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\title{Biomechanical Structure of Skilled Female Gymnast's Technique In the «Handspring» Vault}
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\date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2012 Accepted: 3 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The paper deals with the problem concerning the substantiation and development of special programs to improve sports technique of skilled female gymnasts in «Handspring» vault with an apparatus «vaulting table».

\end{abstract}


\keywords{technique of motor actions, female gymnast, ?handspring? vault, vault table, biomechanical analysis.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he important task in improvement of vault performance in artistic gymnastics is to identify those informative biomechanical characteristics of gymnast's motor actions that influence to sport result. So we need to study the biomechanical structure of gymnast's vault technique. One of the areas of the technique improvement is to use the methodological approaches \hyperref[b0]{[1,}\hyperref[b3]{4]}. At this stage of artistic gymnastics it was found that the optimal methods of teaching to complicated vaults must be justified biomechanically \hyperref[b1]{[2,}\hyperref[b2]{3,}\hyperref[b6]{7]}.\par
The objective of our research is to substantiate the improvement of female gymnast's vault performance on the table by using the biomechanical motion analysis. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Methods}]{Methods}\par
We used the video based recording and 2D analysis technology by Sony Handicam DCR-VX2100E digital camera (25 frames per second) positioned in line with the table, perpendicular to the direction of the runway. We performed manual tracking motion analysis by using the «BioVideo» software that designed by kinesiology department, National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine. 20 skilled female gymnasts -the members of Ukraine's National Team -have participated in the researches. Skilled female gymnasts performed «Handspring» vaults on «vault table» which were filmed using Sony Handicam DCR-VX2100E digital camera positioned in line with the table, perpendicular to the direction of the runway. Then we defined angles, distances and velocities by videogram processing with the «BioVideo» software. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
The «Handspring» vault movement was divided into seven separate phases: I -approach; II -hurdlestep; III -on-board; IV -pre-flight; V -on-table; VIpost-flight; VII -landing.\par
As a result of the biomechanical analysis of female skilled gymnast's motor actions, the following quantitative kinematic parameters: the velocity of general center of gravity (GCG) of gymnast's body in the run-up to the board; the duration of hurdle-step phase; the duration of on-board phase; the velocity of the GCG of gymnast's body at take-off the board; the angles in knee and hip joints at take-off the board; the duration the pre-flight phase; the duration of on-table phase; the velocity of the GCG of gymnast's body at take-off the table; the angle in shoulder joint at take-off the table; the duration, height and horizontal distance of the post-flight phase; the angle between horizontal and body at take-off the table; the turn angle at the ascending part of the post-flight trajectory; the angle in hip joint in piked/tucked salto forward off; the angle between the vertical and body at the landing; the angle in knee joint at the landing were determined. Canter of gravity was calculated using mathematical models developed by Hanavan model. The GCG trajectory of female gymnast's body has been also analysed. Thus, the duration of post-flight phase in "Handspring" vault is 0.863 s (SD = 0.019 s), the height of flight is 1.26 m (SD = 0.11 m), and the horizontal distance of flight is 2.19 m (SD = 0.24 m).\par
The leading elements of the "Handspring" vault motor structure on the table are the kinematic characteristics of female gymnast's motor actions in post-flight phase: its duration, height of flight trajectory and flight horizontal distance. This was confirmed by the results of further statistical evaluation with correlation analysis. The correlation coefficients between these characteristics and total score of the "Handspring" vault are from 0.59 to 0.72 at a significance level p <0.05 (Fig.  {\ref 1}). We determined experimentally that the indicator of skilled female gymnast's body position was the angle in her hip joint in post-flight phase that equaled to 53,0 ° (SD=2,6 °) in the "Handspring" vault.\par
Basing on the results of biomechanical analysis, we have developed the training program for skilled female gymnasts in order to improve their «Handspring» vault performance \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. This program includes: strategy, purposes, exercises complex, training tools and methods, dosage, recreation intervals and seven exercise complexes (5 exercises per complex) for each vault phase (a total of 35 exercises), performance criteria and scales for biomechanical monitoring of female skilled gymnast's technique in the "Handspring" vault. One separate complex solves the problem in achieving of those biomechanical parameters which sport performance depended on directly. Our program is designed for trainers working with skilled female gymnasts and aiming to improve their performance of handspring vault. The efficiency of author's special program was confirmed through the direct comparative pedagogical experiment. 20 gymnasts were divided by random selection into two groups of 10 gymnasts both in control and experimental group. Gymnasts in both groups had no statistically significant differences by biomechanical characteristics of vault technique at the beginning of the pedagogical experiment (Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}).  
\section[{IV. Discussion}]{IV. Discussion}\par
Knoll \& Krug \hyperref[b4]{[5]}, using a laser speed measurement system for the competition analysis of the women vaults in world championship 2007 found that handspring-type vaults averaged 7.74 m/s on the vaulting table. Our investigation indicated that skilled female gymnasts showed the average velocity from 6.27 m/s (SD=0.14 m/s) at board contact in vault on "new table" in experimental group before the experiment to 7.97 m/s (SD=0.55 m/s) after the experiment.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
1. The parameters of kinematic structure of skilled female gymnast's motor actions in the "Handspring" vault are the velocity of general center of gravity of gymnast's body in the run-up to the board; the duration of hurdle-step phase; the duration of onboard phase; the velocity of the GCG of gymnast's body and the angles in knee and hip joints at take-off the board; the duration the pre-flight phase; the duration of on-table phase; the velocity of the GCG of gymnast's body and the angle in shoulder joint at take-off the table; the duration, height and horizontal distance of the post-flight phase; the angle between horizontal and body at take-off the table; the turn angle at the ascending part of the post-flight trajectory; the angle in hip joint in piked/tucked salto forward off; the angle between the vertical and body at the landing; the angle in knee joint at the landing. The leading elements of sports technique in the "Handspring" vault are the kinematic characteristics of post-flight phase: the duration, the height and horizontal length of GCG's trajectory of female gymnast's body. The correlation coefficients between these parameters and total score in the "Handspring" vault are r = 0.59-0.72 (p <0.05). 2. The biomechanical characteristics of skilled female gymnast's motor actions and the laws of their changing in the «Handspring» vault allowed\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.16336336336336335\textwidth}P{0.09104104104104103\textwidth}P{0.19314314314314315\textwidth}P{0.051476476476476477\textwidth}P{0.01488988988988989\textwidth}P{0.17314814814814813\textwidth}P{0.0536036036036036\textwidth}P{0.04084084084084084\textwidth}P{0.0684934934934935\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Phase\tabcellsep Characteristic\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Control group}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Experimental group}\tabcellsep Difference between groups\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep mean\tabcellsep \tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep mean\tabcellsep SD\\
I\tabcellsep approach\tabcellsep velocity, m?s -1\tabcellsep 6.28\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.246}\tabcellsep 6.27\tabcellsep 0.138\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
II\tabcellsep hurdle-step\tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.278\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.006}\tabcellsep 0.276\tabcellsep 0.008\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.106\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.019}\tabcellsep 0.108\tabcellsep 0.017\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
III\tabcellsep on-board\tabcellsep velocity at take-off the board, m?s -1 angle in knee joint, degrees\tabcellsep 4.75 158.80\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.15 7.95\tabcellsep 4.74 157.50\tabcellsep 0.15 8.79\tabcellsep p>0.05 p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep angle in hip joint, degrees\tabcellsep 147.4\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{12.08}\tabcellsep 150.3\tabcellsep 8.5\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
IV\tabcellsep pre-flight\tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.246\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.010}\tabcellsep 0.252\tabcellsep 0.021\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.224\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.011}\tabcellsep 0.216\tabcellsep 0.008\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep velocity at take-off the table, m?s -1\tabcellsep 3.51\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.20\tabcellsep 3.48\tabcellsep 0.18\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
V\tabcellsep on-table\tabcellsep angle between horizontal and body at take-off the\tabcellsep 60.4\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6.8\tabcellsep 60.0\tabcellsep 5.9\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep table, degrees\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep angle in shoulder joint, degrees\tabcellsep 133.8\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6.2\tabcellsep 133.0\tabcellsep 6.2\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.864\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.016}\tabcellsep 0.862\tabcellsep 0.022\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
VI\tabcellsep post-flight\tabcellsep turn, degrees height off the flight, m horizontal distance, m\tabcellsep 367.0 1.26 2.19\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 37.6 0.10 0.26\tabcellsep 367.2 1.27 2.20\tabcellsep 31.2 0.12 0.24\tabcellsep p>0.05 p>0.05 p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep piked/tucked salto forward off\tabcellsep hip joint, degrees\tabcellsep 53.4\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3.0\tabcellsep 52.7\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
VII\tabcellsep landing\tabcellsep angle between vertical and body, degrees angle in knee joint, degrees\tabcellsep 50.6 78.9\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3.9 7.3\tabcellsep 49.8 78.5\tabcellsep 3.5 7.2\tabcellsep p>0.05 p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Vault total time, s}\tabcellsep 1.689\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.029\tabcellsep 1.712\tabcellsep 0.023\tabcellsep p>0,05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep A score\tabcellsep 4.54\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.13\tabcellsep 4.60\tabcellsep 0.23\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep B score\tabcellsep 8.30\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.37\tabcellsep 8.36\tabcellsep 0.212\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Total score}\tabcellsep 12.84\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.41\tabcellsep 12.96\tabcellsep 0.32\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Pedagogical experiment was carried out during}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{gymnast technique in Handspring vault. After the}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{12 months at the training to main starts in the Ukrainian}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{experiment, gymnasts of the experimental group}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{and World Championships. Gymnasts in both groups}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{increased on average A score from 4.60±0.23 to}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{trained on a single plan per 3 hours twice a day, six}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{4.84±0.22, p<0.05; B score from 8.36±0.21 to}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{days a week. The only difference between the groups}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{8.90±0.16, p<0.05; gymnasts of the control group also}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{was that the control group trained under the traditional}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{increased A score from 4.54±0.13 to 4.60±0.19,}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{program and the experimental group trained by our}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{p>0.05; B score from 8.30±0.37 to 8.64 ±0.25, p<0.05}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{program.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(Table 2).}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{We calculated quantitative "before-after"}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{pedagogical experiment to analyze skilled female}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.009883720930232558\textwidth}P{0.09036544850498339\textwidth}P{0.32404485049833887\textwidth}P{0.08401162790697674\textwidth}P{0.07059800664451828\textwidth}P{0.08754152823920265\textwidth}P{0.07059800664451828\textwidth}P{0.11295681063122924\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Phase\tabcellsep Characteristic\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Control group}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Experimental group}\tabcellsep Difference between groups\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep mean\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep mean\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep \\
I\tabcellsep approach\tabcellsep velocity, m?s -1\tabcellsep 6.58\tabcellsep 0.518\tabcellsep 7.97\tabcellsep 0.548\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
II\tabcellsep hurdle-step\tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.274\tabcellsep 0.010\tabcellsep 0.272\tabcellsep 0.010\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.106\tabcellsep 0.013\tabcellsep 0.092\tabcellsep 0.014\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep velocity at take-off the\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
III\tabcellsep on-board\tabcellsep board, m?s -1 angle in knee joint,\tabcellsep 5.42\tabcellsep 0.384\tabcellsep 6.32\tabcellsep 0.432\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep degrees\tabcellsep 161.8\tabcellsep 7.3\tabcellsep 169.4\tabcellsep 7.3\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep angle in hip joint, degrees\tabcellsep 154.0\tabcellsep 7.1\tabcellsep 164.8\tabcellsep 6.2\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
IV\tabcellsep pre-flight\tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.224\tabcellsep 0.016\tabcellsep 0.188\tabcellsep 0.023\tabcellsep p>0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.210\tabcellsep 0.017\tabcellsep 0.192\tabcellsep 0.010\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep velocity at take-off the\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep table, m?s -1\tabcellsep 4.13\tabcellsep 0.393\tabcellsep 4.99\tabcellsep 0.531\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
V\tabcellsep on-table\tabcellsep angle between horizontal and body at take-off the\tabcellsep 61.0\tabcellsep 5.7\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 5.7\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep table, degrees\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep angle in shoulder joint,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep degrees\tabcellsep 141.1\tabcellsep 6.3\tabcellsep 155.3\tabcellsep 9.3\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep time, s\tabcellsep 0.875\tabcellsep 0.021\tabcellsep 0.896\tabcellsep 0.018\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
VI\tabcellsep post-flight\tabcellsep turn, degrees height off the flight, m horizontal distance, m\tabcellsep 376.1 1.50 2.43\tabcellsep 32.1 0.111 0.209\tabcellsep 397.0 1.77 2.80\tabcellsep 28.3 0.157 0.132\tabcellsep p<0.05 p<0.05 p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep piked/tucked salto forward off\tabcellsep angle in hip joint, degrees\tabcellsep 45.2\tabcellsep 3.1\tabcellsep 38.1\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
VII\tabcellsep landing\tabcellsep angle between vertical and body, degrees angle in knee joint, degrees\tabcellsep 48.7 79.1\tabcellsep 4.1 7.2\tabcellsep 45.0 86.6\tabcellsep 3.2 7.8\tabcellsep p<0.05 p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Vault total time, s}\tabcellsep 1.689\tabcellsep 0.029\tabcellsep 1.640\tabcellsep 0.034\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep A score\tabcellsep 4.60\tabcellsep 0.189\tabcellsep 4.84\tabcellsep 0.227\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep B score\tabcellsep 8.64\tabcellsep 0.246\tabcellsep 8.90\tabcellsep 0.163\tabcellsep p<0.05\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Total score}\tabcellsep 13.24\tabcellsep 0.344\tabcellsep 13.74\tabcellsep 0.310\tabcellsep p<0.05\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{( )K} 		 		\backmatter  			 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\bibitem[Krupenya and Khmelnitska]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		\textit{Improvement of sports equipment skilled gymnasts vault on the modified apparatus design // Science in the Olympic Sports},  		 			S Krupenya 		,  		 			I Khmelnitska 		.  		1 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Atikovi? (2011)]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{The impact of biomechanical parameters on initial vault values following the fig rules in men's artistic gymnastics // Homo},  		 			A Atikovi? 		.  		Sporticus Jun. 2011. 13 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Knoll and Krug ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		\textit{The vaulting table -a new vaulting apparatus in artistic gymnastics},  		 			K Knoll 		,  		 			J Krug 		.  		 \url{http://www.coachesinfo.com/category/gymnastics/61/}  		2002. 2003.  	 	 (Retrieved 11.06.) 
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\end{document}
