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\title{Cooperative, Collaborative, and Related Strategies' Effect on Learning in Children with Autism}
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             \author[1]{Colin  Calleja}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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\begin{abstract}
        


When the right circumstances are met, children with autism can engage in settings for general education and have a successful educational career. A truly inclusive learning environment and research-based inclusion techniques must be in place for children with autism to be successfully included. The research studies that concentrate on cooperative and collaborative learning methodologies are reviewed in this article. The article concludes by outlining the need for additional study. This study examined 29 research studies using cooperative, collaborative, and related techniques with children with autism. Each article had to meet these requirements to be included: 1. describe the use of an evidence-based intervention for at least one participant with ASD. 2. Consist of at least one collaborative, cooperative, or related method. 3. Research needed to be conducted in an inclusive setting and finally, 4. The reviewed articles had to have been released in 2010 or later

\end{abstract}


\keywords{inclusion, cooperative learning, collaborative learning, children with autism}

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\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
utism, a neurodevelopmental disorder, significantly influences an individual's daily life, impeding their ability to engage in typical activities, particularly in the realms of social interaction and communication. It manifests in restrictive behaviours, often characterized by repetitive actions, which encompass stereotypy, ritualistic behaviour, perseveration \hyperref[b26]{(Ringdahl, 2011)}, and compulsions. (American Psychatric  {\ref Association, 2013)} According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), autism is a spectrum disorder with varying degrees of severity and presentation. The core symptoms of autism are evident early in childhood and persist throughout the individual's lifespan. One can observe repetitive behaviours and fixation on particular interests and, or specific activities.\par
The authors of this paper maintain the belief that it is possible for children on the autism spectrum to receive education alongside their same-age peers in mainstream schools. Specific adaptations will be needed. \hyperref[b20]{Lindsay (2007)} pointsout that inclusion is a crucial education plan designed to increase the educational opportunities of students with particular needs.\par
Research such as that carried out by \hyperref[b8]{Crosland and Dunlap (2012)} and \hyperref[b28]{Sanahuja and Qinyi (2012)} has shown that students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) benefit from attending mainstream, although additional support is required. This paper reviews individualized and systemic interventions, specifically cooperative learning strategies, used with autistic children. These strategies are believed to help create an inclusive learning environment. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss strategies for the successful inclusion of children with autism, which can be used by educators in mainstream environments. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Method a) Search Procedures}]{Method a) Search Procedures}\par
The studies in this research were obtained by searching research papers in the HyDi database, which discuss cooperative and collaborative strategies. HyDi is an extensive database with access rights to many databases such as Education Database, Web of Science, ProQuest Central, Social Science Database, Springer, and EBSCOhost.\par
The terms "cooperative," "collaborative," and "learning strategies" were employed in conjunction with "autism," "Asperger," and "inclusion.". The returned papers were sorted by relevance, and the abstracts of all articles containing "autism" or "Asperger" in the title were manually screened. Publications that did not pertain to the research question of the current study, meaning they contained the search terms in a different context, were excluded. The search also included papers that were cited in the articles which were selected for inclusion. Studies published between 2010 and the spring of 2023 were included in this literature review. The literature searches were conducted in the winter of 2022 and again in the spring of 2023.\par
The Web of Science allowed us to refine our search results by choosing pertinent research areas. We utilized this function by selecting "education-educational research." Within this database, the search yielded 102 papers, of which 8 met the inclusion criteria. EBSCO Host provided the option to search several databases. This search returned 113 papers, with six qualifying for inclusion. ProQuest Central provided the option to narrow down the search result by title; we selected autism or Asperger's. This search returned 82 papers, of which eight qualified for review. Social Science Database produced 22 papers, four qualifying for A inclusion. Springer returned 18 papers, and one qualified for review. Education Database produced 49 papers, two qualifying for inclusion. All abstracts were read, and 29 articles were selected for review. 
\section[{b) Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria}]{b) Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria}\par
For inclusion in this extensive review, each article underwent evaluation based on several criteria. Initially, the article needed to detail the application of an evidence-based intervention for at least one participant with ASD. Secondly, the articles were required to incorporate a minimum of one cooperative learning strategy. Thirdly, the research was mandated to have been conducted within an inclusive setting. Lastly, the reviewed articles were expected to have been published in the year 2010 or later. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results} 
\section[{a) Review of Strategy 1: Cooperative group teaching}]{a) Review of Strategy 1: Cooperative group teaching}\par
Cooperative learning is one of the methods that enable students with disabilities to reveal their strengths and weaknesses together with their typically developing peers \hyperref[b7]{(Corbett et al., 2013)}. Studies on cooperative learning have shown that it positively affects the social acceptance of students with disabilities in general education classes  {\ref (Gilles, 2007)}. Supporters of the cooperative learning model believe that learning consists of various components. Cooperative learning is a very beneficial model for children with autism. \hyperref[b7]{Corbett et al., (2013)} emphasized that Student Team Learning (STL) has three bases. These are team rewards, individual responsibility, and equal opportunities for success. Using STL techniques, teams earn certificates or other team rewards if they exceed a designated criterion. Personal accountability implies that the team's overall success relies on the individual learning efforts of all team members. This redirects the team members' actions towards elucidating concepts to their peers and ensuring that everyone in the team is adequately prepared for quizzes or assessments, which they must undertake independently, without reliance on their teammates. Equal opportunities for success mean that students contribute to their teams by improving over their past performances. This ensures that high, average, and low achievers are equally challenged to do their best and that the contributions of all team members will be valued.\par
Cooperative learning is a method that can foster success for future generations. The SENSE Theatre project, a peer-mediated initiative immersed in play and focused on performance, is introduced by Corbett et al.  {\ref (2013)}. Through the programme, actors of a similar age who are ordinarily developing are paired with individuals who have Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to serve as co-actors and peer models in a play. The severity of each participant's symptom profile and their prior interaction with the ASD community are taken into consideration during the matching process. Ten main goals are the emphasis of the SENSE Theatre approach. These goals are communicated, exemplified, and integrated through direct instruction, bolstered by a variety of case studies and ongoing, supervised experience.\par
These ten main goals are clearly explained to peers and are intended to improve different facets of autism symptomology. The primary goals and desired behaviours include: \hyperref[b0]{(1)} giving social support to establish trust and lower stress levels; (2) making an enjoyable environment to promote social play; (3) modeling warm social interaction to encourage reciprocal engagement with peers; (4) increasing motivation to boost social initiation; (5) using directed communication to improve verbal back-and-forth conversation; (6) using nonverbal communication to enhance gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions; \hyperref[b6]{(7)} playing imaginatively to cultivate creativity; (8) using empathic responding to foster empathy; 9) supporting active learning to promote novelty and participation; and (10) advancing individual learning by combining social learning with behaviour.\par
Studies on this subject are summarized in Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}. The results showed that using the CVLE-social interaction system had significant positive effects on participants' performance, both within the CVLE-social interaction system and in terms of reciprocal social interaction learning. All the studies reviewed here were designed with a single-subject experimental model. A total of 15 students, 13 of whom were ASD students (n = 13 ASD), were included in the studies. Participants were between the ages of 4 and 11. These studies were carried out in inclusive environments, in preschool, primary, and secondary schools. A variety of behaviours were targeted for intervention. In one study \hyperref[b5]{(Cheng \& Ye, 2010)}, the focus was on enhancing social competence in a collaborative virtual environment. Another study \hyperref[b31]{(Scott, 2019)} delved into the hidden aspects of group work's curriculum, while Lee et al. (2021) concentrated on physical activities.\par
Cheng and Ye (2010) focus on using a virtual learning environment to help the deficiencies of social competence for people with ASDs and to increase their social interaction. In particular, it provides a basic exploration of social competence within collaborative virtual learning environment (CVLE) systems and behavioural performance in social and cognitive interactions. Thus, this CVLE-social interaction system involves a 3D expressive avatar, an animated social situation, with verbal and text communication. The results showed that using the CVLE-social interaction system had significant positive effects on participants' performance, both within the CVLE-social interaction system and in terms of reciprocal social interaction learning.\par
Lee et al., (2021) evaluated the effects of cooperative physical activities on the social interactions of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in China.\par
Cooperative physical activities include procedures such as peer selection, peer practice, group task completion, and an interdependent group contingency. The intervention took place during inclusive physical education (PE) classes. The generalization of interactions with peers was evaluated during free play. Although the frequency of inappropriate interactions increased after the intervention in both settings, the proportion of inappropriate interactions relative to appropriate interactions decreased for two children in the PE setting and all three children in the free-play setting.\par
Scott (2019) used Video-recorded observations. The observations were transcribed and coded according to the nature of each conversational attempt, which included prompted reciprocal communication, unprompted reciprocal communication, self-centric conversations, directives, clarification questions/ statements, and off-topic remarks. Results from this study indicate that when the four participants with ASD used a structured protocol that guided communication attempts (through explicit tasks) during cooperative academic group works, their interaction attempts increased, as did their (prompted and unprompted) reciprocal exchanges. 
\section[{b) Review of Strategy 2: Peer Tutoring and Peer}]{b) Review of Strategy 2: Peer Tutoring and Peer}\par
Influences Peer-mediated instruction is implemented by pairing a child on the spectrum with another child without disabilities \hyperref[b4]{(Berman, 2019)}. Thus, rather than involving just a teacher or therapist through this strategy, one or more peers will take on a role in the teaching/learning process. This intervention can be used in small groups and classroom-wide intervention programs  {\ref (Zhang et}  Classroom-Wide Tutoring consists of dividing the class into diverse small learning groups. Teams should include at least one high-performing student, an average student, and an underperforming student with a disability \hyperref[b21]{(Lundblom \& Woods, 2012)}. Thus, while there is heterogeneity within groups, groups are similar across the class, allowing the educator to capitalize on the groups' complementary knowledge and achieve higherlevel, collaborative objectives. The teacher conveys to students that every team collectively bears the responsibility of aiding all its members in comprehending the material taught earlier. Teammates should have the chance to collaborate in problemsolving or grasping the content, with each potentially taking on the role of the designated "tutor" within the group \hyperref[b21]{(Lundblom \& Woods, 2012)}.\par
Peer Support Arrangements involve equipping one or more general education students in an inclusive classroom to provide academic and social support to students with disabilities \hyperref[b7]{(Corbett et al., 2013)}. Broad descriptions of individualized educational objectives, participation objectives, and social interaction objectives for the student with a disability are shared with the peers. Educators with expertise in special education or paraprofessionals offer comprehensive support to facilitate the peer counseling process and assist students in achieving their established objectives \hyperref[b7]{(Corbett et al., 2013)}.\par
Lunch Bunches relates a student with a disability to a group of students without similar disabilities or students without disabilities to join them for lunch, focusing on social interaction during that lunchtime \hyperref[b9]{(Fan et al., 2021)} A total of 241 autistic persons participated in these investigations, according to an overall analysis of the trials. Examining the participants' gender characteristics reveals that 47 of them are male and 15 are female. Furthermore, the gender of 179 people with autism was not identified. There are 15 boys and 15 girls among children with typical development. The 134 students' genders were not identified. This group, along with their peers, constituted the 375 participants in the study. The age range spans from 4 to 18.\par
When the methods of the studies are examined, it is noticeable that most of them are carried out with a single-subject design. Seven of them used multiple baselines \hyperref[b1]{(Banda., et al., 2010;}\hyperref[b10]{Ganz., et}   \hyperref[b24]{(Parsons., et al., 2019)}. The other one study used qualitative methods \hyperref[b9]{(Fan et al., 2021)}, and yet another used clinical trials \hyperref[b36]{(Zhang et al., 2022)}.\par
When we examine the type of intervention the studies used one would see that most used social skills and social instruction  {\ref (Banda., et}   
\section[{c) Review of Strategy 3: Social Skills Training}]{c) Review of Strategy 3: Social Skills Training}\par
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have recently received a lot of attention both within and outside the PBS (Positive Behaviour Support) community \hyperref[b35]{(Vincent et al., 2022)}. Because social interaction is a common problem for people on the spectrum, many social skills interventions have been designed to try to improve the social aspects of their lives \hyperref[b7]{(Corbett., et al.,2013)}. Although there is increasing evidence supporting the use of social skills training to improve social performance, there is little evidence that this enhanced performance improves the quality of social life of people with ASD \hyperref[b22]{(McMahon, et al., 2012)}. This discrepancy is, at least in part, due to how the dependent variable was defined. Researchers commonly evaluate the efficacy of interventions by examining observable changes in behaviour, focusing on the behaviour's outward appearance. Examples of these dependent variables encompass aspects like social initiation, social response, conversational skills, and peer imitation \hyperref[b27]{(Sabey et al., 2020)}. As a majority of studies within this category revolve around peer interactions, they were primarily assessed under the former title. Upon evaluating the studies, it becomes evident that a total of 140 individuals with autism were involved in the research. Regarding the gender composition of the participants, five were male, two were female, and the gender of 133 individuals with autism was not specified. The age range of the participants varied from 6 to 12 years. If the methods of the studies are examined, one can notice that different designs were used. For instance,  {\ref Kasari et}  All the interventions evaluated used social skills intervention, but they used different programs such as peer social connection  {\ref (Kasari, et al., 2012)}, vocalizations \hyperref[b22]{(McMahon, et al., 2012)}, social behaviour \hyperref[b27]{(Sabey, et al., 2020)}, physical activity  {\ref (Sansi, et al., 2021)}, and cooperative play \hyperref[b35]{(Vincent et al., 2022)}.  
\section[{Social Skills Intervention}]{Social Skills Intervention}\par
The students on the autism spectrum showed increases in the percentage of time engaged in cooperative play with peers during the intervention. 
\section[{d) Review of Strategy 4: Collaborative Teaching}]{d) Review of Strategy 4: Collaborative Teaching}\par
Schools are communal organizations, and for teachers, collaborative competence is an essential component of their expertise. Similarly, Collaboration is an essential aspect of teacher education, helping students learn how to teach effectively and develop their team teaching \hyperref[b14]{(Huskens, et al, 2014}  
\section[{Collaborative teaching}]{Collaborative teaching}\par
Based on these preliminary results, co-teaching appears to be an effective mode of instruction for meeting the needs of pupils with, and without, SEN in mainstream settings.\par
Upon review of the studies, it is evident that a cumulative total of 496 individuals with autism were participants in these research endeavours. When the gender characteristics of the participants are examined, it is seen that 6 of them are boys, and the gender of 490 individuals with autism was not specified. The age ranges vary between 5 and 13 years old.\par
Different types of designs were used in these studies. \hyperref[b2]{Becevic et al. (2021)} employed a crosssectional post-virtual clinic survey design, Huskens, et al. (2014) utilized a multiple baseline design, and Lehane and Senior, (2019) incorporated a mixedmethods approach. Upon evaluation of the interventions, it is apparent that all of them were based on collaborative learning and teaching methods.\par
All the interventions evaluated used different programs such as virtual collaboration \hyperref[b2]{(Becevic, et al., 2021)}, robot-mediated intervention \hyperref[b14]{(Huskens, et al., 2014)}, and collaborative teaching  {\ref (Lehane \& Senior, 2020)}.\par
IV. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
This review has shown that cooperative learning strategies enable students with disabilities to share their skills and weaknesses with their peers who are typically developing \hyperref[b7]{(Corbett et al., 2013)}. According to studies on cooperative learning, it helps general education students with impairments feel more accepted by their peers.  {\ref (Gilles, 2007)}. Cooperative and collaborative learning proponents, as shown in the reviewed studies, hold that cooperative learning is a particularly useful strategy for children with autism.\par
Collaborative work among students, aimed at achieving a common goal, often leads to increased success and productivity compared to individual efforts. Creating learning environments that foster positive interdependence is generally more favorable than those emphasizing independence. It's widely recognized that student cooperation within groups can be challenging, and it's important to establish groups in a way that makes the five essential elements of successful collaboration clear. These elements include promoting productive interactions among group members, ensuring individual accountability, explicitly teaching necessary social skills, and encouraging groups to reflect on both task management and interpersonal interactions.\par
When these key components are integrated into group work, students are more likely to feel motivated to work together to attain both their individual and the group's objectives. They become more inclined to take personal responsibility for their contributions to the group and their interactions with fellow group members. They also tend to show greater respect for the contributions of others and are committed to resolving disagreements democratically. Moreover, they actively contribute to effective task management and the maintenance of positive working relationships. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2023\\
46\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.0075040128410914925\textwidth}P{0.024558587479935796\textwidth}P{0.0047752808988764045\textwidth}P{0.002046548956661316\textwidth}P{0.4516051364365971\textwidth}P{0.2612760834670947\textwidth}P{0.06548956661316212\textwidth}P{0.028651685393258425\textwidth}P{0.004093097913322632\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep to\tabcellsep appropriate\tabcellsep interactions\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{decreased for two children in the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{PE setting and for all three}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{children in the free-play setting}\\
Scott, 2019\tabcellsep 3 boy, 1 girl\tabcellsep 10-11 y\tabcellsep ABA\tabcellsep Hidden\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Results from this study indicate}\\
\tabcellsep with 5 fifth-\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Curriculum of\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{that when the four participants}\\
\tabcellsep grade\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep group work\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{with ASD used a structured}\\
\tabcellsep peers\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{protocol}\tabcellsep that\tabcellsep guided\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{communication attempts (through}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{explicit tasks) during cooperative}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{academic group work their overall}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{interaction attempts increased, as did their (prompted and unprompted) reciprocal exchanges.}\tabcellsep Year 2023\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 47\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume XXIII Issue III Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep D D D D ) A\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Medical Research\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{al.2022). Research has indicated that peer-mediated instruction and interventions are effective because they create more chances for individuals to practice proper social and communication skills during natural interactions with others (Schmidt \&}\tabcellsep Global Journal of\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Stichter, 2012). If properly designed and implemented,}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{peer support strategies can be a valuable method for}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{providing academic and social support to students with}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{disabilities (Bell \& Carter, 2013). Peer support strategies}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{refer to a wide variety of intervention approaches. The}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{main three approaches are (a) classroom-wide peer}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{tutoring, (b) peer support arrangements, and (c) lunch}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep bunches.\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2023 Global Journ als\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.06913527397260275\textwidth}P{0.07204623287671233\textwidth}P{0.025470890410958902\textwidth}P{0.04293664383561644\textwidth}P{0.14409246575342466\textwidth}P{0.43518835616438356\textwidth}P{0.01601027397260274\textwidth}P{0.03929794520547945\textwidth}P{0.005821917808219178\textwidth}}
Author(s), year\tabcellsep Sample\tabcellsep Age\tabcellsep Design\tabcellsep Intervention\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Findings}\\
Banda., and\tabcellsep 2 girls with ASD\tabcellsep 8 y\tabcellsep Multiple baseline\tabcellsep Peer-to-peer\tabcellsep Results\tabcellsep \tabcellsep indicated\\
Hart., 2010\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep designs across\tabcellsep social skills\tabcellsep increased\tabcellsep \tabcellsep social\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep participants\tabcellsep through direct\tabcellsep initiations\tabcellsep \tabcellsep in\tabcellsep both\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep instruction\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{participants and sharing}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{behaviours in one of the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{participants,}\tabcellsep but\tabcellsep no\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{increases in responses in}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{both participants.}\\
Berman.,\tabcellsep 2 boys with ASD\tabcellsep 4 y\tabcellsep ABAB model\tabcellsep Group Affection\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{The findings agree with}\\
2019\tabcellsep and 5 peers of\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Activities (GAA) on\tabcellsep those\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{reported}\tabcellsep by\\
\tabcellsep the same ages\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep social interaction\tabcellsep previously\tabcellsep \tabcellsep conducted\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{studies, however, the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{maintenance}\tabcellsep and\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{generalization}\tabcellsep of\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep improved\tabcellsep \tabcellsep interaction\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{skills remain to be of}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{great concern. It is}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{suggested that in order to}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{address this important}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{issue, an intervention}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep program\tabcellsep \tabcellsep combining\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Group Affection Activities}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{with peer training should}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep be\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{systematically}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{integrated into the early}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{childhood curriculum and}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{implemented for all to}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep benefit.\tabcellsep \\
Collet-\tabcellsep 3 boys, 1 girl\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{12-13 y Pre-test Post-test}\tabcellsep Power-PALS (Peer\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Power Pals had a}\\
Klingenberg.,\tabcellsep with ASD, and\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Assisting,Leading,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{significant impact on}\\
Neitzel., and\tabcellsep 18 peers\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Supporting)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{school experiences and}\\
LaBerge.,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Implementing a\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{social interactions for}\\
2012\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep peer-mediated\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{both learners with and}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep intervention\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{without ASD.}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.11680900621118012\textwidth}P{0.0686335403726708\textwidth}P{0.0026397515527950307\textwidth}P{0.01781832298136646\textwidth}P{0.10295031055900622\textwidth}P{0.06731366459627329\textwidth}P{0.01187888198757764\textwidth}P{0.4151009316770186\textwidth}P{0.016498447204968944\textwidth}P{0.01187888198757764\textwidth}P{0.00857919254658385\textwidth}P{0.007919254658385094\textwidth}P{0.0019798136645962734\textwidth}}
Author(s), year\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Sample}\tabcellsep Age\tabcellsep Design\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Intervention}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Findings}\\
Kasari.,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{60 students}\tabcellsep 8 y\tabcellsep 2 x 2 factorial\tabcellsep Social Skills\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Significant improvements can be}\\
Rotheram-\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{with ASD}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep design\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{made in peer social connections}\\
Fuller., Locke\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{for children with autism spectrum}\\
and Gulsurd.,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{disorders in general education}\\
2012\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{classrooms}\tabcellsep with\tabcellsep a\tabcellsep brief\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{intervention, and these gains}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{persist over time.}\tabcellsep \\
McMahon.,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{28 students}\tabcellsep 12 y\tabcellsep Clinic-based\tabcellsep Social\tabcellsep Skills\tabcellsep Over\tabcellsep the\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{course}\tabcellsep of\tabcellsep the\\
Vismara., and\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{with ASD}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep intervention\tabcellsep Training\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{intervention, participants made}\\
Solomon, 2012\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep fewer\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{initiating}\tabcellsep and\tabcellsep other\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{vocalizations, more responding}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{vocalizations, spent more time}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{interacting with a group of peers}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{and spent marginally less time}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{interacting with a leader.}\\
Sabey., Ross.,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2 boys, and}\tabcellsep 7-11 y\tabcellsep Observational\tabcellsep Social\tabcellsep skill\tabcellsep The\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{intervention}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{increased}\\
and Goodman,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1 girl with}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep and\tabcellsep training\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{participants' social behaviour.}\\
2020\tabcellsep ASD\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep interventional\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{However, its mixed results in the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep design\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{quality of peer responses may be}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{a more meaningful indicator of its}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{effect on the quality of social lives}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{of the participants.}\tabcellsep \\
Sansi.,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{45 students}\tabcellsep 6-11 y\tabcellsep Mixed-method\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Physical Activity}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{The IPA program increased the}\\
Nalbant., and\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{with ASD}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep sequential\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Program on the}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{motor and social skills of ASD}\\
Ozer, 2021\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep exoplanetary\tabcellsep motor\tabcellsep skills,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{students.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep design\tabcellsep social skills\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Vincent et al.,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{3 boys, 1}\tabcellsep 6-8 y\tabcellsep Single-case\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2022\tabcellsep girl\tabcellsep with\tabcellsep \tabcellsep experimental\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep ASD\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep design\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
).\\
Collaborative learning focuses on five key\\
characteristics (DatTran, 2013). The five pillars of\\
collaborative learning theory are consistent with the\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 			\label{foot_0}\footnote{\label{foot_0} A © 2023 Global Journ als Cooperative, Collaborative, and Related Strategies' Effect on Learning in Children with Autism} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
