,
	author={{
			RDemattei
		} and {
			ACuvo
		} and {
			SMaurizio
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Dent Hyg}}
		
			81
			3
			65
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b25,
	
	
		,
	title={{Dental needs and status of autistic children: results from the national survey of children's health}}
		,
	author={{
			DKopycka-Kedzierawski
		} and {
			PAuinger
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pediatr Dent}}
		
			30
			1
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b26,
	
	
		,
	title={{An ethnographic study of Latino preschool children's oral health in rural California: Intersections among family, community, provider and regulatory sectors}}
		,
	author={{
			JCBarker
		} and {
			SBHorton
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{BMC Oral Health}}
		
			8
			8
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b27,
	
	
		,
	title={{Faisal Izhar, Ayyaz Ali Khan , Oral health attitudes, knowledge, and behavior amongst high and low socioeconomic school going children in lahore}}
		,
	author={{
			Bilal Abdul QayumMirza
		} and {
			AymaSyed
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pakistan Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal}}
		
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{Saudi parent's knowledge of and attitude toward the prevention of dental caries}}
		,
	author={{
			TAAl-Shalan
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Saudi Dental Journal}}
		
			15
			1
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@incollection{b29,
	
	
		,
	title={{Oral health knowledge, attitude and practices by parents of the children attending KSUCD clinics}}
		,
	author={{
			AHWyne
		} and {
			ANChohan
		} and {
			FHAl-Rowily
		} and {
			BMShehri
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pakistan Oral and Dental Journal}}
		
			24
			2
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b30,
	
	
		,
	title={{Murtomaa : Influence of mothers' oral health knowledge and attitudes on their children's dental health}}
		,
	author={{
			ZSaied-Moallemi
		} and {
			JIVirtanen
		} and {
			FGhofranipour
		} and {
			F
		} and {
			H
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry}}
		
			9
			2
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{Dental needs and status of autistic children: results from the National Survey of Children's Health}}
		,
	author={{
			DTKopycka-Kedzierawski
		} and {
			PAuinger
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pediatr Dent}}
		
			30
			1
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{Al-Khamis A M, Parents' attitude towards children's first dental visit in the College of Dentistry}}
		,
	author={{
			TAAl-Shalan
		} and {
			BAAl-Musa
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Saudi Arabi Saudi Med J}}
		
			23
			9
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

@incollection{b33,
	
	
		,
	title={{Oral health knowledge and sources of information in parents of Saudi disabled children}}
		,
	author={{
			DAl-Bader
		} and {
			LAl-Athel
		} and {
			AWyne
		} and {
			AChohan
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal}}
		
			26
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b34,
	
	
		,
	title={{Attitude of parents of disabled children toward dental visits in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}}
		,
	author={{
			AHWyne
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Odontostomatol Trop}}
		
			30
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{Oral hygiene practices and dietary habits among children with Down's syndrome in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}}
		,
	author={{
			AAAl-Hussyeen
		} and {
			Al-SadhanSa
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Saudi Dent J}}
		
			18
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b36,
	
	
		,
	title={{Oral health situation of schoolchildren, mothers and schoolteachers in Saudi Arabia}}
		,
	author={{
			SAl-Tamimi
		} and {
			PEPetersen
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int Dent J}}
		
			48
			3
			
			,
	year={1998}
		
	

}

@incollection{b37,
	
	
		,
	title={{World Health Organization, the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Clinical 39. Stone WLLee EBAshford LBrissie JHepburn SLCoonrod EEWeiss BH Can autism be diagnosed accurately in children under 3 years?}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Child Psychol Psychiatry}}
		
			40
			
			,
	year={1999}
		
	

}

@incollection{b38,
	
	
		,
	title={{How well does early diagnosis of autism stand the test of time? Follow-up study of children assessed for autism at age 2 and development of an early diagnostic service}}
		,
	author={{
			MooreVgoodson
		} and {
			S
		}}
		
		10.1111/dmcn.1996.38.issue-4/issuetoc
	
	
		,
	journal={{Autism}}
		
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@incollection{b39,
	
	
		,
	title={{The economic costs of autism: A review}}
		,
	author={{
			DAmendah
		} and {
			SDGrosse
		} and {
			GPeacock
		} and {
			DSMandell
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Autism spectrum disorders}}
				,
	editor={
			DAmaral
			DGeschwind
			&GDawson
		}
		Oxford
		
			,
	year={2011}
			
		
		
			Oxford University Pres
		
	

}

@incollection{b40,
	
	
		,
	title={{autism spectrum disorders in children with physical or mental disability or both. ii: screening aspects}}
		,
	author={{
			ViviannNordin
		} and {
			ChristopherGillberg
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology}}
		
			38
			4
			
			,
	year={1996}
		
	

}

@incollection{b41,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Publication}}
		
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
		
			National Institutes of Health. Autism fact sheet. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
		
	

}

@incollection{b42,
	
	
		,
	title={{Raising an Autistic Child}}
		,
	author={{
			HulyaBilgin
		} and {
			LeylaKucuk
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Perspectives From Turkish Mothers Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing}}
		
			23
			2
			92
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@book{b43,
	
	
		,
	title={{Characteristics of patients with autistic disorder (AD) presenting for dental treatment: a survey and chart review. Spec Care Dent}}
		,
	author={{
			UKlein
		} and {
			AJNowak
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={1999}
			19
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b44,
	
	
		,
	title={{The caries experience and behavior of dental patients with autism spectrum disorder}}
		,
	author={{
			CYLoo
		} and {
			RMGraham
		} and {
			CVHughes
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Am Dent Assoc}}
		
			139
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b45,
	
	
		,
	title={{Cooperation predictors for dental patients with autism}}
		,
	author={{
			JMarshall
		} and {
			BSheller
		} and {
			BJWilliams
		} and {
			LMancl
		} and {
			CCowan
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pediatr Dent}}
		
			29
			5
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@book{b46,
	
	
		,
	title={{Sulaiman Periodontal treatment needs among Saudi Arabian adults and their relationship to the use of the Miswak Community Dent. Health}}
		,
	author={{
			TKhateeb
		} and {
			DO'mullane
		} and {
			HWhelton
		} and {
			M
		}}
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={1991}
			8
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b47,
	
	
		,
	title={{Consensus statement on oral hygiene}}
		,
	author={{
			Who
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int Dent J}}
		
			139
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@book{b48,
	
	
		,
	title={{Efficacy of Miswak (salvadora persica) in preventing dental caries Health}}
		,
	author={{
			Ezoddini-Ardakani
		}}
		
			,
	year={2010}
			2
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b49,
	
	
		,
	title={{The knowledge and practices of oral hygiene methods and attendance pattern among school teachers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}}
		,
	author={{
			KAlmas
		} and {
			TMAl-Malik
		} and {
			Al-ShehriMa
		} and {
			NSkaug
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Saudi Med J}}
		
			24
			10
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@book{b50,
	
	
		,
	title={{Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome}}
		,
	author={{
			OBogdashina
		}}
		
			,
	year={2003}
			,
	publisher={JK Publishing}
			84
			,
	address={London, UK}
		
	

}

@book{b51,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
		,
	author={{
			DiagnosticDescriptions
		} and {
			Guidelines
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={1992}
			,
	address={Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization}
		
	

}