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\title{Perception and Awareness of Prosthodontic Rehabilitation among Jazan Population in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Dr. R. Naveen  Reddy}

             \author[2]{Dr. Elfatih Ibrahim  Elamin}

             \author[3]{Dr. Swetha  Vempalli}

             \author[4]{Dr. Fuad Al  Sanabani}

             \affil[1]{  Jazan University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2015 Accepted: 4 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The Prosthodontic health status and Prosthodontic rehabilitation needs of Jazan local population in the southern region of Saudi Arabia were not well documented. This study evaluates the level of perception and awareness of a group of Jazan population towards Prosthodontic rehabilitation and the factors that prevent them from the treatment. Knowledge and perceived needs of subjects regarding Prosthodontics play an important role in their acceptance to prosthetic rehabilitation. A self-designed questionnaire containing eleven questions was designed and reasons for choosing or refusing treatments were measured using Likert scale. A survey of 467 randomly selected subjects was conducted among the patients and relatives reported to the College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan. Collected data were statistically analysed using SPSS V.19 for descriptive statistics along with Chi-squared test at a significance level of p < 0.05.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{knowledge; perception; prosthodontic treatment; awareness; survey; patient acceptance of health care; prosthetic replacements.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
n its broadest sense, Prosthodontics is concerned with the replacement of partial or complete loss of teeth and oral function due to tooth or tissue damage  {\ref (Carlsson GE and Omar R, 2006)}. Prosthetic treatment involves the replacement of few missing teeth in a healthy but incomplete dentition, the functional replacement of nearly all teeth in a badly damaged dentition, or restoring function by means of removable or FPDs, implants, complete dentures, or over dentures \hyperref[b1]{(Mukatash et al., 2010 and}\hyperref[b2]{Zarb GA et al., 1978)}. With the rapid improvement in oral health and the reduction of edentulism in many countries, increasing numbers of people are retaining more teeth later in life  {\ref (Carlsson GE and Omar R, 2006)}. Knowledge of subjects regarding prosthodontic treatment may play a role in their acceptance of the prostheses  {\ref (Shigli et al., 2007)}. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the level of knowledge, perception, awareness, attitude, and behaviour of a group of Jazan population in the southern region of Saudi Arabia aged 21-91 years towards the options available for replacing missing teeth and the factors preventing them from taking treatment. 
\section[{II. Materials and Methods}]{II. Materials and Methods}\par
The present study was a questionnaire survey conducted at College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan. The study samples of 467 subjects were randomly selected from patients in the Department of Prosthodontics. The sample population consists of 248 males and 219 females within an age range of 21 to 91 years. A self-designed questionnaire containing eleven questions was designed on perception and awareness for different Prosthodontic treatment modalities and reasons for choosing or refusing treatments were measured (Table1). Ethical committee clearance was obtained. Initially a pilot study was carried out with twenty patients recruited in the same manner as in the main study to check the feasibility of the study and the questions were modified accordingly. Following the successful pilot study in which the questionnaire was validated, potential subjects were approached to carry out the main study. The questionnaire was made available both in English and Arabic languages. The dentists, dental technicians, and assistants were excluded from the study. Socio-demographic details including age, gender etc. was noted. A total of 500 questionnaire forms were distributed and 467 were returned back (response rate was 93.4\%). Collected responses were tabulated.\par
Statistical Analysis: Data was statistically analysed using the SPSS V.20 program. Frequencies were generated and mean calculated with standard deviation using descriptive statistical analysis. Chisquared test was used to identify significance. The probability was assessed using P value by considering p < 0.05 as significant. 
\section[{Age:}]{Age:}\par
Sex:  
\section[{III. Results}]{III. Results}\par
The study sample consisted of 53.10\% males (N=248) and 46.90\% females (N=219) with a mean age of 56.48+11.92 years. Each question was analysed for the frequency and the relation between the gender difference was tabulated (Table  {\ref 2}).\par
Question 1: Awareness about missing teeth replacement: The results show that 95.93 \% (N=448) of the study population including both males and females has the awareness that they have to replace the missing tooth. There was marginal statistically significant difference between the genders (P=0.05).\par
Question 2: Knowledge about various treatment options: Out of the 467 individuals 87.79\% (N-410), 42.83\% (N=200), 36.40\% (N=170) and 10.71\% (N=50) had the knowledge of complete denture, Removable Partial Denture, Fixed Partial denture and Implants respectively. There were no significant differences noted statistically P>0.05. Question 3: Have any missing teeth: 100\% (N=467) individuals that participated in this study had missing teeth. The males showed a higher frequency of missing teeth than females. This result was statistically proven with chi square test, P=0.7111 (Table  {\ref 2}). Question 4: Position of tooth loss: There was marginal statistically significant difference between the genders (P=0.05). Loss of posterior teeth (N=144) 32.73\% is more when compared to the anterior teeth (N=95) 21.59\% and combination of anterior and posterior teeth is the highest (N=201) 45.68\% Question 5: The duration of missing teeth among the participant of the survey was34.98 + 62.38 months for males and 28.11 + 35.04months for females. There was no statistical difference between the genders P= 0.1629.\par
Question 6: Attitude towards prosthetic rehabilitation: Considering the attitude towards the replacement of the missing teeth with prosthesis 57.82\% (N=270) individuals were positive and were planning to replace the missing teeth. But there were no significant differences between the genders even though comparatively more men were willing for replacement. Question 7: Type of Replacement perceived: Comparison of the individual's knowledge toward different prosthetic replacement options and their perceived option for replacing the missing tooth were as follows. Most of the people were willing to replace the missing teeth with complete denture i.e., 62.44 \% (N=123/272), compared to 50.25\% (N= 99/272) for removable partial denture and 25.38\% (N= 50/272) for fixed partial denture. There were no patients who preferred to replace their missing teeth with implants.\par
Question 8: Reasons for not replacing the missing teeth: The main reason for not undergoing the prosthodontic replacement was inadequate knowledge (57.36\%, N= 113), followed by lack of motivation, regarding the prosthetic replacements (24.37\%, N=48) and the least were due to financial constraints (18.27\%, N=36) and these observations were not statistically significant. Question 11: how did you know about the dental college: Out of the 467 participants 61.46\% (N=287) came to know about the college from relatives and friends 24.20\% (N=113). Few patients were referred by Dentists 10.92\% (N=51) whereas media 3.43\% (N=16) formed the least in patients knowing about the college. These observations were not statistically significant. P= 0.3352. 
\section[{IV. Discussion}]{IV. Discussion}\par
Oral health means much more than just healthy teeth. Good oral health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development of individuals (Khan SA et al., 2012). Teeth are required for mastication, phonetics, aesthetics, structural balance and for the comfort of an individual. With the loss of teeth, the above functions are impaired resulting in physical, physiological and psychological trauma to the individual (S S, Sharma S, 2010). Preventive dental care is almost non-existent in rural India  {\ref (Parlani S et al., 2011)}. Initiatives should be aimed not only on the prevention but also on the curative aspects of oral health. Mobile dental clinics, dental camps, and prosthodontic outreach programs are possible solutions to change attitudes, spread awareness, and extend treatment. Lack of awareness of different prosthodontic treatment options among people living in and around Jazan prevents them from availing of treatment even though there are many Government setups that offer treatment free of cost (Menezes M and Aras M, 2009). From the present study, it can be observed that the subjects were aware of the needs of dentures in contrast to previous studies (S S, Sharma S, 2010). This may be due to the increase in technology and media. When asked about the attitude towards the replacement, even though the participants had the knowledge about the need for replacement, majority did not opt for treatment mainly due to inadequate knowledge. Most of the patients opted to get treated from the dental college than private clinics; this may be to reduce the financial burden following a prosthetic replacement. The study suggests that in general the dentist must spend more time on the chair side during examination and motivate the patient regarding the need of a denture so as to get a proper response in relation to need of a denture which was similar to previous observations in literature (S S, Sharma S, 2010). Even though there is a scarcity of data regarding patient's needs and preferences in field of fixed prosthodontics, this study shows an increase in demand for fixed partial denture by the individual with knowledge of the same. From the present study, it can be observed that m o s t o f t h e subjects were not aware of dental implants. This implies that persons whether male or female need motivation and education to help them realize the needs of implants. 
\section[{V. Conclusion}]{V. Conclusion}\par
In conclusion complete dentures are associated with lower expected outcomes, while inadequate knowledge and lack of motivation are the major factors associated with the preferences for implant treatment for the study population. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{9}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Question 9 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{:} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.02467587373167982\textwidth}P{0.4091882750845547\textwidth}P{0.09702649379932356\textwidth}P{0.03258173618940248\textwidth}P{0.014613866967305522\textwidth}P{0.011020293122886132\textwidth}P{0.010780721533258174\textwidth}P{0.09343291995490417\textwidth}P{0.022040586245772265\textwidth}P{0.030425591882750846\textwidth}P{0.05126832018038331\textwidth}P{0.026832018038331452\textwidth}P{0.026113303269447576\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{4. Shigli K, Angadi GS, Hebbal M (2007). Knowledge Fixed Partial Denture}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{of a complete denture among complete edentulous 50 25.38}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{of prosthodontic treatment among denture-wearers Implant supported}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{patients. J. Int. Oral health. 3 (2): 65-70. 0 0.00}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{and non-denture-wearers attending a dental institute Q-8 If not replaced then why}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{7. Parlani S, Tripathi A, Singh SV (2011). Increasing the}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{in India: a survey report. Gerodontology. 24(4): Financial Constraints}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{prosthodontic awareness of an aging Indian rural 36 18.27}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{211-6. Inadequate Knowledge}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{population. Indian J. Dental Res. 22(3): 367. 113 57.36}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{9}{l}{5. Khan SA, Dawani N, Bilal S (2012). Perceptions and myths regarding oral health care amongst strata of Not motivated Q-9 Where would you like to go for replacement of missing teeth 8. Menezes M, Aras M (2009). Prosthodontic 48 24.37 Awareness and Fulfillment of Prosthodontic Need in}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{low socio economic community in Karachi, Dental Clinic Pakistan. J. Pakistan Med. Ass. 62(11): 1198-203. Dental College 6. Suresh S, Sharma S (2010). A clinical survey to General Hospital determine the awareness and preference of needs Others}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Rural Areas of Goa. J. Indian Dental Ass. (11): 368. 122 26.12 283 60.60 53 11.35 9 1.93}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{Table : Distribution of samples by age groups and sex 467}\tabcellsep 100.00\\
Year 2016 Year 2016\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Characteristics Age groups >25 Q10 dental college where replacement in Jazan Yes No Total}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{No of samples 1}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{\% of samples 0.21 427 40 467}\tabcellsep 91.43 8.57 100.00\tabcellsep Year 2016 Year 2016\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{25-34 Q-11 How did you know about the college}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{6}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1.28}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Friends\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 35-44\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{74}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{15.85 113}\tabcellsep 24.20\\
Volume XVI Issue I Version I Volume XVI Issue I Version I D D D D ) J D D D D ) J\tabcellsep \multicolumn{9}{l}{>45 Mean age SD age Sex Male Female Total Table : Item wise responses of respondents 386 82.66 56.48 11.92 248.00 53.10 219.00 46.90 467 100.00 Items No of samples Q1 Are you aware that missing teeth have to be replaced Yes 448 No 19 Relatives 287 Dentist 51 Media 16 Total 467 Table : Distribution of samples by age groups and sex Age groups Male \% Female \% >25 1 0.40 0 0.00 25-34 2 0.81 4 1.83 35-44 34 13.71 40 18.26 >45 211 85.08 175 79.91 Total 248 100.00 219 100.00 Mean age 57.40 55.43 Total 467 SD age 11.28 12.54}\tabcellsep \% of samples 95.93 61.46 10.92 3.43 100.00 Total 1 6 74 386 467 56.48 4.07 100.00 11.92\tabcellsep \% 0.21 1.28 15.85 82.66 100.00\tabcellsep Volume XVI Issue I Version I D D D D ) J Volume XVI Issue I Version I D D D D ) J\\
( (\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{Q2 The various types of replacement that they are aware of Table : Comparison of male and females with Q 1}\tabcellsep ( (\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Complete Denture Removable Partial Denture Q 1 Male Yes 242}\tabcellsep \% 97.58\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Female 206}\tabcellsep \% 94.06\tabcellsep 410 200\tabcellsep Total 448\tabcellsep 87.79 42.83\tabcellsep \% 95.93\\
\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Fixed Partial Denture 6}\tabcellsep 2.42\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 5.94\tabcellsep 170\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 36.40\tabcellsep 4.07\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Implants Total}\tabcellsep 248\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{100.00}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{219}\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 467\tabcellsep 10.71\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Q3 Do you have any missing teeth}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Chi-square=3.6852 P = 0.0551}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 440\tabcellsep 94.22\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep No\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 5.78\\
\tabcellsep Q 2\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Female}\tabcellsep 467 \%\tabcellsep 100.00 Total\tabcellsep \%\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Q-4 If Yes Complete Denture}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 222\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 89.52\tabcellsep 188\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 85.84\tabcellsep 410\tabcellsep 87.79\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Front Removable Partial Denture}\tabcellsep 105\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 42.34\tabcellsep 95\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 95 43.38\tabcellsep 21.59 200\tabcellsep 42.83\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{Back Fixed Partial Denture Both Implants Q5 How long have the teeth been missing 93 29 Chi-square=0.5383 P = 0.9102 37.50 77 11.69 21}\tabcellsep 144 35.16 201 9.59\tabcellsep 170 32.73 50 45.68\tabcellsep 36.40 10.71\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Means\tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{31.76 Table : Comparison of male and females with Q3 i.e. missing teeth}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Std.Dev. Q3 i.e. missing teeth Q6 Did you get them replaced Male Yes 234}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \% 94.35\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Female 206\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{51.48 \% 94.06}\tabcellsep Total 440\tabcellsep \% 94.22\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Yes No\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 5.65\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{270 5.94}\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 57.82\tabcellsep 5.78\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep No Total\tabcellsep 248\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 219\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{197 100.00}\tabcellsep 467\tabcellsep 42.18\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Chi-square=0.1327 P = 0.7111}\tabcellsep 467\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Q-7 Type of replacement}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Complete Denture}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 123\tabcellsep 62.44\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Removable Partial Denture}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 99\tabcellsep 50.25\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) © 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{:} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.18640727640222332\textwidth}P{0.003865588681152097\textwidth}P{0.012026275896917635\textwidth}P{0.035649317837291555\textwidth}P{0.044239514906518444\textwidth}P{0.022334512379989895\textwidth}P{0.1881253158160687\textwidth}P{0.05583628094997474\textwidth}P{0.0008590197069226883\textwidth}P{0.003436078827690753\textwidth}P{0.023623041940373925\textwidth}P{0.0983577564426478\textwidth}P{0.056695300656897415\textwidth}P{0.09706922688226377\textwidth}P{0.021475492673067205\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Others}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1.21\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 2.74\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 1.93\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Total}\tabcellsep Q-11\tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep 248\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{\% Chi-square= 40.3122 P = 0.0001* Female 100.00 219}\tabcellsep \% 100.00\tabcellsep Total 467\tabcellsep 100.00 \%\\
Q10\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Friends\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 26.21\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 21.92\tabcellsep 113\tabcellsep 24.20\\
Yes\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Relatives}\tabcellsep 143\tabcellsep 229\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 57.66\tabcellsep 92.34\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 144\tabcellsep 198\tabcellsep 65.75 90.41\tabcellsep 287 427\tabcellsep 61.46 91.43\\
No\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Dentist\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 12.50\tabcellsep 7.66\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 9.13 9.59\tabcellsep 51 40\tabcellsep 10.92 8.57\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Total}\tabcellsep Media\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 248\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3.63\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{100.00}\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 219\tabcellsep 3.20 100.00\tabcellsep 16 467\tabcellsep 3.43 100.00\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 248\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{100.00 Chi-square= 0.5527 P = 0.4581 219}\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 467\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Q-11}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Chi-square=3.3961 P = 0.3352}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Friends Relatives}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 65 143\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 26.21 57.66\tabcellsep OR\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 48 144\tabcellsep 21.92 65.75\tabcellsep 113 287\tabcellsep 24.20 61.46\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Dentist}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{9}{l}{Table : Comparison of male and females in each item 31 12.50 20 9.13}\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 10.92\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Items Media Q 1 Yes No Total}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Male 9 242 6 248}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{\% 3.63 97.58 2.42 Chi-square=3.3961 P = 0.3352 Female 7 206 13 100.00 219}\tabcellsep \% 3.20 94.06 5.94 100.00\tabcellsep Total 16 448 19 467\tabcellsep 3.43 \% 95.93 4.07 100.00\tabcellsep Year 2016\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Total}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 248\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{100.00}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 219\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 467\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Chi-square=3.6852 P = 0.0551}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Q 2 Complete Denture Removable Partial Denture Fixed Partial Denture Implants Q3 i.e. missing teeth Yes No Total Q-4 sides Front}\tabcellsep 222 105 93 29 234 14 248 48\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{89.52 42.34 37.50 11.69 Chi-square=0.5383 P = 0.9102 188 95 77 21 94.35 206 5.65 13 100.00 219 Chi-square= 0.1327 P = 0.7111 20.51 47}\tabcellsep 85.84 43.38 35.16 9.59 94.06 5.94 100.00 22.82\tabcellsep 410 200 170 50 440 27 467 95\tabcellsep 87.79 42.83 36.40 10.71 94.22 5.78 100.00 21.59\tabcellsep Volume XVI Issue I Version I\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Back Both}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 67 119\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 28.63 50.85\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 77 82\tabcellsep 37.38 39.81\tabcellsep 144 201\tabcellsep 32.73 45.68\tabcellsep ( D D D D ) J\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Chi-square= 5.7557 P = 0.0565}\\
Q5\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Means}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 31.76\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Std.Dev.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 51.48\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{t=1.3978, p=0.1629}\\
Q6\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Yes\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 136\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 54.84\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 134\tabcellsep 61.19\tabcellsep 270\tabcellsep 57.82\\
No\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 112\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 45.16\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 85\tabcellsep 38.81\tabcellsep 197\tabcellsep 42.18\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Total}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 248\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{100.00}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 219\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 467\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Chi-square= 1.9221 P = 0.1662}\\
Q-7\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Complete Denture}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 60.71\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 55\tabcellsep 64.71\tabcellsep 123\tabcellsep 62.44\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Removable Partial Denture}\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 45.54\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 56.47\tabcellsep 99\tabcellsep 50.25\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Fixed Partial Denture}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 16.07\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 37.65\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 25.38\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Implant supported}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0.00\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Chi-square= 5.3702 P = 0.0681}\\
Q-8\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Financial Constraints}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 20.54\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 15.29\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 18.27\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Inadequate Knowledge}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 61\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 54.46\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 61.18\tabcellsep 113\tabcellsep 57.36\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Not motivated}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25.00\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 23.53\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 24.37\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Chi-square= 1.1429 P = 0.5633}\\
Q-9\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Dental Clinic}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25.81\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 26.48\tabcellsep 122\tabcellsep 26.12\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Dental College}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 154\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 62.10\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 129\tabcellsep 58.90\tabcellsep 283\tabcellsep 60.60\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{General Hospital}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 10.89\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 11.87\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 11.35\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Mukatash and Al-Rousan ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Needs and demands of prosthetic treatment among two groups of individuals’.  		 			G N Mukatash 		,  		 			M Al-Rousan 		,  		 			Al-Sakarna 		,  		 			B 		.  	 	 		\textit{Indian J Dental Res}  		2010. 21  (4)  p. 564.  	 
\bibitem[Carlsson ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Omar R. Trends in prosthodontics’.  		 			G E Carlsson 		.  	 	 		\textit{Medical Principles and Practice}  		2006. 15  (3)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Zarb et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients. United states of America: Mosby},  		 			G A Zarb 		,  		 			C L Bolender 		,  		 			A B Carr 		,  		 			G P Mcgivney 		,  		 			D T Brown 		.  		1978. p. .  	 
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\end{document}
