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\setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2022 1970-01-01 (revised: 23 Year 2022 01 January 1970)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2022 1970-01-01} \title{Comparison of Taste and Smell Test Results Before and After COVID-19 in Yakumo Residents Health Checkup Comparison between 2019 and 2022} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ 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\renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Naomi Katayama} \author[2]{Shoko Kondo} \affil[1]{ Nagoya Womens University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Since August 2007, the authors have conducted health checkups for residents of Yakumo Town, Hokkaido, over three days yearly, with approximately 600 people.Taste and smell tests were conducted on the study participants, and the results have been reported.However, in 2020 and 2021, we were could not receive a health checkup data to the influence of the new coronavirus. But, in August 2022, we were finally able to obtain the results of taste and smell tests.Therefore, in this study, we compare the taste and smell test results obtained in August 2019 (before the COVID-19 epidemic) and in August 2022 (after the COVID-19 epidemic).Taste and smell were measured using a simple test kit, and height, weight, and blood pressure were also obtained. \end{abstract} \keywords{simple salty taste test, simple olfactory test, resident medical examination, age group.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{10cm}(1.05cm,3cm) {{\textit{CrossRef DOI of original article:}} \underline{}} \end{textblock*}\let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par rom 2007 to 2019, every August in Yakumo Town, Hokkaido, the authors examined the sense of taste and olfactory tests during a health checkup for residents \hyperref[b0]{[1]}\hyperref[b1]{[2]}\hyperref[b2]{[3]}\hyperref[b4]{[4]}\hyperref[b5]{[5]}\hyperref[b7]{[6]}\hyperref[b8]{[7]}\hyperref[b9]{[8]}\hyperref[b10]{[9]}\hyperref[b11]{[10]} {\ref [11]} {\ref [12]} .\par However, in 2020 and 2021, we could not undergo a medical examination due to the COVID-19 epidemic.\par As the COVID-19 epidemic has subsided, this fiscal year (August 2022), Hokkaido, August.\par We obtained the taste and smell test results during the health checkup for the residents of Yakumo Town.\par Therefore, we compared the taste and smell test results obtained in 2019 and the taste and smell test results obtained in 2022. I decided to confirm whether or not there was an impact of COVID-19 by comparing two data. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Material and Method}]{Material and Method}\par Among the participants in the health checkup for Yakumo town residents were measured for height, weight, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), salty taste tests, and olfactory tests.\par There were 298 subjects (129 males 169 females) in 2019.\par And there were 344 subjects (142 males, 202 females) in 2022.\par Survey items comparing 2019 and 2022 are age, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, the results of a simple olfactory test, and the results of a simple salty taste test.\par The results of the simple salty taste test were performed by using Salsive (manufactured by Advantech). The Salsive is the filter paper. Salsive comes in 6 different salt concentrations (0.6\% 0.8\%, 1.0\% 1.2\%, 1.4\%, 1.6\%). Participants put Salsive in their mouth to check the salty taste.\par Concentration was recorded when participants perceived salty teste \hyperref[b12]{13)} .\par The results of the simple olfactory test were performed using an odor stick (Daiichi Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd.).\par Twelve kinds of odors are applied to the filter paper (Japanese ink, wood, perfume, menthol, mandarin orange, curry, household gas, roses, cypress, stuffy socks/sweaty, condensed milk, fried garlic). The number of odors perceived by participants was recorded.\par The obtained data were statistically processed by sex and age groups.\par 2019 and 2022 data were F-tested, and the results were either unpaired Student-t test or Mann.\par Whitney test was performed to confirm the presence or absence of statistical significance. \section[{a) Ethical review board}]{a) Ethical review board}\par This study conducted with the approval of the Ethical Review Board (Nagoya women's University Ethics Committee: "hitowomochiitakennkyuunikannsuruiinnkai"). The approval number is 2019-26. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Result}]{Result}\par There were 298 participants (129 male and 169 female) in 2019, and 344 participants (142 male and 2022 female) in 2022. The distribution of each age group is shown in Table {\ref 1}. In both years, there were many participants in their 60s and 70s.\par Table \hyperref[tab_0]{2} shows the average values and standard deviations by age group for each inspection item in FY2019.\par The average systolic blood pressure for both males and females in their 70s and 80s was 140 mmHg, exceeding the normal range.\par However, the average diastolic blood pressure was 90 mmHg or less in both men and women, which was within the normal range.\par The average value of the simple olfactory test results in the 80s female was six, and half of the twelve types of odors could be recognized. All females of other ages had a simple olfactory test result of six or higher.\par However, the average value for males was six or less, resulting in a less recognizable odor.\par The average value of salty taste test results for women in their 80s exceeds hers by 1.0\%.\par But otherwise, both males and females, in the age-specific salty taste test results, salty taste could be recognized less than 1.0\%.\par Table \hyperref[tab_1]{3} shows the average values and standard deviations by age group for each inspection item in FY2022.\par In females, the average systolic blood pressure in their 70s and 80s is over 140 mmHg, which exceeds the normal range.\par And also in males, the average systolic blood pressure in their 80s is over 140 mmHg, which exceeds the normal range.\par However, the mean diastolic blood pressure for both males and females was below 90 mmHg, which was within the normal range. Females in their 80's and males in their 80's and 70's recognized six or less of the twelve odors. As a result, olfactory recognition decreased with age.\par The results of the salty taste test showed that they could recognize less than 1.0\% salty taste for both males and females.\par The results of 2022 and 2019 were compared using statistical methods.\par The results of comparing the age distribution of females in 2022 and 2019 showed Table {\ref 4}. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between 2022 and 2019. The results of comparing the height distribution of females in 2022 and 2019 showed Table {\ref 6}. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between 2022 and 2019.\par The results of comparing the height distribution of males in 2022 and 2019 showed The results of comparing the weight distribution of females in 2022 and 2019 showed Table {\ref 8}. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between 2022 and 2019.\par The results of comparing the weight distribution of males in 2022 and 2019 showed Table {\ref 9}. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between 2022 and 2019. The results of comparing the systolic blood pressure distribution of females in 2022 and 2019 showed Table \hyperref[tab_6]{10}. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between 2022 and 2019. The results of comparing the systolic blood pressure distribution of males in 2022 and 2019 showed Table {\ref 11}. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between 2022 and 2019. The results of comparing the diastolic blood pressure distribution of females in 2022 and 2019 showed Table \hyperref[tab_0]{12}. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between 2022 and 2019. Table \hyperref[tab_9]{13} shows the results of comparing males' systolic blood pressure by age group.\par Although there was no statistically significant difference by age group, P<0.05 (P=0.045*) for all age groups. The results showed that the diastolic blood pressure in 2022 was statistically significantly lower than the diastolic blood pressure in 2019.\par Table {\ref 14} shows the results of a comparison of females' olfactory test results by age group.\par A statistically significant difference comes out in their seventies. In 2022, olfactory recognition was statistically significantly lower than in 2019 (P<0.05: P=0.024*). Comparing the results of the olfactory cognition test in 2022 and 2019, there was no statistically significant difference in each age group. However, as a result of the overall comparison, olfactory recognition was statistically significantly lower (P<0.01: P=0.001**) in 2022 than in 2019.\par Table \hyperref[tab_10]{15} shows the results of a comparison of male olfactory test results by age group.\par A statistically significant difference comes out when he is in the 40s. In 2022, olfactory recognition was statistically significantly lower than in 2019 (P<0.05: P=0.014*).\par Comparing the results of the olfactory cognition test in 2022 and 2019, other were no statistically significant difference in each age group. However, as a result of the overall comparison, olfactory recognition was statistically significantly lower (P<0.01: P=0.005**) in 2022 than in 2019. IV. \section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par For both male and female participants, age, height, and weight were not statistically significantly differences for comparison between 2019 and 2022. Females had no statistically significant difference in blood pressure between 2019 and 2022. However, there was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure among males by age group, but when compared overall, the year 2022 was lower than in 2019. There was no statistically significant difference in cognition between 2019 and 2022 for salty taste. Regarding the sense of smell, there will be a statistically significant (P<0.05) decline in cognition in 2022 compared to 2019.\par Whether this is due to the COVID-19 epidemic cannot be determined based on the results of this test alone. However, the results of this olfactory cognition test showed that the olfactory cognition in 2022 was lower than the olfactory cognition in 2019.\par Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to continue to investigate the participants' sense of smell. At that time, we think it is needed to investigate COVID-19 morbidity as well. We believe it is necessary to track individuals individually.\par Previous studies have reported a positive correlation between salt intake and blood pressure \hyperref[b14]{[15]}\hyperref[b16]{[16]}\hyperref[b17]{[17]}\hyperref[b18]{[18]}\hyperref[b19]{[19]} . Therefore, in Japan and overseas, guidance to reduce salt intake is being carried out. Future studies will investigate the relationship dietary habits and blood pressure. It is necessary to investigate this in more detail. Relations with aging 20) and Alzheimer's disease \hyperref[b21]{21,}\hyperref[b22]{22)} have also been reported regarding the decline in olfactory cognition. We could like to continue research on regional differences in Japan and clarify the results.\par V. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par We compared taste and smelled simple test results before COVID-19 (2019) and after COVID-19 (2022). As a result, no statistically significant difference was observed in preference in all ages between 2019 and 2022. However, 2022 tended to have fewerol factory perceptions in all ages than in 2019.Butthe smell was a statistically significant difference between 2019 and 2019 in the total participants. Compared to 2022, the value tends to be lower in 2022, with a significant difference overall, and 2022 is not recognizable. It was found that the number of certain odors decreased in 2022. However, on this data, it cannot be concluded that the decline in olfactory recognition in 2022 was due to COVID-19.\par In the future, we would like to clarify the presence or absence of regional differences by conducting surveys on more items and comparing them.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.05089094796863863\textwidth}P{0.20174625801853172\textwidth}P{0.06967213114754098\textwidth}P{0.046650035637918745\textwidth}P{0.08057733428367783\textwidth}P{0.045438346400570206\textwidth}P{0.06967213114754098\textwidth}P{0.05210263720598717\textwidth}P{0.06846044191019245\textwidth}P{0.046650035637918745\textwidth}P{0.0733071988595866\textwidth}P{0.04483250178189594\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{9}{l}{Table 1. Age composition of participants in 2019 and 2022}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{(number of people)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{40s}\tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{80s}\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 2019 Male\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{6}\tabcellsep 129\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 2019 Female\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{3}\tabcellsep 169\tabcellsep \\ Year 2022\tabcellsep 2022 Male 2022 Female\tabcellsep 13 34\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 20 37\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 38 64\tabcellsep 59 57\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{12 10}\tabcellsep 142 202\tabcellsep \\ 22\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Volume XXII Issue II Version I\tabcellsep Female Age\tabcellsep Average 45.22 40s\tabcellsep ?? 2.61\tabcellsep Average 54.33 50s\tabcellsep ?? 3.04\tabcellsep Average 64.52 60s\tabcellsep ?? 2.77\tabcellsep Average 72.84 70s\tabcellsep ?? 2.57\tabcellsep Average 82.00 80s\tabcellsep ?? 2.00\\ D D D D )\tabcellsep Hight\tabcellsep 158.01\tabcellsep 5.17\tabcellsep 155.52\tabcellsep 6.01\tabcellsep 153.80\tabcellsep 5.15\tabcellsep 150.56\tabcellsep 5.38\tabcellsep 147.37\tabcellsep 2.84\\ (\tabcellsep Weight\tabcellsep 57.15\tabcellsep 11.48\tabcellsep 56.42\tabcellsep 9.08\tabcellsep 55.66\tabcellsep 8.91\tabcellsep 52.82\tabcellsep 10.01\tabcellsep 49.57\tabcellsep 11.37\\ Medical Research\tabcellsep Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure Olfactory test results Salty taste test results Male\tabcellsep 122.26 70.13 9.26 0.88 Average 40s\tabcellsep 15.75 10.11 1.91 0.37 ??\tabcellsep 131.58 77.35 9.60 0.87 Average 50s\tabcellsep 20.57 12.95 1.81 0.37 ??\tabcellsep 137.14 77.05 8.94 0.85 Average 60s\tabcellsep 19.05 11.94 2.37 0.35 ??\tabcellsep 140.11 74.70 7.43 0.90 Average 70s\tabcellsep 24.48 11.33 2.22 0.39 ??\tabcellsep 149.00 77.00 6.33 1.07 Average 80s\tabcellsep 29.44 7.00 2.08 0.64 ??\\ Global Journal of\tabcellsep Age Hight Weight Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure Olfactory test results Salty taste test results\tabcellsep 45.50 170.05 74.15 136.80 80.90 9.00 0.90\tabcellsep 3.21 4.63 11.32 18.35 14.36 2.00 0.33\tabcellsep 54.83 167.96 71.34 131.00 81.33 8.13 0.92\tabcellsep 3.14 6.29 8.93 18.98 11.34 2.15 0.47\tabcellsep 64.84 167.28 68.93 138.27 83.12 7.18 0.89\tabcellsep 3.32 5.89 9.35 14.50 8.70 2.34 0.38\tabcellsep 73.03 164.69 66.23 145.53 79.73 6.49 0.94\tabcellsep 3.17 5.35 10.08 24.70 15.39 3.27 0.46\tabcellsep 84.83 159.13 63.50 134.67 66.17 5.67 0.90\tabcellsep 3.76 1.75 6.39 14.94 9.02 2.80 0.21\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 2 .}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.20867430441898527\textwidth}P{0.06747135842880524\textwidth}P{0.0695581014729951\textwidth}P{0.06747135842880524\textwidth}P{0.045212765957446804\textwidth}P{0.09112111292962356\textwidth}P{0.050777414075286416\textwidth}P{0.06190671031096563\textwidth}P{0.05008183306055646\textwidth}P{0.09251227495908346\textwidth}P{0.045212765957446804\textwidth}} Female\tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{60s}\tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\\ Age\tabcellsep 44.85\tabcellsep 2.65\tabcellsep 55.08\tabcellsep 2.95\tabcellsep 65.02\tabcellsep 3.00\tabcellsep 73.84\tabcellsep 2.77\tabcellsep 82.50\tabcellsep 2.46\\ Hight\tabcellsep 156.21\tabcellsep 10.80\tabcellsep 157.30\tabcellsep 5.44\tabcellsep 174.61\tabcellsep 169.53\tabcellsep 151.48\tabcellsep 6.46\tabcellsep 149.02\tabcellsep 6.68\\ Weight\tabcellsep 55.26\tabcellsep 11.65\tabcellsep 68.28\tabcellsep 74.94\tabcellsep 54.65\tabcellsep 10.21\tabcellsep 59.21\tabcellsep 36.86\tabcellsep 53.38\tabcellsep 12.22\\ Systolic blood pressure\tabcellsep 122.59\tabcellsep 22.51\tabcellsep 131.95\tabcellsep 20.20\tabcellsep 135.20\tabcellsep 19.31\tabcellsep 144.80\tabcellsep 20.63\tabcellsep 149.70\tabcellsep 16.81\\ Diastolic blood pressure\tabcellsep 70.18\tabcellsep 11.45\tabcellsep 75.03\tabcellsep 14.33\tabcellsep 76.30\tabcellsep 11.91\tabcellsep 77.11\tabcellsep 12.83\tabcellsep 75.30\tabcellsep 11.96\\ Olfactory test results\tabcellsep 8.44\tabcellsep 2.70\tabcellsep 8.78\tabcellsep 2.11\tabcellsep 8.66\tabcellsep 2.54\tabcellsep 6.16\tabcellsep 2.65\tabcellsep 5.90\tabcellsep 2.47\\ Salty taste test results\tabcellsep 0.88\tabcellsep 0.33\tabcellsep 0.72\tabcellsep 0.19\tabcellsep 0.81\tabcellsep 0.31\tabcellsep 0.85\tabcellsep 0.31\tabcellsep 0.64\tabcellsep 0.08\\ \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{60s}\tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \\ Male\tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\tabcellsep Average\tabcellsep ??\\ Age\tabcellsep 46.00\tabcellsep 3.14\tabcellsep 53.90\tabcellsep 2.75\tabcellsep 63.66\tabcellsep 2.68\tabcellsep 73.63\tabcellsep 2.41\tabcellsep 84.67\tabcellsep 3.89\\ Hight\tabcellsep 168.51\tabcellsep 7.80\tabcellsep 168.45\tabcellsep 5.49\tabcellsep 167.91\tabcellsep 6.13\tabcellsep 164.59\tabcellsep 5.88\tabcellsep 159.70\tabcellsep 7.10\\ Weight\tabcellsep 78.64\tabcellsep 19.32\tabcellsep 71.61\tabcellsep 10.67\tabcellsep 70.14\tabcellsep 8.93\tabcellsep 65.49\tabcellsep 9.75\tabcellsep 63.61\tabcellsep 10.38\\ Systolic blood pressure\tabcellsep 131.15\tabcellsep 16.12\tabcellsep 130.85\tabcellsep 16.79\tabcellsep 135.61\tabcellsep 18.27\tabcellsep 137.32\tabcellsep 21.84\tabcellsep 144.92\tabcellsep 20.75\\ Diastolic blood pressure\tabcellsep 77.8\tabcellsep 17.2\tabcellsep 79.9\tabcellsep 10.6\tabcellsep 79.8\tabcellsep 9.2\tabcellsep 76.7\tabcellsep 12.9\tabcellsep 72.9\tabcellsep 13.8\\ Olfactory test results\tabcellsep 6.38\tabcellsep 2.53\tabcellsep 8.15\tabcellsep 2.43\tabcellsep 6.61\tabcellsep 3.03\tabcellsep 5.72\tabcellsep 3.06\tabcellsep 3.58\tabcellsep 2.87\\ Salty taste test results\tabcellsep 0.89\tabcellsep 0.41\tabcellsep 0.81\tabcellsep 0.28\tabcellsep 0.91\tabcellsep 0.36\tabcellsep 0.89\tabcellsep 0.41\tabcellsep 0.97\tabcellsep 0.46\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2022}\\ F-test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.476\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{P=0.422}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.260\tabcellsep \\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.611\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{p=0.272}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep p=0.326\tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2022}\\ F-test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.295\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{P=0.405}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep p=0.022\tabcellsep \\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.086\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{p=0.756}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep p=0.134\tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 3 .}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{ï¼?"} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.31179039301310046\textwidth}P{0.15960698689956332\textwidth}P{0.15589519650655023\textwidth}P{0.029694323144104803\textwidth}P{0.1633187772925764\textwidth}P{0.029694323144104803\textwidth}} \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\tabcellsep \\ 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.481\tabcellsep P=0.264\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.081\tabcellsep \\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.199\tabcellsep p=0.306\tabcellsep \tabcellsep p=0.082\tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \\ 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.039*\tabcellsep P=0.293\tabcellsep \tabcellsep p=0.119\tabcellsep \\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep p=0.662\tabcellsep \tabcellsep p=0.199\tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep p=0.063\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table ï¼?" Age}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{?} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table ? Age}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{7} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.44641221374045803\textwidth}P{0.11290076335877862\textwidth}P{0.020763358778625954\textwidth}P{0.11160305343511451\textwidth}P{0.020763358778625954\textwidth}P{0.116793893129771\textwidth}P{0.020763358778625954\textwidth}} \multicolumn{7}{l}{Table ? Hight Comparison Results for 2019 and 2022 Participants Female (169 in 2019, 202 in 2022)}\\ \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\\ \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{P=0.0001**}\tabcellsep P=0.263\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.443\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.177\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.653\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep P=0.987\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\\ \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.210\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.093\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.003**\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.626\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.631\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.311\\ \multicolumn{7}{l}{Table ? Hight Comparison Results for 2019 and 2022 Participants Male (129 in 2019, 142 in 2022)}\\ \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\\ \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.063\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.262\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.392\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.586\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.786\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.631\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\\ \tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.248\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.001**\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.115\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.960\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.575\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.235\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 7 .}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{10} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.3957671957671957\textwidth}P{0.11693121693121693\textwidth}P{0.011992945326278658\textwidth}P{0.1259259259259259\textwidth}P{0.023985890652557317\textwidth}P{0.1349206349206349\textwidth}P{0.04047619047619047\textwidth}} \multicolumn{7}{l}{Table ? Weight Comparison Results for 2019 and 2022 Participants Male (129 in 2019, 142 in 2022)}\\ \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\\ 2019\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2022}\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.049*\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.201\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.377\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.928\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.544\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep P=0.789\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\\ 2019\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2022}\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.414\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.130\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.033**\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.781\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.876\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.776\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2022\\ \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\tabcellsep 25\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{2019}\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{P=0.038*}\tabcellsep P=0.453\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.455\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.937\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.567\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep P=0.552\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{2019}\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.147\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.193\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.363\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.343\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.958\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.618\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_6}Table 10 Systolic}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{13} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.38212951432129516\textwidth}P{0.12808219178082192\textwidth}P{0.008468244084682441\textwidth}P{0.13337484433374844\textwidth}P{0.025404732254047324\textwidth}P{0.1471357409713574\textwidth}P{0.025404732254047324\textwidth}} \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{2019}\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.286\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{P=0.343}\tabcellsep P=0.346\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.648\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{P=0.669}\tabcellsep P=0.090\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{2019}\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.119\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{P=0.172}\tabcellsep P=0.438\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.327\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{P=0.312}\tabcellsep P=0.045*\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{7}{l}{?14 Olfactory test results Comparison Results for 2019 and 2022 Participants Female(169 in 2019, 202 in 2022)}\\ \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\\ 2019\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2022}\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.044*\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.170\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.284\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.072\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.512\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep P=0.257\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\\ 2019\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2022}\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.130\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.432\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.006**\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.024*\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.789\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.001**\\ \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\\ 2019\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2022}\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.229\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.281\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.049*\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.014*\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.971\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.568\\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\\ 2019\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2022}\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.282\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.516\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.095\\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.315\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.138\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.005*\\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_9}Table 13 Diastolic}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{15} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_10}Table 15}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{16} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.30643776824034336\textwidth}P{0.15321888412017168\textwidth}P{0.16781115879828326\textwidth}P{0.029184549356223177\textwidth}P{0.16416309012875535\textwidth}P{0.029184549356223177\textwidth}} \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\tabcellsep \\ 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.305\tabcellsep P=0.001**\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.144\tabcellsep \\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.985\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.501\tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.087\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \\ 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.060\tabcellsep P=0.003**\tabcellsep \tabcellsep p=0.001*\tabcellsep \\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.482\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.093\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.187\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_11}Table 16}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{16} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.31043478260869567\textwidth}P{0.15521739130434783\textwidth}P{0.16260869565217392\textwidth}P{0.029565217391304348\textwidth}P{0.16260869565217392\textwidth}P{0.029565217391304348\textwidth}} \tabcellsep 40s\tabcellsep 50s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60s\tabcellsep \\ 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.261\tabcellsep P=0.019*\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.342\tabcellsep \\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.962\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.807\tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.365\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep 70s\tabcellsep 80s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \\ 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\tabcellsep 2019\tabcellsep 2022\\ F-test\tabcellsep P=0.255\tabcellsep P=0.005*\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.265\tabcellsep \\ unpaired-t test\tabcellsep P=0.597\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.551\tabcellsep \\ Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P=0.585\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_12}Table 16}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{17} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_13}Table 17}\end{figure} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgments}]{Acknowledgments}\par This research was partially supported by the research aid of Choju-iryo-kenkyu-kaihatsuhi, 2022 (30-14, Hirokazu Suzuki) and Japanese Society of Taste Technology, 2021 (Naomi Katayam) and the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research(C), 2020-2022 (20K02372, Naomi Katayam). 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