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\title{Prevalence and Treatment of Maxillary Incisivo-Canine Block Anomalies at the Donka National Hospital in Conakry}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{FADIGA Mohamed  Sid-dick}

             \author[2]{LAMA  B}

             \author[3]{LOKONON  K.V.A.C.P}

             \author[4]{NABE  A.B}

             \author[5]{KEITA  T.}

             \affil[1]{  University of Conakry}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Orthodontic anomalies are deviations from normality, variations in the morphology and functions of the orofacial sphere.Many types of dental anomalies can be observed in the anterior region, and can cause real aesthetic damage to our patients.The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivo-canine block; to identify the orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivocanine block encountered, and to describe the type of appliance used to manage these anomalies. Material and methods:This was a prospective descriptive study, lasting one year from 1erAout 2020 to 1erAout 2021. Our data were collected using a survey form. The study included all elderly patients from 9 to 26 years of age in whom one or more orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivocanine block were detected and managed during the study period.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{abnormalities, incisivocanine block, maxilla, treatment.}

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{{\textit{CrossRef DOI of original article:}} \underline{}}
\end{textblock*}\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he various orthodontic anomalies can be described by means of a semiology that makes it possible to precisely define the variations from normal of the different signs. The various cases are described according to a plan that successively addresses signs affecting the teeth: dental anomalies, localized malocclusions, alveolar signs, without skeletal repercussions, signs of sagittal malocclusions (Angle's classification), signs of transverse malocclusions (skeletal or alveolar), signs of skeletal anomalies in the vertical direction, their consequences on the face, dento-maxillary disharmony. Of course, these different categories can be found in the same patient, associating dental anomalies, alveolar anomalies and skeletal anomalies \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. Numerous types of dental anomalies can be observed in the anterior sectors, and can constitute real aesthetic prejudices for our patients. The descriptive classification is the simplest, and allows us to schematically distinguish various types of anomalies, such as those of shape, structure, number, size, eruption or color. In terms of management, the The polymorphism of these anomalies, their degree of severity, the time of consultation and the patient's age multiply the therapeutic possibilities \hyperref[b1]{[2]}. Several studies have been carried out on these anomalies in various countries. Vishnoi et al in 2017 in the city of Udaipur, India reported 28.7\% definitive need for orthodontic treatment in schoolchildren aged 7 to 16 \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. Yassir et al in 2016, in a study of a Lebanese population, found that 31.3\% of the sample had a strong need for orthodontic treatment \hyperref[b3]{[4]}.\par
The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivo-canine block; to identify the orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivo-canine block encountered, and to describe the type of appliance used to manage these anomalies. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
The maxillofacial surgery and odontostomatology department of the Donka national hospital in Conakry was used as the setting for this study. It was a prospective descriptive study, lasting one year from August 1er2020 to August 31 2021. The study covered all patients in whom one or more orthodontic anomalies of the incisivocanine block were detected and managed during the study period.\par
Patients seen for one or more orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivocanine block during the study period were included. Patients seen for any other dental pathologies were not included in this study.\par
The selection criteria were applied to 117 subjects, and patients were sampled exhaustively. The sample size obtained was as follows: n = 20 Data were collected manually, using an established survey form. Data entry and analysis were carried out with the help of Word and Excel software from the 2013 office pack. The results were presented in the form of tables and figures, commented and discussed according to recent data in the literature.\par
Informed consent was obtained from each patient or patient's relatives prior to data collection. Data were collected anonymously. The following evaluation parameters were adopted:\par
-An exaggerated vestibular orientation of the anterior alveolar processes and the upper or lower incisors is referred to as proalveolism.\par
-Dento-maxillary disharmony corresponds to a disproportion between the mesio-distal dimensions of the permanent teeth and the perimeter of the corresponding alveolar arches: the continuity of the dental arches at proximal level is no longer ensured. The most obvious sign is crowding or spacing of the dental arches (interdental diastemas).\par
III. 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
Table  {\ref I}   IV. 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
The study revealed a prevalence of orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivocanine block of 17.08\%. This result is comparable to that of Uslu et al in Turkey in 2009, who reported a 16.1\% frequency of orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivocanine block \hyperref[b4]{[5]}. According to Liausas et al, adolescent age is a predictive factor for orthodontic anomalies \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. In this series, the average age of patients was 17.60 years, with extremes of 9-26 years. These results differ from those of Liausas et al in Lithuania in 2019 and Baron et al in France in 2018, who found mean ages of 12 and 15.23 respectively \hyperref[b5]{[6,}\hyperref[b6]{7]}. The young age of the patients would be due to the fact that this period corresponds to that of adolescence when, very often, an awareness of selfappearance is significant.\par
In the present study, the gender distribution of patients was characterized by equitability of both sexes. This result differs from those of Blige et al in Turkey in 2017, who obtained a gender distribution of 44.8\% boys and 55.2\% girls \hyperref[b7]{[8]}.\par
The majority of patients with orthodontic anomalies in the study were schoolchildren at 65\%. These results corroborate those of Liausas et al in Lithuania in 2019 who reported that, 42.60\% were schoolchildren \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. This could explain the young average age obtained in the series.\par
Ectopic maxillary canines were the most common dental position anomalies, accounting for 25\%. These results are similar to those of Nasreen et al in Pakistan in 2021, who found 30.6\% of subjects with ectopic maxillary canines \hyperref[b8]{[9]}.\par
Patients with interdental diastemas in the present series were the most represented at 75\%. This result is contrary to that of Farid et al in a study carried out in 2012 in Morocco, who found a frequency of dental crowding/overlap of 50\% \hyperref[b9]{[10]}. This predominance of interdental diastemas could be explained by the diversity of risk factors linked to the appearance of interdental diastemas. In the study, the distribution of patients according to overhang showed that maxillary overhang predominated, with a value of 45\%. These results were superior to those obtained by Ouédraogo et al, who obtained 22.8\% of exaggerated maxillary overhang \hyperref[b10]{[11]}. This predominance may be explained by the high frequency of maxillary interdental diastemas in the study.\par
During the study period, incisaloverlap(?3mm) was the most represented (incisaloverlap?3mm (55\%)). This result is superior to that of Faridetal, who reported 23.6\% of 4mm incisal overlap \hyperref[b9]{[10]}. These results may be linked to the predominance of exaggerated maxillary overhang in this series. Maxillary proalveolism was the most frequently diagnosed condition, at 8.54\%, followed by maxillary interdental diastema at 5.98\%. This could be linked to heredity or to various deforming habits, notably digital suctioning, which most often act on the maxilla, depending on the technique used.\par
Orthodontic treatment of patients mainly involved the use of fixed appliances (Brackets or multiattachment) followed by Hawley plates, preceded by tooth extractions, particularly in cases where temporary teeth remained.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
At the end of the study, a low prevalence of orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivocanine block was observed. The most common subjects were schoolchildren, with both sexes equally represented. Proalveolism and maxillary interdental diastemas were the predominant manifestations of orthodontic anomalies of the incisivocanine block in the majority of subjects. Early diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management of orthodontic anomalies of the maxillary incisivo-canine block provide better results, and their treatment is often multidisciplinary.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{12}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6071428571428571\textwidth}P{0.10928571428571428\textwidth}P{0.13357142857142856\textwidth}}
Type of fault\tabcellsep Workforce\tabcellsep \%\\
Maxillary proalveolysis\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 8,54\\
Interdental diastema\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 5,98\\
Dental crowding\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2,56\\
Other dental pathologies\tabcellsep 97\tabcellsep 82,92\\
Total\tabcellsep 117\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}:}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{II} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4391666666666667\textwidth}P{0.2125\textwidth}P{0.19833333333333333\textwidth}}
Age range\tabcellsep Workforce\tabcellsep \%\\
9 -14\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 50\\
15 -20\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 30\\
21 -26\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 20\\
Total\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 100,00\end{longtable} \par
 
\begin{quote}
*Average age: 17. 60 Extremes: 9 years and 26 years\end{quote}

\caption{\label{tab_1}Table II :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{III} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5176691729323308\textwidth}P{0.14060150375939848\textwidth}P{0.1150375939849624\textwidth}P{0.07669172932330827\textwidth}}
Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
30\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume XXIII Issue III Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
D D D D )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
(\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Medical Research\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of\tabcellsep Type Female Male Total\tabcellsep Workforce 10 10 20\tabcellsep \% 50 50 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table III :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{IV} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.7243710691823899\textwidth}P{0.06147798742138364\textwidth}P{0.06415094339622641\textwidth}}
Clinical and paraclinical findings\tabcellsep Workforce\tabcellsep \%\\
Labial occlusion\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 75\\
Lipin occlusion\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 25\\
Dental ectopy*\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 25\\
Exaggerated maxillary overhang\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 45\\
Insufficient maxillary overhang\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 30\\
Normal maxillary overhang\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 25\\
Hemi symmetrical arches\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 80\\
A symmetrical arch hemi\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 20\\
Incisal overlap\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2-3 mm\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 25\\
?3mm\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 55\\
?1mm\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 20\\
(*) Ectopy of maxillary canines\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table IV :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{V} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5007425742574257\textwidth}P{0.23564356435643566\textwidth}P{0.11361386138613862\textwidth}}
Patient SB14-year-old patient with\tabcellsep During orthodontic treatment\tabcellsep After orthodontic treatment\\
an anterior reverse occlusion (11,12;\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
22) of the maxilla prior to\tabcellsep springs and elevation of the\tabcellsep \\
orthodontic treatment\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table V :}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
