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\title{Comparison of Subjective Feeling of Dizziness and Simple Taste/Olfactory Test Results in Elderly People (Over 60 Years Old)}
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             \author[1]{Naomi  Katayama}

             \author[2]{Shoko  Kondo}

             \affil[1]{  Nagoya Womens University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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\begin{abstract}
        


For a long time, the author has been involved in taste and smell with Yakumo Town (rural) residents in Hokkaido and Nagoya-City (urban) in Aichi Prefecture. Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire, and then took a simple salty taste test and a simple olfactory test.However, until now, the author has not been able to compare the results of a questionnaire survey of Yakumo Town, Hokkaido, and residents of Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture. Therefore, this time, we will report the results.201 residents of Yakumo Town (95 men, 106 women: 2019 data) and 55 residents of Nagoya City 24 males and 31 females: 2022 data) participated in the examination.A self-reported questionnaire was given to the participants to determine the presence or absence of dizziness (1, no dizziness, 2. dizziness, and 3. dizziness all the time).

\end{abstract}


\keywords{dizziness, taste, olfactory, questionnaire survey.}

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Abstract-For a long time, the author has been involved in taste and smell with Yakumo Town (rural) residents in Hokkaido and Nagoya-City (urban) in Aichi Prefecture. Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire, and then took a simple salty taste test and a simple olfactory test. However, until now, the author has not been able to compare the results of a questionnaire survey of Yakumo Town, Hokkaido, and residents of Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture. Therefore, this time, we will report the results.\par
A self-reported questionnaire was given to the participants to determine the presence or absence of dizziness (1, no dizziness, 2. dizziness, and 3. dizziness all the time).\par
In addition, the participants were given a simple salty taste test (Solceive: manufactured by Advantech), andan olfactory test (smell test: Daiichi Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was performed.\par
In addition, participants filled in a self-administered questionnaire about their physical conditions (,age, sex, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure).\par
As a result, the subjective feeling of dizziness was statistically significantly higher in Nagoya City residents than in Yakumo Town residents (P=0.044*).\par
In addition, the subjective sense of salty taste and smell was statistically significantly worse in Yakumo Town residents than in Nagoya-shi residents (Salt taste P=0.027*Olfactory P=0.017*).\par
However, when the results of salty taste and olfactory tests were conducted on the residents of Nagoya City and Yakumo Town, there was no statistically significant difference (salty taste test results P = 0.614, Olfactory test result P=0.052).\par
Regarding the subjective feeling of dizziness, in the future, we will conduct actual measurements of the sway of the center of gravity using Stabilometer for both residents.\par
We believe that it is necessary to obtain definite results. 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ince 2005, I have conducted a simple taste/olfactory test and a self-administered questionnaire at the health checkup for residents of Yakumo Town, Hokkaido \hyperref[b0]{[1]} {\ref [2]} {\ref [3]} {\ref [4]} {\ref [5]} {\ref [6]} {\ref [7]} {\ref [8]} {\ref [9]} {\ref [10]} {\ref [11]} .\par
Similarly, a simple taste/olfactory test and a selfadministered questionnaire survey were conducted at a health class for residents of Nagoya City \hyperref[b2]{[12]}\hyperref[b3]{[13]}\hyperref[b4]{[14]}\hyperref[b5]{[15]}\hyperref[b7]{[16]}\hyperref[b8]{[17]}\hyperref[b9]{[18]}\hyperref[b10]{[19]}\hyperref[b11]{[20]} .\par
However, until now, no comparison has been made between the two regions. Therefore, we compared the results of these two regions this time.\par
Residents of Yakumo Town (FY2019) and Nagoya City (FY2022) were asked to feel dizziness, taste, and olfaction by using a self-administered questionnaire.\par
And participants also took simple salty taste test and a simple olfactory test.\par
At the same time, primary data such as age, sex, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were obtained.\par
A questionnaire survey was also conducted on subjective dizziness.\par
Feeling dizzy (light-headedness, fluffiness) due to changes in the amount and contents of food associated with the decline in taste and smell \hyperref[b12]{21)} related to Yakumo Town whaich is located in the south part of Hokkaido island in the northern part of Japan.\par
There is a little population movement, and the population is settled.\par
On the other hand, Nagoya City is located almost in the center of Japan, between Tokyo and Osaka.\par
Because it is a large city, there are various occupations, and the population movement is rapid.\par
This study has so far been a self-reported survey of taste, smell, and different living conditions in health checkups for residents of Yakumo Town, Hokkaido.\par
I've been researching it with a questionnaire, but I haven't made a comparison with other places.\par
Therefore, in this study, we decided to compare the data obtained from urban and rural paticipants. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
Two houndred one people in Yakumo Town, Hokkaido (106 women, 95 men: 2019 data) and 55 people in Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture (31 women, 24 men, 2022 data) were compared.\par
Dizziness was also included in the selfadministerd questionnaire survey of the participants. We asked the following questions.1.not dizzy, 2. sometimes, 3. always. Participants circles the items that apply.\par
In addition, a simple taste test (salty taste: Soluseive: manufactured by Advantech) and a simple olfactory test (smell test) were performed.\par
Ick: manufactured by Daiichi Yakuhin Sangyo Co., Ltd.) was used to obtain the test results.\par
In addition, praimary data such as age, sex, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were obtained.\par
Other self-administered questionnaire items included the subjective sense of taste, smell, salivary flow, and use of eating out. We also investigated the frequency and usual seasoning. (See Table  {\ref 1}):\par
The method of the simple taste test \hyperref[b13]{22)} and the method of the simple olfactory test \hyperref[b14]{23)} followed the specifications. 
\section[{a) Ethical review board}]{a) Ethical review board}\par
This study conducted with the approval of the Ethical Review Board (Nagoya women's University Ethics Committee: "hitowomochiitakennkyuunikann suruiinnkai"). The approval number is 2019-26. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
There were no regional differences in sex (see Table  {\ref 2}) and hight (see Table  {\ref 4}) in the participants' physical data. Weight (see Table  {\ref 5}), systolic blood pressure (see Table  {\ref 6}), and diastolic blood pressure (see Table  {\ref 7}) were eight higher in Nagoya. It was statistically significantly lower than Kumocho.\par
Yakumo town has 201 people (see Table  {\ref 3}) average ± SD value of 68.7 ± 6.0 years old Nagoya city has 55 people 74.9±7.1. The average ± SD value for subjective dizziness (see Table  {\ref 8}) was 1.379 ± 0.592 in Yakumo Town, and 1.379 ± 0.592 in Nagoya City was 1.211 ± 0.546. This result was P = 0.044* in the Mann-Whitney test, and was statistically superior to the elderly in Nagoya City.\par
The results showed that the subjects had dizziness subjectively.\par
The subjective taste (see Table  {\ref 9}) has a mean ± SD value of 0.1.607 ± 0.538 in Yakumo and 1.426±0.49 in Nagoya.\par
This result was P = 0.027* in the Unpaired Student-t test, showing a statistically significant.\par
From this result, it was found that the participants in rural areas subjectively felt that the taste was difficult to understand compared to those in the urban areas.\par
The subjective sense of smell (see Table  {\ref 10}) was 0.701 ± 0.539 in Yakumo Town, and 0.150±0.575 in Nagoya. From this result, P = 0.017* in the Unpaired Student t-test, which is statistically significant for Yakumo Town. The results showed that older adults subjectively feel that smell is difficult to understand. 
\section[{N City n=55 Y Town n=201}]{N City n=55 Y Town n=201}\par
Average The subjective saliva output (see Table  {\ref 11}) has a mean ± SD value of 0.781 ± 0.000 in Yakumo Town, and1.773 ±0. 000 in Nagoya City. This result was P = 0.139 in the Unpaired Student's t-test, and there was no statistically significant difference.\par
The average ± SD value for the frequency of eating out (see Table \hyperref[tab_3]{12}) is 5.095±1.037 in Yakumo Town and4.455 ±1.424 in Nagoya City. This result was P=0.004** in the Mann-Whitney test, indicating a statistically significant.\par
The results showed that those with the high frequency of eating out had a high frequency of eating out.\par
The seasoning of ordinary meals (see Table  {\ref 13}) has an average ± SD value of 2.542 ± 0.734 in Yakumo Town and 2.704 ± 0.924 in Nagoya City. This result was P = 0.155 by the Mann-Whitney test, and there was no statistically significant difference. 
\section[{N City n=55 Y Town n=201}]{N City n=55 Y Town n=201}\par
Average The results of the simple salty taste (see The results of the olfactory test (see Table \hyperref[tab_6]{15}) are average ±SD values of 7.348 ± 3.007 in Yakumo and 6.455 ±3.310 in Nagoya. This result was P = 0.0.052 in the Unpaired Student's t-test, and there was no statistically significant difference.\par
IV. 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
For primary data (gender, age, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), participants were statistically significantly older and underweight than rural participants.\par
The average value of blood pressure was within the normal renge for both Nagoya data and Yakumo data. However, the Nagoya data was statistically significantly lower than the Yakkumo data.\par
In addition, there were regional differences in subjective dizziness in this survey.\par
Urban participants said they were statistically significantly dizzier than country participants.\par
However, there were no regional differences in the salty taste test results.\par
And also, there was no regional difference in the olfactory test results in the present data.\par
However, the P-value after statistical processing was P=0.052, so if we increased the data for urban residents, there was a possibility that there would be a statistically significant difference in the olfactory test results.\par
The frequency of eating out was statistically significantly higher among participants in urban areas. Still, there was no significant difference between the two regions regarding the seasoning of things. Research results on the relationship between salty test results \hyperref[b15]{[24]}\hyperref[b17]{[25]}\hyperref[b18]{[26]}\hyperref[b19]{[27]} and blood pressure \hyperref[b20]{28)} have also been reported, so that future studies, we will investigate the association between dietary habits and blood pressure. It is necessary to investigate this in more detail.\par
Changes due to age \hyperref[b21]{29)} and association with Alzheimer's dementia \hyperref[b22]{30)} results such as application to patients \hyperref[b23]{31)} have been presented. We think it will be important to investigate resional differences in Japan in the future.\par
We will continue to do research and collect more data in the future, and not only subjective feelings of dizziness but also stabilization tests by using Stabilometer.\par
We also believe that a detailed questionnaire survey on dietary habits is necessary.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Urban participants seid they were statistically significantly dizzier than country participants. However, there were no regional differences in the results of the salty taste test results. And also, there was no regional difference in the olfactory test results in the present data. However, the P-value after statistica processing was P=0.052, so if we increased the data for urban residents, there was a possibility that there would be a statistically significant difference in the olfactory test results. We look forward to future results. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
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 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{12} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4198296836982968\textwidth}P{0.18819951338199514\textwidth}P{0.06618004866180048\textwidth}P{0.17579075425790752\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Table 11. Comparison of participant aware saliva data}\\
value\tabcellsep 1.673\tabcellsep 1.781\\
Standard deviation\tabcellsep 0.511\tabcellsep 0.471\\
F-test\tabcellsep P=0.209\tabcellsep \\
Unpaired Student-t test\tabcellsep P=0.139\tabcellsep \\
Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2022\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 5\\
Average value Standard deviation F-test Unpaired Student-t test Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{N City n=55 Y Town n=201 4.455 5.095 1424 1.037 P=0.004** P=0.001**}\tabcellsep Volume XXII Issue II Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep D D D D ) L\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Medical Research\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Global Journal of\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2022 Global Journals\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 12 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{14} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
) are mean ±SD values of 0.89 ±0.387 in Yakumo Town\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 14}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{14} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5034615384615384\textwidth}P{0.2844230769230769\textwidth}P{0.062115384615384614\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{N City n=55 Y Town n=201}\\
Average value\tabcellsep 0.86\tabcellsep 0.89\\
Standard deviation\tabcellsep 0.389\tabcellsep 0.387\\
F-test\tabcellsep P=0.491\tabcellsep \\
Unpaired Student-t test\tabcellsep P=0.614\tabcellsep \\
Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{N City n=55 Y Town n=201}\\
Average value\tabcellsep 6.455\tabcellsep 7.368\\
Standard deviation\tabcellsep 3.31\tabcellsep 3.007\\
F-test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Unpaired Student-t test\tabcellsep P=0.052\tabcellsep \\
Mann-Whitney test\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 14 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{15} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 15 .}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par
This research was partially supported by the research aid of Chojuiryokenkyukaihatsuhi, 2022 (30-14, Hirokazu Suzuki) and Japanese Society of Taste Technology, 2021 (Naomi Katayam) and the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research(C), 2020-2022 (20K02372, Naomi Katayam). We would like to express my deepest gratitude here. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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