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}{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Nwachukwu O.N} \author[2]{Onyeagba R.A} \author[3]{Nwaugo V.O} \affil[1]{ Abia State University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 8 December 2015 Accepted: 3 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016} \maketitle \begin{abstract} A mycological investigation of skin scrappings, blood and aspirates from apparent clinical cases of cutaneous infection involving 100 patients was made. All samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) for three weeks. A total of 27(43.5%) and 18(29.0%) fungi and yeasts respectively were isolated from the skin. Blood cultures yielded 8(9.9%) yeast species only from the patients while culture of aspirates showed more growths of yeasts (2 isolates) than filamentous fungi (1 isolate). The following dermatophytes and filamentous fungi were isolated from the skin: Microsporum ferrugineum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. verrucosum and T. schoenleinii; A. fumigatus , A. niger, A. flavus and Penicillium species. Trichophyton mentagrophytes had the highest occurrence (50%) while Microsprum ferrugineum and Trichophyton verrucosum were least in occurrence(9.1%) each. Five yeast species, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, Rhodorulla species and Torulopsis species were also isolated from skin lesions. Torulopsis species was the most occurring yeast whereas Candida krusei and Rhodotorulla species showed the lowest occurrence (5.6%) each. Torulopsis species and Candida tropicalis were recovered from blood and aspirate of patients. Prevalence of fungi and yeast was similar in male and female patients. Fungi and yeast are involved in skin diseases. \end{abstract} \keywords{fungi, yeast, skin disease.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Fungal and Yeast Involvement in Skin Diseases}]{Fungal and Yeast Involvement in Skin Diseases}\par Nwachukwu O.N ? , Onyeagba R.A ? , Nwaugo V.O ? , Ugbogo O.C ? \& Ulasi, A.E ¥ Abstract-A mycological investigation of skin scrappings, blood and aspirates from apparent clinical cases of cutaneous infection involving 100 patients was made. All samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) for three weeks. A total of 27(43.5\%) and 18(29.0\%) fungi and yeasts respectively were isolated from the skin. Blood cultures yielded 8(9.9\%) yeast species only from the patients while culture of aspirates showed more growths of yeasts (2 isolates) than filamentous fungi (1 isolate). The following dermatophytes and filamentous fungi were isolated from the skin: Microsporum ferrugineum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. verrucosum and T. schoenleinii; A. fumigatus , A. niger, A. flavus and Penicillium species. Trichophyton mentagrophytes had the highest occurrence (50\%) while Microsprum ferrugineum and Trichophyton verrucosum were least in occurrence(9.1\%) each. Five yeast species, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, Rhodorulla species and Torulopsis species were also isolated from skin lesions. Torulopsis species was the most occurring yeast whereas Candida krusei and Rhodotorulla species showed the lowest occurrence (5.6\%) each. Torulopsis species and Candida tropicalis were recovered from blood and aspirate of patients. Prevalence of fungi and yeast was similar in male and female patients. Fungi and yeast are involved in skin diseases.\par Keywords: fungi, yeast, skin disease. \section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par kin is the most accessible organ of the body, the one most easily traumatized and therefore frequently subjected to infection. Normal human skin is colonized by large numbers of microorganisms that live harmlessly as commensals on its surface \hyperref[b0]{1} . Skin diseases therefore is a complex subject involving diverse microorganisms that exhibit varying aetiological and pathogenic mechanisms.\par Fungal diseases of the skin are a common public health problem worldwide. The prevalence of skin fungal diseases is expected to reach 20-25\% of the world's population and its incidence continues to rise 2 . Fungal skin diseases constitute an important clinical and public health problem in tropical areas of the world where they are rarely managed \hyperref[b2]{3} .\par There are many species of fungi that cause skin diseases in man. These are mainly Dermatophytes (Trichophyton species, Epidemophyton sp and Microsporon so), Malassezia furfur and Candida species and less commonly Aspergillus species, Trichothecium roseum, Cladosporium sp and Fusarium sp \hyperref[b3]{4} .\par The diseases caused by fungi (mycoses) can be clinically classified as superficial, deep or systematic mycoses \hyperref[b4]{5} . Dermatophytes are the most important microorganism which cause superficial mycosis and the lesions are characterized by circular disposition, desquamation alopecia and erythema of the edges \hyperref[b5]{6} . They invade and destroy the skin, hair and nails. These diseases have been reported in various studies from developing countries as the most common dermatozed \hyperref[b6]{7,}\hyperref[b7]{8} . They are also responsible for most of the skin infections among school children \hyperref[b8]{9} .\par Fungal skin diseases constitute the majority of skin conditions seen by physicians in primary, secondary and tertiary health care centres in Nigeria \hyperref[b10]{[11]}\hyperref[b11]{[12]} .\par They make the individual uncomfortable, unsightly and present a cosmetically poor appearance \hyperref[b12]{13} . The situation is enhanced in a tropical country like Nigeria by warm humid weather, crowded living and poor sanitary conditions which are prevalent and support infection on human skin {\ref 14} .\par This study therefore seeks to investigate the rate of involvement of fungi and yeast in diverse kinds of skin diseases that present. \section[{II. Materials and Methods}]{II. Materials and Methods} \section[{a) Study Area}]{a) Study Area}\par This prospective study was carried out at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi NAUTH is the largest tertiary hospital and referral centre in Anambra State Nigeria. \section[{b) Subjects}]{b) Subjects}\par Individuals aged 1 year and older with varied skin disease referred to the mycology section of microbiology laboratory for further assessment were invited to participate and enrolled at the time of presentation to the laboratory. \section[{c) Sample Collection}]{c) Sample Collection}\par Skin scrappings, venous blood and aspirates (where applicable) from 100 patients with clinical cases of cutaneous infection were collected after thorough physical examination. The clinically apparent lesions described as dry, scaly and matted or seranguinous were cleaned with 70\% alcohol. Epidermal scales at the active edges of the lesions were scrapped using sterile surgical blades. The scrappings were collected in a piece paper, carefully folded and then placed in an envelope for storage in air-tight containers.\par Aspirates were taken from pustular lesions or nodules where present. After cleaning the arm, tourniquet was applied to dilate the upper arm and 1ml of venous blood was withdrawn from the cubital region of the forearm. These samples were properly labeled and a brief history of the disease taken. \section[{d) Processing of Samples}]{d) Processing of Samples}\par Each skin scrapping was inoculated onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) incorporated with 0.05mg/ml Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin 40mg/ ml. Duplicate inoculations were made. They were incubated at room temperature (25-28 0 C) and at 37 0 C respectively for 21 days, examining daily for fungal and / or yeast growths.\par Aspirates were also inoculated on SDA and incubated at 37 0 C for 48hours.\par One mililitre (ml) amount of blood specimens were introduced asceptically into 5ml of Sabouraud Dextrose Broth contained in MacCathney bottles. Duplicate inoculations were made. They were incubated at 37 0 C for 48 hours before being subcultured onto solid medium, SDA. Incubation of blood cultures and subsequent subculture onto SDA continued for 21 days after which negative cultures were discarded. \section[{e) Characterization and Identification of Isolates}]{e) Characterization and Identification of Isolates}\par The mycological identification was based on macroscopic and microscopic examination of culture isolates. Macroscopic examination of dermatophytes was characterized by duration of growth, surface morphology and pigment production on the reverse \hyperref[b13]{15} . Microscopic examination of fungal growth was observed with Lactophenol cotton blue stain. Nature of mycelium and conidia formation help to differentiate various genera and species \hyperref[b14]{16} .\par All cream to white-tan pasty colonies with characteristic yeast smell were stained by Gram's method examined microscopically. Budding yeast cells of Candida species were identified by germ tube formation, sugar fermentation and sugar assimilation \hyperref[b15]{17} .\par Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ethical committee of the hospital. All patients consented to participate in the study. \section[{III. Results}]{III. Results}\par A total of one hundred and fifty-seven samples consisting of 62 skin scrapings, 81 blood and 14 aspirates, collected from 100 patients were cultured. Culture of the skin scrapings revealed that 27(43.5\%) isolates yielded fungi whereas 18(29.0\%) of the isolates were yeast-like organisms. Eight (9.9\%) of the eight-one blood samples yielded yeast-like organisms. Similarly, 1 (7.1\%) of 14 aspirate samples cultured yielded a fungus and 2 (14.3\%) yeast-like organisms(Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}). Five species of dermatophytes were isolated from 100 patients who had superficial infections: Microsporum ferrugineum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. verrucosum and T. schoenleinn. T. mentagrophytes had the highest occurrence (50\%) followed by T. rubrum (18.2\%). Five yeast species including Candida albicans. C.tropicals, C.krusei, Rhodotorulla sp and Torulopsis, sp were also recovered from skin lesions. Torulopsis sp was the most occurring yeast (44.4\%) while C. krusei was the least occurring (5.6\%) Aspergillus niger was the most common filamentous fungi (44.4\%) isolated from the skin whereas A. flavus was the least recovered (11.1\%). Torulopsis sp (50\%) and Candida tropicals (50\%) were isolated from the blood as presented in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2} Fungi were isolated more from males (57.6\%) than from females (42.4\%). Similarly, yeasts were more frequently isolated from males (60.7\%) than females (39.3\%) Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3}. Different fungi and yeast species were isolated from various body sites (Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}). \section[{IV. Discussion}]{IV. Discussion}\par This study has revealed the skin as most susceptible to infections by fungi (43.5\%) and yeast (29.0\%) as compared to blood (0\%) and (9.9\%) respectively, lending credence to the work of Yahya et al. \hyperref[b16]{18} that skin is the most accessible organ to infection. The result of the species of dermatophytes isolated from skin diseases which include Microsporum ferrugineum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. verrucosum and T. schoenlleinii is in agreement with previous studies in Korea, Iran, India and Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. \hyperref[b17]{[19]}\hyperref[b18]{[20]}\hyperref[b19]{[21]}\hyperref[b20]{[22]}\hyperref[b21]{[23]} An earlier study carried out about 30 years ago in Eastern Nigeria 24 also isolated these dermatophytes. This implies that fungal infections are still highly prevalent in these areas. Trichophyton mentagrophytes, one of the several dermatophytes that cause cutaneous mycoses and T. rubrum were the most common dermatophytes isolated from skin lesions. This finding is in consonance with the work of Ta'ama et al \hyperref[b21]{23} who recovered T. mentagrophytes constantly and that of Kannan et al \hyperref[b20]{22} where T. rubrum was the most prevalent causative agent implicated in skin fungal infections.\par Majority of dermatophytes were isolated from scalp (Tinea capitis) of patients. Among these were two members of a family. It had been reported. \hyperref[b1]{2,} {\ref 14,}\hyperref[b23]{25} that frequent interchange, poor sanitary conditions, sharing of hair brushes, combs and hats have played some role in the spread of the disease. These conditions may be responsible for the observation made in the case of the two family members.\par Non-isolation of Trichophyton tonsurans from any of the clinically observed lesions in this study is a deviation from earlier reports. \hyperref[b22]{24,}\hyperref[b24]{26} in Eastern and Northern parts of Nigeria where this fungus was frequently encountered. The relative small sample size of this study may have accounted for it.\par In the screening for systemic involvements in patients with long standing skin diseases, Candida tropicalis (50\% of the total yeast, isolates made), Rhodotorula species (37.5\%) and Torulopsis species (12.5\%) were isolated. Previous studies \hyperref[b4]{5,}\hyperref[b25]{27} had shown that Torulopsis species and Candida tropicals, both opportunistic pathogens, were capable of establishing themselves in the blood. The patient's defenses may have been weakened by some other processes for these pathogens to be recorded from blood. Petmy et al \hyperref[b27]{28} reported that it may have been as a result of frequent usage of antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs and various conditions like organ transplantations, lymphoma, leukemia and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This study did not however, attempt to establish if there had been any previous but continuing disease, clinically or through laboratory diagnosis. However, some of the patients had been on antibiotics for long periods, a situation that may promote human infection by the yeasts. \hyperref[b15]{17} In one of the cases studied, Rhodotorula species, was isolated from the skin of an infant (1 year old). This condition may be the result of certain complications such as napkin dermatitis or due to no clearly defined pre-disposing factor.\par The pathogenic status of Candida tropicals and Torulopsis species was further highlighted in this study as these were isolated from aspirates.\par Prevalence of fungal skin infections in males and females were similar (33.0\% vs 28.0\%). Similar studies \hyperref[b17]{19,}\hyperref[b21]{23} supports our finding showing that large numbers of people are often affected by fungal skin diseases irrespective of their gender. \section[{V. Conclusion}]{V. Conclusion}\par Fungi and yeasts are involved in skin diseases. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most common dermatophyte while Torulopsis species was the highest occurring yeast involved in skin diseases. Prevalence in males and females were similar. \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.23181818181818178\textwidth}P{0.09659090909090909\textwidth}P{0.25113636363636366\textwidth}P{0.27045454545454545\textwidth}} Nature of sample\tabcellsep No examined\tabcellsep No positive for fungi (\%)\tabcellsep No positive for yeasts (\%)\\ Skin scrapings\tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep 27(43.5)\tabcellsep 18(29.0)\\ Blood\tabcellsep 81\tabcellsep 0(0)\tabcellsep 8(9.9)\\ Aspirate\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 1(7.1)\tabcellsep 2(14.3)\\ Total\tabcellsep 157\tabcellsep 28(17.8)\tabcellsep 28(17.8)\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5443493150684932\textwidth}P{0.19212328767123285\textwidth}P{0.04366438356164383\textwidth}P{0.06986301369863013\textwidth}} Fungal species\tabcellsep Skin\tabcellsep Blood\tabcellsep Aspirates\\ Dermatophyte\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Microsporum ferrugineum\tabcellsep 2(9.1)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ Trichophyton mentagrophytes\tabcellsep 11(50)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ T. rubrum\tabcellsep 4(18.2)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ T. verrucosum\tabcellsep 2(9.1)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ T. schoenleinii\tabcellsep 3(13.6)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ Total\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\ Filamentous fungi\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Aspergillus niger\tabcellsep 4(44.4)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ A. fumigates\tabcellsep 2(22.2)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ A. flavus\tabcellsep 1(11.1)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ Penicillium sp\tabcellsep 2(22.2)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 1(100)\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.13482758620689655\textwidth}P{0.30482758620689654\textwidth}P{0.14068965517241377\textwidth}P{0.2696551724137931\textwidth}} Gender\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{No of patients examined No positive for yeast}\tabcellsep No positive fungi (\%)\\ Males\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 17(31.5)\tabcellsep 19(35.2)\\ Females\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 11(23.9)\tabcellsep 14(30.4)\\ Total\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 28(28.0)\tabcellsep 33(33.0)\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.13483935742971886\textwidth}P{0.13654618473895583\textwidth}P{0.38915662650602406\textwidth}P{0.1894578313253012\textwidth}} Skin disease\tabcellsep Body site affected\tabcellsep Fungi isolated\tabcellsep Yeast isolated\\ Tinea capitis\tabcellsep Scalp\tabcellsep Microsporum ferrugineum\tabcellsep Candida tropicalis\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Trichophyton\tabcellsep Rhodotorulla sp\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep mentaphytes\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep T. rubrum\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Penicillium sp\tabcellsep \\ Tinea corporis\tabcellsep Hand, trunk face, groin\tabcellsep T. mentagrophytes\tabcellsep Candida krusei\\ \tabcellsep leg, buttocks\tabcellsep T. verrucosum\tabcellsep C. albicans\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Penicillium sp\tabcellsep Torulopsis sp\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep A. fumigatus ,A.niger\tabcellsep \\ Tinea imbricate\tabcellsep Breast\tabcellsep T. rubrum\tabcellsep -\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep T. mentagrophytes\tabcellsep \\ Paronychia\tabcellsep Toe web\tabcellsep T. schoenleinii\tabcellsep -\\ (Tinea unguium)\tabcellsep Toe nail\tabcellsep Penicillium sp\tabcellsep C. albicans\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep T. mentagrophytes\tabcellsep C. tropicalis\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep A. niger\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \backmatter \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Livingstone and London]{b26}\label{b26} \textit{}, Churchill Livingstone , London . p. . \bibitem[Cheesbrough and Mycology In ()]{b15}\label{b15} \textit{}, M Cheesbrough , Mycology In . \textit{Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries} 1984. 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