# Introduction ound is the disruption of cellular and anatomic continuity of living tissue produced by physical, chemical, electrical or microbial insults to the tissue. Wound healing is the dynamic process of regeneration or repair of broken tissue [1]. Chronic wounds are rapidly growing problem worldwide, due to increasing health care costs, an ageing population, and a sharp rise in the incidence of diseases such as diabetes and obesity [2]. The skin is under constant stress from the sun, smog, friction, tension, temperature, and other external factors. Therefore, under sufficient stress that causes injury, it results in wounds. Wounds may be classified as; open and closed, acute and chronic, avulsion and degloving, clean and contaminated, infected and colonized, laceration, incision and abrasion, puncture, penetration, and gunshot wounds. Nonetheless, they exist in various forms comprising crush injuries, ulcers, skin tears, bruises, and post-operative, which directly or indirectly affect human health conditions. If it is not treated correctly, it may ultimately lead to death. Wounds can be caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Some of the commonly associated bacteria organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaspp., Acinetobacterspp [3]. Studies conducted in 2014 and 2021 reported a wound infection prevalence of 10% and 5.95% respectively [4,5].Medicinal plants and synthetic drugs have been the most valuable sources of molecules with therapeutic potential throughout the history of mankind. Folk medicine of each civilization is based on natural products and, nowadays, medicinal plants still represent an important pool for the identification of novel drug leads [6]. African panaxia being a synthesized herbal medicine is made from various herbal plants such as ginseng root, Optimum gratisimum, Panaxquiquifolium, Aloe-vera and water with active ingredients ginsenosides, methyl eugenol, saponins and salicylic acid respectively [7]. # a) Rationale The advent of the resistance that pathogenic microorganisms have developed against antibiotics has necessitated much attention to be paid on plant extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from natural plants used in herbal medicine [8]. Despite the use of various synthesized herbal plants in the treatment of bacteria wound infection, there is limited information regarding the use of African panaxia in the treatment of wound infections. Furthermore, no study has been carried out in this study area. Hence there is need to investigate on the in-vitro activity of African panaxia on bacteria wound infections. # b) Goal of study The goal of this study was to provide base line data on the effect of African panaxia on bacteria wound infection. # c) Hypothesis There is no significant effect of African panaxia on bacterial wound infections. # d) Objectives of study i. General objective The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of African panaxia on bacteria wound infection. # ii. Specific objectives To determine the efficacy of distilled water extract of African panaxia on Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella species bacteria from wound infection. To determine the efficacy of Luke warm water extract of African panaxia on Staphylococcus aureusand Klebsiella species bacteria from wound infection. To determine the efficacy of ethanoic extract of African panaxia on Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella species bacteria from wound infection. # II. # Materials and Methods # a) Study area and setting This study was carried out in Tiko, in Maflekumen Medical Teaching and Research Laboratory situated in Tiko is a subdivision of Fako Division in the South West Region of Cameroon with a [81]. The life style and occupation of inhabitants of Tiko including the dusty, windy and hot nature, farming, bike riding and much more favours the acquisition of wounds b humans thus making the area suitable for this study. # b) Study design and duration This was a Laboratory based experimental study designed that was conducted from November 2022, to June 2023. # c) Specimens and sampling This study made use of bacteria isolates from people with bacteria wound infection in Tiko community. # d) Ethical consideration An introductory letter was obtained from MAFLEKUMEN Higher Institute of Health Sciences TIKO (APPENDIX A) and was taken to regional delegation in Buea for the approval of the project. An administrative authorization was obtained from the regional delegation (APPENDIX B) and was presented to the administration of MAFLEKUMEN. An authorisation was gotten from the MAFLEKUMEN administration to carry out the research. # e) Data collection and techniques i. Sample collection Bacterial isolates were obtained from Maflekumen diagnostic laboratory. Preparation of MacConkey agar, blood agar and EMB was done byweighing the powder using an electronic balance and dissolved in distilled water following the manufacturer's instructions and was cooked to obtain the gel using a Bunsen burner and allowed to cool to 40?C. The agar was poured into petri dishes and allowed to solidify. The samples were inoculated in the plate and read after 24hrs. Presumptive identification of bacteria was done based on colony characteristics, gram reactions were recorded. Confirmatory biochemical tests were done to confirm the bacteria. For staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella species respectively. # ii. Catalase test A drop of Hydrogen peroxide was placed on a slide and a colony of isolated bacteria picked and emulsified on the slide containing the hydrogen peroxide. The appearance of air bubbles indicate catalase positive. # iii. Coagulase test A drop of normal saline was placed at both ends of the same slide, one labeled test and the other control. A colony of the isolated bacteria was emulsified on each drop of the normal saline. Serum was placed on the test path and emulsified and nothing was added on the control. The presence of coagulation indicates coagulase. # iv. Indole test Test organism was inoculated in a bijou bottle containing 3 ml of sterile tryptone water. Incubate at 35-37 o C for up to 48 h. 0.5 ml of Kovac's reagent was added and shake gently, examination for a red color in the surface layer within 10 minutes macroscopically. # v. Extraction of African panaxia (Alcohol, distilled water and luke warm water) African panaxia was bought from the Moghamo express in Mutengene and transported to the laboratory for sensitivity testing on the bacteria isolates. One gram of African panaxia was weighted on an electric scale balance and put in a 250 ml flask, followed by adding 100 ml of solvent (95% ethanol). The flask was then left at room temperature for two days preceding filtration funnel and Wattman No. 1 filter paper. The filtrate was concentrated under decreased pressure with an evaporator at 40°C. This crude extract was saved at 4°C until use, this extract of African panaxia was considered as the 100% concentration for ethanol extract, different stock solution for distilled water were made equally and also for look warm water respectively. Then the concentrations (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%) were made by diluting the concentrated extract of African panaxia with appropriate volumes of sterile distilled respectively for luke warm water. Serial dilutions were made to determine the minimum inhibitory, and bactericidal concentration respectively. i. Different stock solutions of African panaxia were made (Absolute alcohol, luke warm water and distilled water, in which different volumes were used 100, 75, 50 and 25 in which the isolated species of bacteria were used to test for the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration using dilution technique and absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometry machine at a wavelength of 660nm. ii. A solution of the isolated bacteria was prepared and standardized by matching to the 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards using sterile saline to produce approximately 1.5×10 8 colony forming units per ml. iii. Serial dilutions were made on the different stock solutions of African panaxia using four sterile dry tubes per isolate and per stock solution respectively. iv. Two (2ml) of nutrient broth was placed in each sterile test tube, followed by adding 2ml of each stock solution in the first tube, mix well and transfer 2ml to the next tube continuously and to the fourth to remove 2ml and discard respectively 1drop of the bacterial suspension was place in each test tube respectively. v. They labeled test tubes were sealed and incubated at 37 o C for 18 to 24hours in which the and minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration recorded by checking the turbidity of each tube and absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at 660nm following the control of the absorbance of 0.5 McFarland standard and Azithromycin. f) Data analysis Data was analyzed using Microsoft excel and the results was presented in tables and figures III. # Results and Discussion # a) Results This chapter presents the results obtained from the effect of African panaxia on Staphylococcus and Klebsiella isolated from wounds. Based on extract with distilled water the concentration with 75% and 50% stocks were effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus and Klebsiella respectively. Also using a stock of 50% and 25%, it exhibited bactericidal properties on Staphylococcus and Klebsiella respectively as presented on figure 1 below. [83]. Also, Mohammed et al., in 2019, also revealed that the most common bacteria isolated from wounds were Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumonia [84]. Also, these findings agree with other findings by Obi et al., in 2015 who reported that common bacteria isolates from the different types of wounds were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Acinetobacter baumannii [85]. # To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of African panaxiaon Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae from wound infections The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using extract from different concentrations such as distilled water, luke warm water and ethanoic extracts of the African panaxia. From the findings it was revealed that African panxia extracts of distilled water and luke warm water were more inhibitory at 75%, 50% stock respectively than Bactericidal. These findings are similar to results of Korukluoglu et al. in 2010 who reported that extraction of aqueous solvent resulted in a product with greater overall antimicrobial activity than extraction with water, as aqueous extracts of all the olive oil displayed little or no antimicrobial activity against any of the bacteria tested [86]. Similarly Weerakkody et al., (2010) [5] observed that water extracts of oregano and rosemary had little or no antimicrobial activity compared to ethanol or hexane extracts. Again, Sofia et al., (2007) [6] reported that water extracts of mustard, cinnamon, garlic and clove had good inhibitory activities against E. coli and S. aureus, # To determine the minimum bactericidal concentration of African panaxia on Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae from wound infections Comparing results found in this study with those of the literature, we notice in a previous work on antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants from Tunisia, that methanolic extracts of C. monspeliensis leaves have shown an interesting activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. faecalis with inhibition zones diameters of 18.0, 20.0 and 15.0 mm, respectively. 26 Whereas, water-methanol extracts of fruit peels of pomegranate (P. granatum) have demonstrated a moderate activity when they were tested on S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae (13.0, 18.0 and 16.0 mm, respectively) [27].This activity of pomegranate peels could be attributed to tannins, for which antimicrobial activity has been demonstrated. [4] On the other hand, the results found in the study concerning the activity of R. tripartitaaerial parts extracts are in agreement with other previous works which found significant antibacterial activity of leaves alcoholic extracts against methicillin-resistant S. aureus, 16 and no activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. 29 For W. frutescens, El Bouzidi et al. have reported different antibacterial activities of leaves methanolic extracts against S. aureus(11.5 mm), K. pneumoniae (18.0 mm), P. fluorescens (14.5 mm) and no activity against E. coli.30 IV. # Conclusion Based on the results obtained from the study, it could be concluded that the most common bacteria isolates obtained from this study were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonae. African panaxia extract from distilled water was more inhibitory than bactriocidal on Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia and the lastly the African panaxia extract from ethanol was totally bactericidal on both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonae. V. # Recommendations From the results obtained from this study, the following recommendations can be made Ethanoic extract of African panaxia should be used on wounds infected with Klebsiella pneumonae and Staphylococcus aureus to obtain maximum success. Also other natural herbs should be used to determine their inhibitory and bactericidal properties on Klebsiella pneumonae and Staphylococcus aureus. 1Based on the inhibitory and bactericidalconcentration on Klebsiella. Finally with alcoholic extractproperty of Africa panaxia on staphylococcus andof the African panaxia, the plant extract was bactericidalKlebsiella, of all the different concentrations made withat 95% stock concentration on Staphylococcus anddistilled water, at 25% stock concentration, the extract ofKlebsiella and bactericidal and bacteriostatic at 75%African panaxia was both inhibitory and bactericidal onstockconcentrationonStaphylococcusandStaphylococcus and Klebsiella. African panaxia extractbacteriostatic on Klebsiella as presented on table 1with look warm water revealed that the extract wasbelow.bactericidal at 50% stock and 25% stock concentrationon Staphylococcus and bacteriostatic at 25% stock B© 2023 Global Journ als * Evaluation of wound healing effect of herbal lotion in albino rats and its antibacterial activities Clinical Phytoscience TDons SSoosairaj 2018 4 6 * Kokoska f,* In vitro antibacterial activity of extracts from Samoan medicinal plants and their effect on proliferation and migration of human fibroblasts AFrankova LVistejnova B TMerinas-Amo C ZLeheckova B IDoskocil D JWong Soon E TKudera F FLaupua E AAlonso-Moraga C L Journal of Ethnopharmacology 264 113220 2021 * Antibacterial activity of Jatrophatanjorensis leaf extracts against bacteria associated with wound infections from the clinical setting OOlawale EbenezerA Nusatara bioscience 13 2 November 2021 * Exploring prevalence of wound infections and related patients characteristics in home care using natural language processing SKyungmi W, Jiyoun AVivtoria International wound journal 19 2022 * Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Their Constituents in the Context of Skin and Wound Infections, Considering European Legislation and Folk Medicine-A Review SBittner Fialová KRendeková PMu?caji MNagy LSlobodníková International. Journal Molecular Sciences 22 10746 2021 * Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka Chinwe Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine Ezekwesili-Ofili 2019 * Brar Antibacterial Efficacy of Raw and Processed Honey DPMohapatra VThakur SK Article ID 917505 2011 6 * Dietary supplements and herbal medicine toxicities-When to anticipate them and how to manage them DHPhua AZosel KHeard International Journal of Emerging Medicine 2 2 2009 * Herbal medicine used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope County, Uganda: A case study of Budiope County JzrsTabuti Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116 33 2006 The Garden Club of America/Makerere University Anne S. Catham Fellowship in Medicinal Botany, Makerere University * Traditional herbal medicine for malaria MIWilcox GBodeker British Medical Journal 13 2004 * Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005 Geneva WHO Press 2002 * EASofowora Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa Ibadan, Nigeria John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Spectrum Books 1993 * Clinical practice of African traditional medicine. African Health Monitor PCMhame KBusia MjkKasilo 2010. December 2, 2017 13 * World Health Organization. National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicine: Report of a WHO Global Survey 2005 WHO Geneva * Traditional African Healing DTasha 2012 12.07. 2015. November 2, 2017 * BWAndah Nigerian Indigenous Technology Nigeria Ibadan University Press 1992 * Owner of the day and regulator of the universe: Ifa divination and healing among the Yorubas of South-Western Nigeria JKOlupona Divination and Healing: Potent Vision MWinkelman PMPeeks Tucson, Arizona University of Arizona Press 2004 * DCumes Divination_Bones 2014. November 20, 2017 * African concepts of health, disease and treatment: An ethnic inquiry PFOmonzejele 10.1016/j.explore.2007.12.001 Explorer 4 2 2008 * African Traditional Religion SAThorpe 1993 Pretoria: University of South Africa Press * Alternative medicine-The risk of untested and unregistered remedies MAngell JPKassier New England Journal of Medicine 339 1998 * Adverse drug reactions in some African herbal medicine: Literature review and stakeholder interviews BKamsu-Foguem CFoguem Integrative Medicine Research 3 3 2014 * World Health Organization: WHO traditional medicine Strategy 2002-2005. 2002. 2002 WHO Geneva. WHO * The bioload and aflatoxin content of herbal mediines from seleted states in Nigeria JOEzekwesili-Ofili NFOnyemelukwe PAsogwa IOrji African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines 11 3 2014 * The Joint ICUN-WWF plants conservation programme and its interest in medicinal plants OHamman Conservation of Medicinal Plants Akerele Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1991 * Therapeutic strategies in African religion: Health, herbal medicinal and indigenous Christian spirituality Asamoah-GyaduJk 2014 20 83 * Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a combat support hospital in Iraq E-MCo IiiKeen Ef WKAldous Military medicine 176 1 2011 * Altered penicillin-binding proteins in methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus BHartman ATomasz Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 19 5 1981 * A summary and appraisal of existing evidence of antimicrobial resistance in the Syrian conflict AAbbara TMRawson NKarah WEl-Amin JHatcher BTajaldin International journal of infectious diseases 75 2018 International Society for Infectious Diseases * Molecular characterization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in three different Arab world countries ISabri KAdwan TAEssawi MAFarraj European journal of microbiology & immunology 3 3 2013 * Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among Medical Staff in Three Syrian Provinces: Damascus, Daraa and Al-Swayda YMTabana SSDahham BAl-Hindi AAl-Akkad MbkAhamed Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 23 8 2015 * Antimicrobial resistance in the context of the Syrian conflict: Drivers before and after the onset of conflict and key recommendations AAbbara TMRawson NKarah WEl-Amin JHatcher BTajaldin International journal of infectious diseases 73 2018 International Society for Infectious Diseases * HRuud OAlewijn HDunja JSofia RJohn AlexanderW High prevalence of Panton -Valentine leukocidin among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from refugees in the Netherlands, 2014 -2015. MRSA and MSSA: epidemiology and resistance Vienna, Austria ESCCMID 2017 * Multidrug-resistant organisms in refugees: prevalences and impact on infection control in hospitals UHeudorf SAlbert-Braun KPHunfeld FUBirne JSchulze KStrobel GMS hygiene and infection control 11 16 2016 * Multidrugresistant organisms detected in refugee patients admitted to a University Hospital CReinheimer VAKempf SGottig MHogardt TAWichelhaus O'Rourke F Euro surveillance: bulletin Europeensur les maladies transmissibles 2015. 2016 21 Germany JuneDecember * Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in Refugees: A Prospective Case Control Study in an Obstetric Cohort MOelmeier BGlatz SWillems AKossow MStrobel BStuhmer Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie 221 3 2017 * A Cross-Sectional Study of Colonization Rates with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Four Swiss Refugee Centres RJPiso RKach RPop DZillig USchibli SBassetti PloS one 12 1 170251 2017 * Hospitalized asylum seekers to be quarantined for MRSA JPieters 2015 October, 27 * Screening for infectious diseases among newly arrived migrants in EU/EEA countries--varying practices but consensus on the utility of screening TKarki CNapoli FRiccardo MFabiani MGDente MCarballo International journal of environmental research and public health 11 10 2014 * The emergence and evolution of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus KHiramatsu LCui MKuroda TIto Trends in microbiology 9 10 2001 * Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic MZDavid RSDaum Clinical microbiology reviews 23 3 2010 * Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Hospitalized Pediatric Refugees in an University Children's Hospital in Germany 2015-2016 TTenenbaum KPBecker BLange AMartin PSchafer SWeichert Infection control and hospital epidemiology 37 11 2016 * Four pediatric deaths from communityacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997-1999 Cdc Jama 282 12 1999 * Nasal carriage of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthy population of Kashmir BAFomda MAThokar AKhan JABhat DZahoor GBashir India. Indian journal of medical microbiology 32 1 2014 * Occurrence of a USA300 vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus JCHageman JPatel PFranklin KMiscavish LMcdougal DLonsway Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 62 4 2008 * Communityassociated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus case studies MGSowash A-CUhlemann 2014 MRSA) Protocols: Springer Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus * Global epidemiology of community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) JRMediavilla LChen BMathema BNKreiswirth Current opinion in microbiology 15 5 2012 * Prevalence Rate and Prevalent Genotypes of CA-MRSA in Kurdistan Region: First Report from Iraq NHussein AAlyas MMajeed MAssafi 2015 * Comparative Evaluation of MRSA Nasal Colonization Epidemiology in the Urban and Rural Secondary School Community of Kurdistan NRHussein PButaye ZBasharat AHMuhammed Al-DabbaghSa Iraq. PloS one 10 5 124920 2015 * The Prevalence of USA300 CA-MRSA in Kurdistan region, northern Iraq NHussein AMuhammed SAl-Dabbagh WAbdulkareem MAssafi International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology 21 2 8 2014 * Nasal Carriage Rates of Staphylococcus aureus and CA-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among University Students MSAssafi RQMohammed NRHussein J Micro Res 5 2015 * Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitals and Community in Duhok, Kurdistan Region of Iraq NHussein RSSalih NARasheed International Journal of Infection 6 2 2019 * Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate and molecular characterization of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec among Syrian refugees in Iraq NARasheed NRHussein International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2019 91 * Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Food Handlers in Duhok City MAAbdulrahman AITaher Science Journal of University of Zakho 6 4 2018 * Molecular epidemiology and characteristic of virulence gene of community-acquired and hospitalacquired methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Sun Yat-sen Memorial hospital XXie YBao NOuyang XDai KPan BChen BMC infectious diseases 16 339 2016 Guangzhou, Southern China * Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an evolutionary, epidemiologic, and therapeutic odyssey SDeresinski Clinical infectious diseases 40 4 2005 * Molecular epidemiology of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Asia. The Lancet infectious diseases Y-YChuang Y-CHuang 2013 13 * New epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections in the Middle East STokajian Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20 7 2014 * Basis of virulence in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MOtto Annual review of microbiology 64 2010 * Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis: secretion systems, adhesins, and invasins AHBartlett KGHulten The Pediatric infectious disease journal 29 9 2010 * The role of the PantonValentine leucocidin toxin in staphylococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases LJShallcross EFragaszy AMJohnson ACHayward 2013 13 * Purification of the two components of leucocidin from Staphylococcus aureus AMWoodin The Biochemical journal 75 1 1960 * The effects of Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxins on the host: cell lysis and beyond PYoong VJTorres Current opinion in microbiology 16 1 2013 * Klebsiella pneumoniae: going on the offense with a strong defense MKPaczosa JMecsas MicrobiolMolBiol Rev 80 3 2016 * Genomic analysis of diversity, population structure, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, an urgent threat to public health KEHolt HWertheim RNZadoks Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 2015 27): E3574-E3E81 * Population genomics of Klebsiella pneumoniae KLWyres MMLam KEHolt Nature Reviews Microbiology 18 6 2020 * Convergence of carbapenem-resistance and hypervirulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Lancet infectious diseases LChen BNKreiswirth 2018 18 * A fatal outbreak of ST11 carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Chinese hospital: a molecular epidemiological study. The Lancet infectious diseases DGu NDong ZZheng 2018 18 * Tracking microevolution events among ST11 carbapenemase-producing hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak strains TARusso Cm ;Marr NDong XYang RZhang Ew-CChan ChenS Clinical microbiology reviews 32 3 2019. 2018 Emerging microbes& infections * Epidemiological characteristics and formation mechanisms of multidrug-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae MTang XKong JHao JLiu Frontiers in Microbiology 11 2774 2020 * Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: a new public health threat. Expert review of anti-infective therapy CMMarr TARusso 2019 17 * The Genus Klebsiella SBrisse FGrimont PadGrimont The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria MDworkin SFalkow ERosenberg K-HSchleifer EStackebrandt New York, NY; New York Springer 2006 6 * Holt A genomic surveillance framework and genotyping tool for Klebsiella pneumoniae and its related spcies complex MargaretRrw WattsMclam CStephen CerdeiraLouise T WyresKelly L KathrynE Nature communications 12 1 2021 * Klebsiella variicola: an emerging pathogen in humans. Emerging microbes & infections NRodr?guez-Medina HBarrios-Camacho JDuran-Bedolla GarzaRamos U 2019 8 * Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, Klebsiella variicola and related phylogroups by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry CRodrigues VPasset ARakotondrasoa SBrisse Frontiers in microbiology 9 3000 2018 * eBURST: inferring patterns of evolutionary descent among clusters of related bacterial genotypes from multilocus sequence typing data EJFeil BCLi DMAanensen WPHanage BGSpratt Journal of bacteriology 186 5 2004 * How are gene sequences analyses modifying bacterial taxonomy? The case of Klebsiella JMart?nez LMart?nez MRosenblueth JSilva EMart?nez-Romero International Microbiology 7 4 2004 * Klebsiella pneumoniae: a major worldwide source and shuttle for antibiotic resistance SNavon-Venezia KKondratyeva ACarattoli FEMS microbiology reviews 41 3 2017 * Virulent clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae: identification and evolutionary scenario based on genomic and phenotypic characterization SBrisse CFevre VPasset PloS one 4 3 4982 2009 * Klebsiella oxytoca: An emerging pathogen? LSingh MCariappa MKaur Medical journal armed forces india 72 2016 * Neglected Tropic Disease Data base for the distribution of the mectizan and albendazole for the South West Region 2017 P9 Cameroon * Isolation and identification of pathogenic biofilm-forming bacteria invading diabetic wounds MohamedSalah GamalBadr FHelal WalaaAHetta AhmedAKhalifa Shoreit 2022 51 Assiut, Egypt Assiut University Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (AUNJMSR) Faculty of Science, Assiut University * Chemical profile, antiproliferative, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of Ocimum basilicum L. and Pulicaria undulata (L.) CA Mey. grown in Sudan AbasMohammed BAAtif South African Journal of Botany 132 2020 * Isolation and sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates of wound infections from patients of Federal Medical Centre CNObi International Journal Current Microbiology. Applied Science 4 1 2015 Umuahia; Umudike Abia State. Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture