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\title{Risk Assessment of Noise Pollution in a Cement Plant: Perspectives and Recommendations}
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             \author[1]{Soguiprosst Toure  Habib}

             \author[2]{Habib  Toure}

             \author[3]{Bocar Baïla  Diédhiou}

             \author[4]{Cheik Amadou  Toure}

             \author[5]{Armandine Eusebia Roseline  Diatta}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Introduction: Noise is an acoustic phenomenon producing an auditory sensation considered unpleasant or annoying. Exposure to high sound levels over 85 dB(A) can affect the auditory system and other extra-auditory systems Our study had the general objective of evaluating the impact of noise related to noise exposure in the Lafarge Holcim Guinea factory. Material and methods: This was a prospective descriptive study lasting 6 months from March 01, 2022 to September 01, 2022. It focused on the 150 workers at the Lafarge Holcim Guinea plant and their work areas. Material and methods:This was a prospective descriptive study lasting 6 months from March 01, 2022 to September 01, 2022. It focused on the 150 workers at the Lafarge Holcim Guinea plant and their work areas.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{risk-noise â??" evaluation â??" factory â??" FSTS.}

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\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
oise is an acoustic phenomenon producing an auditory sensation considered unpleasant or annoying \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. It is a nuisance present in many economic sectors and professional activities. In most industrial sectors, noise is a determining factor in working conditions, employee health and company performance \hyperref[b1]{[2]}.\par
Exposure to high noise levels can affect the auditory system and other extra-auditory systems. The auditory effects of noise damage include post-traumatic deafness, auditory fatigue and occupational deafness \hyperref[b4]{[3]}.\par
As for extra-auditory damage, generally linked to chronic exposure, it is attributed to the stressful effect of noise and can also impair our attention span, degrade the quality of communication, and even impair quality of life \hyperref[b5]{[4]}.\par
According to the WHO in 2017 in World Hearing Report one in four people, will suffer from hearing loss to varying degrees by 2050  {\ref [5]}.\par
In Canada in 2010 in Noise from Machinery in the Workplace, around 9,000 workers developed some form of hearing impairment, caused by overexposure to noise in the workplace \hyperref[b6]{[6]}.\par
In the United States, according to the ILO, 9 million workers are exposed to daily levels of 85 dB(A), and 5.2 million of these come from manufacturing industries  {\ref [7]}.\par
The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work states that the cost of hearing loss accounted for around 10\% of the total cost of occupational diseases between 1999 and 2000 \hyperref[b7]{[8]}.\par
The Sumer 2010 survey in France on long-term exposure of more than 20 hours a week to high levels of 85 dB(A) concerns 4.8\% of employees. The sectors most concerned are industry (16.8\%) and construction (10.5\%) \hyperref[b8]{[9]}.\par
In Tunisia in 2011, Habib Nouaigui and Coll reported that around 25\% of the working population is exposed to high noise levels exceeding 85 dB.\par
In Côte d'Ivoire, decree no. 01164 of November 04, 2008, sets national environmental standards for noise exposure levels in industrial zones at 75dB(A) during the day and 60dB(A) at night.\par
The risk assessment process identifies workstations at risk and the equipment that is the main source of noise. In the field of acoustics, risk assessment can start with a sound level estimate, followed by noise measurement, as per ISO 9612.\par
It was in this context that we initiated this study, the general aim of which was to assess the impact of exposure to noise. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
Study setting: our study setting was the Lafarge Holcim Guinea plant.\par
The plant covers an area of 5.04 km2 and consists of an administrative building, a refectory, 02 crushers and several material installations.\par
Our study focused on the employees of the LafargeHolcim plant. We used the following to collect data: A pre-established survey sheet including: Socio-professional data; Workers' medical data; Sound level meter N III. 
\section[{Methods}]{Methods}\par
Type and duration of study: this was a prospective descriptive study lasting 06 months, from 01 March 2022 to 01 September 2022.\par
Target population: Our study covered LafargeHolcim employees and their workstations. 
\section[{Selection criteria}]{Selection criteria}\par
Inclusion criteria: all workers hired by the Lafarge Holcim plant\par
The following work areas: Storage hall; Bagging area, BULK loading area, Maintenance workshop;\par
Power station, Mixer operator, Laboratory, Weighing operator, Shipping area, Unloading area.\par
Non-inclusion criteria: Hygiene and administration workers were included.\par
Our variables were qualitative and quantitative, consisting of socio-professional data such as Age -Sex -Plant employee -Job position Seniority at job position -Marital status -Level of education.\par
Ethics and Deontology: the anonymity of plant employees was respected, and their informed consent was requested. Confidentiality was respected; the data collected was used exclusively for scientific purposes. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.}\par
Results   The good qualification of the employees, the type of contract and the social insurance and pecuniary benefits linked to the contract would justify these results. Work zone measurements ranged from 55. \hyperref[b1]{2}  Dia S.A. et al \hyperref[b10]{[13]} noise levels exceeded 85 dB(A) in all areas except the laboratory, the storage area, the micro-packaging room, the flour store and the production manager's offices.\par
In some work areas, noise levels exceeded the set standards, exposing plant workers to various noiserelated risks: auditory (hearing fatigue, reduced hearing acuity, deafness), extra-auditory stress-related (hypertension, sleep disturbance, impaired concentration and quality of life).\par
In terms of frequency of use, 48.9\% of workers wore anti-noise Epi regularly, and the most frequently used type of PPE was earplugs. Dia S.A. et al \hyperref[b10]{[13]} in Dakar in 2014 in Evaluation des risques professionnels chez les travailleurs dans une meunerie showed that 45.45\% of workers regularly used anti-noise PPE.\par
Hinson A.V. et al  {\ref [14]} in Benin in 2017 Evaluation of noise nuisance among workers in a steel production company reported that 21\% of workers regularly wore hearing protection equipment.\par
Amadou Oury \hyperref[b11]{[15]} in Guinea in 2020 in Evaluation des nuisances sonores chez les travailleurs de la SOGEAC found that 74.56\% of workers used earplugs followed by 25.44\% using helmets.\par
This result shows that, despite the CHS's efforts to raise awareness of the need to wear anti-noise PPE, many employees are not using them. This would be detrimental to their hearing health.\par
In addition, workers' preference for earplugs may be linked to the fact that they are lighter and more compatible with other PPE, and thus meet noise attenuation requirements.\par
The most common clinical manifestations were whistling/ringing (55\%), followed by headaches (20\%) and sleep disturbance (15\%).\par
Nicolas Derumaux et al \hyperref[b10]{[13]} in their 2013 study of airport noise in France reported 37\% tinnitus, 18\% hearing loss and 7\% vertigo at the end of a working day.\par
According to the literature, prolonged exposure to noise leads to clinical manifestations of repeated acoustic trauma, otosclerosis and vestibulocochlear nerve damage.\par
The audiograms carried out showed that 25.6\% of workers had an abnormal audiogram, i.e. one worker in 4 had an abnormal audiogram.\par
Hinson A.V. et al  {\ref [14]} showed that 26\% of workers' audiograms were abnormal.\par
Arip Amel Ep et al \hyperref[b11]{[15]} in Algeria in 2011 in their study Evaluation of average hearing loss among workers in an Electrical Household Appliances industry found that 20.2\% of workers had hearing loss.\par
Exposure to noise in different departments at sound levels exceeding 85dB (A) such as (Grinding area, Bagging machine, Bulk loading) are harmful to the auditory system and can lead to hearing deficits ranging from hypoacusis to deafness. In our context, this exposure combined with failure to wear PPE could explain the proportion of workers with abnormal audiograms.\par
Workers with bilateral hearing impairment were the most represented (42.9\%), followed by unilateral hearing impairment (OG: 33.3\% and OD: 23.8\%).\par
Sensorineural hearing loss accounted for 61.9\% of abnormal audiograms, followed by conductive hearing loss at 28.6\%, and mixed hearing loss was the least represented at 9.5\%.\par
The study carried out by the Observatoire Régional de la Santé de Midi Pyrénées in Enquête Audience in 2010 among young people aged  {\ref 16-25[51]} reported that hearing losses greater than 20 dB were located in the left ear (OG) with a frequency of 36.1\%, followed by 34\% in the right ear (OD) and 29.9\% were bilateral.\par
Bachy A. et al \hyperref[b12]{[16]} in France in 2014 showed in their study Evaluation of a rapid audiometric screening test (DARDA) reported that 15 out of 35 patients had sensorineural hearing loss (42.85\%).\par
The occurrence of these different types of deafness can confirm the negative effect on the ENT sphere. These include presbycusis, damage to Corti's apparatus (barotrauma) and auditory nerve disorders (acoustic neuroma).\par
In terms of hearing loss, 66.7\% of audiograms revealed mild hearing loss, 23.8\% moderate and 9.5\% severe.\par
Chakroun A. et al  {\ref [17]} Tunisia in 2013 showed in their work "Evaluation of occupational deafness in a department of southern Tunisia" that 38.5\% of workers had mild deafness and 48\% had moderate deafness.\par
High noise exposure, ototoxic drugs (Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Cis platinum and Quinine) and certain pathologies such as Meniere's disease could explain these results. highly exposed to it; hearing loss was mainly sensorineural, with a frequency of 61.9\%.\par
48.9\% of workers regularly used noise protection equipment; 66.4\% of PPE used was earplugs.\par
In addition to the effects on the auditory system, noise has an impact on extra-auditory systems, such as impaired communication and attention.\par
However, noise mitigation measures must be implemented and reinforced to limit the risk and avoid these effects.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{I} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.35352272727272727\textwidth}P{0.12170454545454545\textwidth}P{0.07727272727272727\textwidth}P{0.21636363636363634\textwidth}P{0.08113636363636363\textwidth}}
Zone de travail\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Lex,08h dB Number (n=104)}\tabcellsep Threshold\tabcellsep Percentage\\
Storage hall Milling\tabcellsep 96,6\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep Danger\tabcellsep 14,4\\
Laboratary\tabcellsep 65,5\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep Low risk\tabcellsep 5,8\\
Maintenance workshop\tabcellsep 66,6\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep Low risk\tabcellsep 50,7\\
Mixer operator\tabcellsep 82,3\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep Warning\tabcellsep 2,9\\
Bagging area\tabcellsep 86,7\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep Danger\tabcellsep 4,8\\
Power station Generator\tabcellsep 75\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep Low risk\tabcellsep 3,8\\
BULK loading\tabcellsep 88,7\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep DANGER\tabcellsep 6,1\\
Weighbridge operator\tabcellsep 55,2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep Low risk\tabcellsep 2,9\\
Shipping\tabcellsep 76,1\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep Low risk\tabcellsep 6,7\\
Unloading\tabcellsep 55,4\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep Low risk\tabcellsep 1,9\\
Average:: 71,3 dB(A)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Standard deviation: 25 dB(A)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Extrêmes : 55,2 qnd 96,6 dB(A)}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table I :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{II} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3908045977011494\textwidth}P{0.18563218390804598\textwidth}P{0.2735632183908046\textwidth}}
PPE use\tabcellsep number (n)\tabcellsep Percentage (\%)\\
Regularly\tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep 48,9\\
Sometimes\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 32,1\\
Not at all\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 19\\
Total\tabcellsep 131\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table II :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{III} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6445054945054944\textwidth}P{0.07472527472527472\textwidth}P{0.13076923076923078\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Type of PPE used Number (n) Percentage (\%)}\\
Caps\tabcellsep 87\tabcellsep 66,4\\
Helmets\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 3,8\\
Not at all\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 29,8\\
Total\tabcellsep 131\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table III :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{IV} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.7203389830508474\textwidth}P{0.050423728813559325\textwidth}P{0.07923728813559322\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Signs experienced Number (n) Percentage (\%)}\\
Whistling/ringing\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 55\\
Headache\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 20\\
Sleep disturbance\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 15\\
Dizziness\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 10\\
Total\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table IV :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Tchicaya A.F. et Coll in Côte d'Ivoire in 2011[12]\\
reported sound levels ranging from 80.3 to 101.3dB.\\
Noise emitted by the roasting workshop, grinder and\\
platform reached 101.3 Lex.08h (dB) in 2008 and 99.7\\
Lex.08h (dB) in 2010 respectively.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}}\end{figure}
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\end{document}