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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2022 1970-01-01 (revised: 35 Year 2022 01 January 1970)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2022 1970-01-01} \title{Distressed: An Assessment of Emotional State of Young Adults during a COVID Wave} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Sehaj Gill} \author[2]{Preetinder Gill} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a heavy toll on public health. The adverse health outcomes have affected the public physically, mentally and emotionally. Waves during the pandemic have resulted in lockdowns that limited people?s ability to interact socially. Due to the novel nature of the disruptions the emotional effects of COVID related lock downs have not been adequately studied. This study assessed the effects of the Jan-Feb 2022 COVID wave related lockdown on young adults aged 18 to 25 in the 11 counties that form the Detroit Metro area in the State of Michigan in the United States of America. \end{abstract} \keywords{} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{10cm}(1.05cm,3cm) {{\textit{CrossRef DOI of original article:}} \underline{}} \end{textblock*}\let\tabcellsep& \section[{II. Material and Methods}]{II. Material and Methods}\par Detroit residents between the ages of 18 and 25 self-reported their conditions via a survey instrument hosted on Centiment. Co, an online survey platform that T helps to target specific demographics for researchers. \hyperref[b2]{(Centiment, 2022)} Data were collected between January 19, 2022, and February 7, 2022. The Detroit Metro area was experiencing a COVID wave during the same time. (State of Michigan, 2022) 522 people from the target population responded to the survey. 412 people completed the survey. There are approximately 600,000 people between the ages of 18 and 25 that reside in the Detroit Metro area. (Detroit Regional Chamber, 2022) 384 samples would be needed to achieve 95\% confidence level with a 5\% margin of error for statistical analysis. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2022)The collected responses are greater than the sample size target.\par The survey instrument has 4 sections. The first section covered responder demographics. The second section is adapted from the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21). The DASS-21 "is a set of three self-report scales designed to measure the emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Each of the three DASS-21 scales contains 7 items, divided into subscales with similar content. The depression scale assesses dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest / involvement, anhedonia and inertia. The anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect. The stress scale is sensitive to levels of chronic non-specific arousal. It assesses difficulty relaxing, nervous arousal, and being easily upset / agitated, irritable / over-reactive and impatient". Scores for depression, anxiety and stress are calculated by summing the scores for the relevant items. (Motor Accident Insurance Commission, Australia, 2016; Lovibond \& Lovibond, 1996)DASS-21 responses are summarized as extremely severe, severe, moderate, mild, and normal.\par The third section is based on the Pew Research Center's Teen Survey. \hyperref[b11]{(Jiang, 2020)} The questions in this section cover the usage of electronic devices by the sampled population. The fourth section was derived from C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health. {\ref (Freed, n.d.)} This survey measures effects of COVID-19 restrictions on teens, who rely on their peer and social connections for emotional support. In total, the survey instrument had 46 multiple choices questions.\par Descriptive analysis of the data collected was performed to better understand the demographics of the participants. Descriptive analysis also included breakdown of responses per question. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to explore whether there are any statistically significant differences between various groups. Further, ANOVA was used to investigate the relationships between depression, anxiety, stress, and self-reported impact of COVID-19 on social interactions. Finally, ANOVA was used to investigate how young adults in the Detroit Metro area tried to deal with problems related to their emotional states. \section[{III. Results}]{III. Results}\par 49\% of the respondents identified as female, 46\% identified as male. 54\% of the respondents selfreported themselves as white or Caucasian, 35\% as black of African American, 9\% as Latino or Hispanic, 7\% as Asian, 3\% as Native American or Alaskan Native and 1\% as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. A breakdown of respondent by age is shown in table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}. In response to DASS-21 portion of the survey, most respondents reported their levels as normal. Specifically, 38.8\% reported normal depression levels, 37.4\% reported normal anxiety levels and 47.6\% reported normal stress levels. On the other hand, 26.9\% of respondents reported their depression as extremely severe or severe, 36.2\% of respondents reported their anxiety as extremely severe or severe and 18.9\% of respondents reported their stress as extremely severe or severe. Additionally, it can be concluded that largest number of people reported higher than normal levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. A complete breakdown of the relevant responses is included in table 2. A Pearson correlation analysis for the three emotional states was performed. The states demonstrate a high degree of correlation. The correlation analysis is shown in table 3. Furthermore, moderate degree of statistically significant correlation, with coefficients between 0.24and 0.39, were found between the levels of emotional states and various detrimental behaviors reported by the Over 62\% of the respondents reported that the COVID-19 wave that was prevalent during the data collection phase has very negative or somewhat negative impact on their social interactions. A complete breakdown of the responses is included in table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}. Respondents used various modes of communication to interact with their family members, friends or loved ones. Most common modes of communications reported were phone calls, social media, gaming platforms and inperson interactions. A complete breakdown of the responses is included in table 5. During the COVID-19 wave prevalent during the data collection phase 53.6\% respondents reported experiencing sleep issues, 56.8\% respondents reported experiencing worry, 53.2\% respondents reported experiencing sadness, 38.6\% respondents reported experiencing changes in appetite, 24.8\% respondents reported experiencing aggressive behavior and 32.3\% respondents reported withdrawing from family. Further, to seek emotional support 57.8\% of respondents looked for information on internet portals, 32\% used mobile applications, 37.6\% looked for professional help and 68.4\% talked to people in the family and/or friends. ANOVA was performed to assess whether levels of depression, anxiety and stress varied by gender. It was found that the p-values of the F-tests were less than 0.05, hence it can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences between the means from one level of gender to another at the 95.0\% confidence level. The multiple range tests showed that the levels varied significantly between the following groups. People who self-reported their gender as other had statistically significant higher levels of depression and anxiety when compared to people who self-reported their gender as male or female. People who selfreported their gender as female or other had statistically significant higher levels of stress when compared to people who self-reported their gender as male. Results of the ANOVA are shown in tables 6, 7, 8. Multiple Ranges tests are shown in tables 9, 10, 11. The results of ANOVA didn't show any statistically significant differences related to respondents' race. ANOVA did not highlight any statistically significant differences between levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and self-reported impact of COVID-19 on social interactions. All p-values were greater than 0.05. Similarly, the analysis did not demonstrate any statistically significant difference in the impact of COVID-19 based on gender or race. Tables \hyperref[tab_12]{12, 13}, 14 show that respondents turned to internet portals and professionals for help with their emotional states at statistically significant levels. The analyses show that emotional states of young adults in the Detroit Metro area were concerning. The emotional states were worse for genders other than male. The COVID-19 wave, and the associated lockdown also seems to have coincided with several detrimental behaviors. The young adults used various modes of communication to keep their social interactions active. They turned to various avenues to seek help for their emotional states.\par Public health administrators could use the findings of this study to develop effective remedial programs. At individual level, young adults should keep channels of communications open via various modes with loved ones and professionals to help elevate their emotional states. The study is the first of its kind for the Detroit Metro area. Additional studies should be conducted in other geographical areas to develop a comprehensive understanding of the emotional states of young people in general and during pandemic lockdowns in specific. Further longitudinal studies will also help deepen the depth of knowledge. Regardless, of the COVID-19 related lockdown the emotional states of young people in the Detroit Metro area were found to be distressed. \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.2970873786407767\textwidth}P{0.2145631067961165\textwidth}P{0.3383495145631068\textwidth}} Age\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\ 18\tabcellsep 82\tabcellsep 16\%\\ 19\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 10\%\\ 20\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 12\%\\ 21\tabcellsep 88\tabcellsep 17\%\\ 22\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 11\%\\ 23\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 9\%\\ 24\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 11\%\\ 25\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 13\%\\ Other/Undisclosed\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2\%\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} Volume XXII Issue III Version I\\ D D D D ) A\\ (\\ Medical Research\\ Global Journal of\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.21607476635514017\textwidth}P{0.0905607476635514\textwidth}P{0.0508411214953271\textwidth}P{0.0508411214953271\textwidth}P{0.06990654205607477\textwidth}P{0.07149532710280374\textwidth}P{0.0508411214953271\textwidth}P{0.08102803738317757\textwidth}P{0.08102803738317757\textwidth}P{0.08738317757009345\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Depression Anxiety Stress}\tabcellsep Sleep issues\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Worry Sadness}\tabcellsep Changes in appetite\tabcellsep Aggressive behavior\tabcellsep Withdrawing from family\\ Depression\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.67\tabcellsep 0.68\tabcellsep 0.30\tabcellsep 0.39\tabcellsep 0.39\tabcellsep 0.24\tabcellsep 0.37\tabcellsep 0.30\\ Anxiety\tabcellsep 0.67\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.73\tabcellsep 0.32\tabcellsep 0.35\tabcellsep 0.30\tabcellsep 0.24\tabcellsep 0.36\tabcellsep 0.21\\ Stress\tabcellsep 0.68\tabcellsep 0.73\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.30\tabcellsep 0.38\tabcellsep 0.36\tabcellsep 0.25\tabcellsep 0.39\tabcellsep 0.24\\ Sleep issues\tabcellsep 0.30\tabcellsep 0.32\tabcellsep 0.30\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.40\tabcellsep 0.41\tabcellsep 0.39\tabcellsep 0.31\tabcellsep 0.23\\ Worry\tabcellsep 0.39\tabcellsep 0.35\tabcellsep 0.38\tabcellsep 0.40\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.55\tabcellsep 0.28\tabcellsep 0.24\tabcellsep 0.27\\ Sadness\tabcellsep 0.39\tabcellsep 0.30\tabcellsep 0.36\tabcellsep 0.41\tabcellsep 0.55\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.38\tabcellsep 0.29\tabcellsep 0.37\\ Changes in appetite\tabcellsep 0.24\tabcellsep 0.24\tabcellsep 0.25\tabcellsep 0.39\tabcellsep 0.28\tabcellsep 0.38\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.25\tabcellsep 0.34\\ Aggressive behavior\tabcellsep 0.37\tabcellsep 0.36\tabcellsep 0.39\tabcellsep 0.31\tabcellsep 0.24\tabcellsep 0.29\tabcellsep 0.25\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.30\\ Withdrawing from family\tabcellsep 0.30\tabcellsep 0.21\tabcellsep 0.24\tabcellsep 0.23\tabcellsep 0.27\tabcellsep 0.37\tabcellsep 0.34\tabcellsep 0.30\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{p values < 0.05 in all cases}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.48571428571428565\textwidth}P{0.137987012987013\textwidth}P{0.22629870129870128\textwidth}} \tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\ Very Negative\tabcellsep 127\tabcellsep 30.8\%\\ Somewhat Negative\tabcellsep 132\tabcellsep 32.0\%\\ Subtotal\tabcellsep 259\tabcellsep 62.9\%\\ No Impact\tabcellsep 114\tabcellsep 27.7\%\\ Somewhat Positive\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 6.6\%\\ Very Positive\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 2.9\%\\ Grand Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.31043478260869567\textwidth}P{0.12195652173913044\textwidth}P{0.027717391304347826\textwidth}P{0.1108695652173913\textwidth}P{0.13673913043478259\textwidth}P{0.07206521739130434\textwidth}P{0.07021739130434781\textwidth}} \tabcellsep Text\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Phone Call}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Social Media}\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percent}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percent}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percent}\\ Every day or almost every day\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 4\%\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 8\%\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 10\%\\ A few times a week\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 11\%\tabcellsep 85\tabcellsep 21\%\tabcellsep 63\tabcellsep 15\%\\ A few times a month or less\tabcellsep 131\tabcellsep 32\%\tabcellsep 145\tabcellsep 35\%\tabcellsep 116\tabcellsep 28\%\\ Never\tabcellsep 219\tabcellsep 53\%\tabcellsep 150\tabcellsep 36\%\tabcellsep 193\tabcellsep 47\%\\ Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 412\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Gaming Platforms}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{In-Person (Indoor and/or Outdoor)}\\ \tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency}\tabcellsep Percent\\ Every day or almost every day\tabcellsep 113\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 27\%\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4\%\\ A few times a week\tabcellsep 91\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 22\%\tabcellsep 107\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 26\%\\ A few times a month or less\tabcellsep 87\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 21\%\tabcellsep 127\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 31\%\\ Never\tabcellsep 121\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 29\%\tabcellsep 162\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 39\%\\ Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 412\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{6} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.255\textwidth}P{0.22409090909090906\textwidth}P{0.030909090909090907\textwidth}P{0.15454545454545454\textwidth}P{0.085\textwidth}P{0.10045454545454545\textwidth}} Source\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Sum of Squares Df}\tabcellsep Mean Square\tabcellsep F-Ratio\tabcellsep P-Value\\ Between groups\tabcellsep 30.21\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 10.07\tabcellsep 3.95\tabcellsep 0.0085\\ Within groups\tabcellsep 1040.42\tabcellsep 408\tabcellsep 2.55\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 6 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{7} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.25972222222222224\textwidth}P{0.22037037037037036\textwidth}P{0.03148148148148148\textwidth}P{0.14953703703703702\textwidth}P{0.08657407407407407\textwidth}P{0.1023148148148148\textwidth}} Source\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Sum of Squares Df}\tabcellsep Mean Square\tabcellsep F-Ratio\tabcellsep P-Value\\ Between groups\tabcellsep 20.54\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 6.85\tabcellsep 3.28\tabcellsep 0.0210\\ Within groups\tabcellsep 851.91\tabcellsep 408\tabcellsep 2.09\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_6}Table 7 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{8} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.25972222222222224\textwidth}P{0.22037037037037036\textwidth}P{0.03148148148148148\textwidth}P{0.14953703703703702\textwidth}P{0.08657407407407407\textwidth}P{0.1023148148148148\textwidth}} Source\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Sum of Squares Df}\tabcellsep Mean Square\tabcellsep F-Ratio\tabcellsep P-Value\\ Between groups\tabcellsep 25.87\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 8.62\tabcellsep 5.84\tabcellsep 0.0006\\ Within groups\tabcellsep 602.06\tabcellsep 408\tabcellsep 1.48\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_7}Table 8 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{9} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.6173357664233576\textwidth}P{0.018613138686131386\textwidth}P{0.11167883211678832\textwidth}P{0.10237226277372263\textwidth}} Year 2022\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Volume XXII Issue III Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ D D D D )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ (\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Medical Research\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Global Journal of\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Contrast\tabcellsep Sig.\tabcellsep Difference\tabcellsep +/-Limits\\ Female -Male\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.28\tabcellsep 0.32\\ Female -Other\tabcellsep *\tabcellsep 1.22\tabcellsep 0.97\\ Female -Prefer Not to Say\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.63\tabcellsep 1.30\\ Male -Other\tabcellsep *\tabcellsep 1.50\tabcellsep 0.97\\ Male -Prefer Not to Say\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.90\tabcellsep 1.30\\ Other -Prefer Not to Say\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.59\tabcellsep 1.59\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: * denotes a statistically significant difference.Distressed]} \caption{\label{tab_8}Table 9 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{10} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5795454545454545\textwidth}P{0.09483471074380165\textwidth}P{0.09132231404958678\textwidth}P{0.08429752066115702\textwidth}} Contrast\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Sig. Difference +/-Limits}\\ Female -Male\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.26\tabcellsep 0.29\\ Female -Other\tabcellsep *\tabcellsep 1.01\tabcellsep 0.88\\ Female -Prefer Not to Say\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.04\tabcellsep 1.18\\ Male -Other\tabcellsep *\tabcellsep 1.27\tabcellsep 0.88\\ Male -Prefer Not to Say\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.30\tabcellsep 1.18\\ Other -Prefer Not to Say\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.97\tabcellsep 1.44\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{* denotes a statistically significant difference.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_9}Table 10 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{11} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5135416666666667\textwidth}P{0.0265625\textwidth}P{0.20364583333333333\textwidth}P{0.10625\textwidth}} Contrast\tabcellsep Sig.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Difference +/-Limits}\\ Female -Male\tabcellsep *\tabcellsep -0.39\tabcellsep 0.24\\ Female -Other\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.72\tabcellsep 0.74\\ Female -Prefer Not to Say\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.39\tabcellsep 0.99\\ Male -Other\tabcellsep *\tabcellsep 1.12\tabcellsep 0.74\\ Male -Prefer Not to Say\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.78\tabcellsep 0.99\\ Other -Prefer Not to Say\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.33\tabcellsep 1.21\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_10}Table 11 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{12} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.48447098976109215\textwidth}P{0.1827645051194539\textwidth}P{0.011604095563139932\textwidth}P{0.05221843003412969\textwidth}P{0.04931740614334471\textwidth}P{0.06962457337883958\textwidth}} Source\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value}\\ MAIN EFFECTS\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ A:Advice from internet\tabcellsep 23.35\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 23.35\tabcellsep 11.71\tabcellsep 0.0007\\ B:Help from app\tabcellsep 1.01\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1.01\tabcellsep 0.51\tabcellsep 0.4775\\ C:Helpfrm professional\tabcellsep 12.61\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 12.61\tabcellsep 6.32\tabcellsep 0.0123\\ D:Helpfrmfam\textunderscore friend\tabcellsep 4.92\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4.92\tabcellsep 2.47\tabcellsep 0.1169\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{All F-ratios are based on the residual mean square erro.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_11}Table 12 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{13} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.4890410958904109\textwidth}P{0.10188356164383561\textwidth}P{0.011643835616438355\textwidth}P{0.1077054794520548\textwidth}P{0.04948630136986301\textwidth}P{0.09023972602739726\textwidth}} Source\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Sum of Squares Df}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Mean Square F-Ratio}\tabcellsep P-Value\\ MAIN EFFECTS\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ A:Advice from internet\tabcellsep 48.13\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 48.13\tabcellsep 20.62\tabcellsep 0.0002\\ B:Help from app\tabcellsep 7.10\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 7.10\tabcellsep 3.04\tabcellsep 0.0819\\ C:Helpfrm professional\tabcellsep 13.97\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 13.97\tabcellsep 5.99\tabcellsep 0.0148\\ D:Helpfrmfam\textunderscore friend\tabcellsep 0.82\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.82\tabcellsep 0.35\tabcellsep 0.5536\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{All F-ratios are based on the residual mean square error.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_12}Table 13 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{14} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.40320512820512816\textwidth}P{0.11623931623931624\textwidth}P{0.021794871794871794\textwidth}P{0.1344017094017094\textwidth}P{0.061752136752136755\textwidth}P{0.11260683760683761\textwidth}} Source\tabcellsep Sum of Squares\tabcellsep Df\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Mean Square F-Ratio}\tabcellsep P-Value\\ MAIN EFFECTS\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ A:Advice from internet\tabcellsep 20.64\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 20.64\tabcellsep 14.22\tabcellsep 0.0002\\ B:Help from app\tabcellsep 0.02\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.02\tabcellsep 0.01\tabcellsep 0.9085\\ C:Helpfrm professional\tabcellsep 4.25\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4.25\tabcellsep 2.93\tabcellsep 0.0879\\ D:Helpfrmfam\textunderscore friend\tabcellsep 0.004\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.004\tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep 0.9608\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_13}Table 14 :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2022 Global Journals} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgments}]{Acknowledgments}\par The authors acknowledge the support of their family in completing this research study. \subsection[{Disclosure}]{Disclosure}\par The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Canet-Juric et al. 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