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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2022 1970-01-01 (revised: 38 Year 2022 01 January 1970)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2022 1970-01-01} \title{Questionnaire Survey Results on Chewing of 90 People Who Participated in the Health Class} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ 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\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Naomi Katayama} \author[2]{Shoko Kondo} \affil[1]{ Nagoya Womens University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Decreases in masticatory and swallowing ability are associated with age, but it is possible to maintain these functions through training. This research is the results of a questionnaire survey conducted on 90 participants (4 men and 86 women) in a health class held in 2021.We conducted a questionnaire survey of 90 participants on chewing to understand the current situation. I cmpleted a 20-item questionnaire survey on chewing and swallowing. The results of the questionnaire are as follows.1) 4.4% with a removable partial denture, 2) 0.0% with complete dentures, 3) Currently attending a dentist 13.3%, 4) 36.7% undergoing regular dental examinations, 5) There are teeth currently being treated 6.7%, 6) The gums have been swollen 34.4%, 7) Blood comes out of the gums 38.9%, 8 )34.4% who are usually interested in teeth, 9) Have heard the name of xylitol 97.8%, 10) Have listened to the name of mutants bacteria 36.7%, 11) Can bite apples with their skin 85.6%, 12) Confident in my teeth 20.0%, 13) My teeth are strong 41.1% 14) 8020 I am exercising 46.7%. \end{abstract} \keywords{questionnaire survey, chewing, time to eat.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{10cm}(1.05cm,3cm) {{\textit{CrossRef DOI of original article:}} \underline{}} \end{textblock*}\let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par n Japan, the 8020 campaign has been widely publicized by peoples. This campaign is that you should have 20 teeth and chew your teeth to eat enough to maintain your nutrition and health. If we finish eating in a shorter time than the signal reaches the satiety center, you may overeat. And our blood sugar level will rise sharply, and excess sugar will accumulate in our body as fat, resulting in obesity. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} \section[{a) Participants}]{a) Participants}\par Participants were informed about the study, signed a consent form, and voluntarily participated in this study. A chewing questionnaire Survey was conducted on 90 people who participated in the health class. Participants voluntarily participated in the chewing questionnaire.\par Author: Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya, Japan. e-mail: naomik@nagoya-wu.ac.jp b) Chewing questionnaire survey Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire about twenty items related to chewing. Table {\ref 1} shows the contents of each item. \section[{c) Questionnaire survey results regarding time spent on meals}]{c) Questionnaire survey results regarding time spent on meals}\par Participants filled in a self-administered questionnaire for the time spent on the three meals. \section[{d) Ethical review board}]{d) Ethical review board}\par This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethical Review Board (Nagoya women's university 'hito wo mochii ta kennkyuu nikansuru iinnkai'). The approval number is 2020-26. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results a) Participant results}]{Results a) Participant results}\par There were 90 participants, fourmales and 86 females. The age distribution is shown in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}. {\ref 4} shows the results of a questionnaire survey on mastication for 90 participants. Of the participants, 4.4\% had partial dentures, and none had complete dentures. 36.7\% of the participants went to the dentist regularly. Of the participants, 97.8\% knew the name of Xylitol, and 46.7\% knew the 8020 campaign (keeping 20 teeth at age 80). Among the participants, 47.8\% felt they could chew food well, and 41.1\% felt that their teeth were strong. Among the participants, 67.8\% had their teeth treated with fluoride in elementary school, and 22.2\% had the habit of chewing gum. \section[{Show the basic information of the participants in}]{Show the basic information of the participants in} \section[{c) Questionnaire survey results regarding time spent on meals results}]{c) Questionnaire survey results regarding time spent on meals results}\par Most the participants spent 10 minutes on breakfast, 15 minutes on lunch, and 20 or 30 minutes on dinner.\par The average time of participants was 12.8 minutes for breakfast, 18.6 minutes for lunch, and 24.8 minutes for dinner. \section[{IV.}]{IV.} \section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par Most participants who attended the health class this time did not have a habit of chewing gum. However, almost everyone knew the word xylitol. But about half of the participants knew the talk of the 8020 campaign. Participants could bite the apple with the skin, but were less confident in the teeth. Participants replied that they chew food, but did not chew 30 times. If participants can prevented by eating the food bite little over time, the blood glucose level after a meal can moderate. Many researchers have reported the relationship between rumination and cognition/dementia risk \hyperref[b0]{1)} , and other effects on brain functions \hyperref[b1]{2)} . Masticatory force is measured by device development and computational model \hyperref[b2]{3,}\hyperref[b3]{4)} , and research to clarify occlusal ofrce \hyperref[b2]{3,}\hyperref[b3]{4,}\hyperref[b4]{5,}\hyperref[b5]{6)} reports. Studies have also reported that chewing gum increases bite force \hyperref[b6]{7)} . The authors reported that high school students, university students, and middle-aged adults ate a meal less than 30 minutes per meal \hyperref[b7]{8)} . In addition, the authors reported the results of training chewing power by chewing gum every day before meals for 30 days \hyperref[b8]{9)} . Furthermore, the authors reported whether or not chewing gum improves masticatory strength \hyperref[b9]{10)} . We want to convey the importance of chewing through these educational activities.\par V. \section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par We reported the results of a self-administered questionnaire survey on mastication performed on 90 participants who voluntarily consented to the study. As a result, less than half of the participants answered that they consciously had solid teeth and could chew food well. The average time taken by the participants to eat every three meal was less than 30 minutes. Many of the participants had no habit of chewing gum. \section[{Age}]{Age}\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.7714859437751004\textwidth}P{0.04096385542168675\textwidth}P{0.014792503346720215\textwidth}P{0.005689424364123159\textwidth}P{0.005689424364123159\textwidth}P{0.005689424364123159\textwidth}P{0.005689424364123159\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Table 1. Chewing questionnaire}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{20-item}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Using removable partial dentures}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Using full dentures}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Currently attending a dentist}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Have regular dental examinations}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Have a tooth that is currently being treated}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Have swollen gums}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Blood comes out of the gums}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Always interested in teeth}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Heard the name of xylitol, which usually chews gum}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{Heard the name of Mutans bacteria, which usually chews gum}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Can bite an apple with its skin}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Have confidence in teeth}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Think teeth are strong}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Know the 8020 movement}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{There is a tooth that is an imsert tooth}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Think I am chewing on food}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Chew a bite of food more than 30 times}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Do you brush your teeth after a snack?}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{Did you do fluoridation of your teeth when you were in elementary school?}\tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{habit of chewing gum}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 10s\tabcellsep 20s\tabcellsep 30s\tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep 60s\\ Maie\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\\ Female\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 2\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 3 .}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} Year 2022\\ 36\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 .}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.18214285714285713\textwidth}P{0.056666666666666664\textwidth}P{0.17404761904761903\textwidth}P{0.0769047619047619\textwidth}P{0.0769047619047619\textwidth}P{0.14976190476190476\textwidth}P{0.13357142857142856\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Female ( n=86 )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Male ( n=4 )\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Height\tabcellsep Weight\tabcellsep Age\tabcellsep Height\tabcellsep Weight\\ Average\tabcellsep 26.8\tabcellsep 157.0\tabcellsep 50.7\tabcellsep 35.8\tabcellsep 172.0\tabcellsep 66.3\\ Atandard diviation\tabcellsep 12.3\tabcellsep 5.4\tabcellsep 6.8\tabcellsep 18.3\tabcellsep 5.7\tabcellsep 5.3\\ Median\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 157.75\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 34.5\tabcellsep 173.5\tabcellsep 66.5\\ Maximum\tabcellsep 69\tabcellsep 169.6\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 177\tabcellsep 72\\ Minimum\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 147\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 164\tabcellsep 60\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep D D D D ) L\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 .}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2022 Global Journals Questionnaire Survey Results on Chewing of 90 People Who Participated in the Health Class} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par This study was supported by the Japanese Society of Taste Technology, 2019. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Chia et al. 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