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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2016-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2016)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2016-01-15} \title{Study of Socio-Demographic Factors in Pre Labour Rupture of Membranes in Rural Area} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Dr. Arpita Jaiswal} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2015 Accepted: 3 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes (PLROM) is common obstetric problem and one of the most common clinical event where a pregnancy can turn into a high risk situation for mother as well as fetus. Present study was undertaken in a rural tertiary care institute located in central India with the aim to study the distribution and correlation of socio-demographic factors in PLROM. The overall incidence of PLROM is 6.02% of all deliveries during the study period. Majority belonged to age group of 21-25 years (57.62%). Occurrences of PROM was more among booked cases (61.90%). The incidence of PLROM was more in primigravida. \end{abstract} \keywords{} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par relabor rupture of the fetal membranes (PLROM) is defined as the rupture of membranes before the onset of labor. It is common obstetric problem and one of the most common clinical event where a traditional pregnancy can turn into a high risk situation for mother as well as fetus. When PLROM occurs, the fetus loses relative isolation and protection offered within the amniotic cavity.\par Epidemiological studies have identified several risk factors associated with PLROM. The mechanism of PLROM is unknown, no standards for diagnosis exist and most facets of management are controversial. Probabale maternal complications are chorioamnionitis (3-30\%), endometritis and placental abruption. Recurrence of PLROM may occur in 20\% cause. PLROM is a major cause for prematurity which leads to increase perinatal morbidity and mortality. PLROM cause 20\% of all neonatal deaths. \section[{a) AIM}]{a) AIM}\par Present study was undertaken with the aim to study the distribution and correlation of sociodemographic factors in PLROM. \section[{II. Material and Methods}]{II. Material and Methods}\par This prospective study was conducted in Department of obstetrics \& Gynecology, in a rural tertiary care institute located in central India. Pregnant women who reported with premature rupture of membranes at or after 34 completed weeks to 41 weeks of gestations, after obtaining ethical clearance from the local ethical committee were included in the study. Their case history, including previous and present obstetric history was taken in details, various demographic factors and different pre-exsitng congitions were studied in relation to PLROM. General examination and obstetric examination was done at the time of admission. A sterile Speculum examination was done and condition of vagina and cervix noted. Liquor drainining from the os was observed for the colour and odour. The specimen was collected and subjected to nitrazine test. Out of 105 women, 78 (74.28\%) were primigravida and 27(25.71\%) multigravida. Among 78 primigravida, 62 women reported with term PLROM at 37-41 weeks of gestation and 16 reported at 34-37 weeks of gestation with PPLROM. In women with PPLROM there were 16 primigravida and 5 multigravida, thus more primigravida had PPLROM. In women with term PLROM, there were 62 primigravida and 22 multigravida. Overall, there were more primigravida women with rupture of membranes. (Table {\ref -} Out of 105 women with premature rupture of membranes, 64 (60.95\%) were from the rural, and 41 (39.05\%) were from urban residence. Of the 64 rural women, 50(78.12\%) had term PLROM at 37-41 weeks of gestation and 14(21.87\%) had PPLROM at 34 to less than 37 weeks of gestation. Of the 41(39\%) urban women, 34(82.92\%) had term PLROM and 7(17.07\%) had PPLROM. (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{-3)} IV. \section[{III. Observations}]{III. Observations} \section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par Pre-labor rupture of membrane (PLROM) is the spontaneous rupture of membrane before the onset of labor. It is a relatively common obstetric event, occurring in approximately 5-10\% of all pregnancies 1 ; of these 80\% occur in term pregnancy \hyperref[b1]{2} . Simhan (2005) \hyperref[b2]{3} ; ACOG (2007) \hyperref[b3]{4} have suggested that PPLROM complicates 2 to 4\% of all singleton and 7 to 20\% of twin pregnancies. Getahun (2007) \hyperref[b4]{5} reported 5\% incidence of PLROM. Caughey (2008) \hyperref[b5]{6} , has reported that PPLROM complicates 2 to 20\% of all deliveries and is associated with 18 to 20\% of perinatal deaths. Pasquier 2005 \hyperref[b6]{7} in his prospective study has reported the incidence of PPLROM to be 14.3\% of all preterm deliveries and Obi 2007 8 reported that PPLROM accounts for 29.7\% of all preterm births. In a recent study, Caughey 2008 6 has reported that PPLROM complicates 2 to 20\% of all deliveries and is associated with 18 to 20\% of perinatal deaths. In our hospital, we have a protocol of doing per speculum examination at every antenatal visit, so that we diagnose the genital infections early and treat them accordingly, hence we have comparatively less incidence of PLROM in the present study.\par In the present study 10.4 \% were of less than 20 years of age and the majority (58\%) of cases belonged to the age group of 21-25 years. In the study done by Anjana Devi (1996), 6.9\% of cases belonged to age group of 20-29 years \hyperref[b9]{9} . Gandhi M et al 2012 reported highest incidence of PLROM in age group of 21-25 years \hyperref[b10]{10} .\par Ferguson 2002 \hyperref[b11]{11} and Melamed 2009 \hyperref[b12]{12} have reported the mean age of 30 years. Piazze 2007 from Italy reported the mean age of women with PPLROM as 33 years. This may be due to the fact that women in these countries marry at a later age compared to developing countries. Tavassoli 2010 \hyperref[b13]{13} from Iran has also reported the mean age 25.8 years, close to that of present study. Lim 2010 from Nova Scotia has reported the mean age of 28.4 years \hyperref[b14]{14} In the present study 60.9\% were rural similar to over all cases which is very similar to the study done by Gandhi M et al (2012) \hyperref[b10]{10} The occurrence of PLROM is more in booked cases in present study compared to unbooked cases. In the study by Anjana Devi 52\% were booked in the PLROM group compared to 63\% in control group \hyperref[b9]{9} .\par In our study total primigravida were 73.3\% and multigravida were 26.6\% which is similar to the study by Chaudhuri 2005 \hyperref[b15]{15} , where there were 75\% primigravida and 25\% multigravida. \section[{V. Conclusions}]{V. Conclusions}\par PLROM is an enigmatic condition associated with high risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The overall incidence of PLROM is 6.02\% of all deliveries during the study period. Majority belonged to age group of 21-25 years (57.62\%). Occurrences of PROM was more among booked cases (61.90\%). The incidence of PLROM was more in primigravidas (73.33\%) compared to multigravidas (26.67\%).Majority of women 60.5\% were rural. \section[{Conflict of Interest -Nil}]{Conflict of Interest -Nil}\par Volume XVI Issue III Version I \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}*}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png} \caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.3165637860082305\textwidth}P{0.08569958847736625\textwidth}P{0.12417695473251028\textwidth}P{0.1259259259259259\textwidth}P{0.11543209876543209\textwidth}P{0.08220164609053499\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Gestational age (weeks)}\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Antenatal Status}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 37-41\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 34-37\\ \tabcellsep Booked\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{53(50.47\%)}\tabcellsep 12(11.42\%)\tabcellsep 65(61.90\%)\\ Antenatal Status\tabcellsep Registered Emergency\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{26(24.76\%) 7(6.66\%)}\tabcellsep 5(4.76\%) 2(1.90\%)\tabcellsep 31(29.52\%) 9(8.57\%)\\ \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{86(81.90\%)}\tabcellsep 19(18.09\%)\tabcellsep 105(100\%)\\ \tabcellsep \% 2 -value\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1.31\\ \tabcellsep p-value\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.51, NS, p>0.05\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{65(61.9\%) in the study group were booked,}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{(p>0.05) between antenatal status and gestational age}\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{31(29.5\%) were registered only and 9(8.57\%) came in}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{at PLROM. (Table 1)}\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{emergency. Overall there was no significant difference}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.15\textwidth}P{0.18333333333333335\textwidth}P{0.14444444444444446\textwidth}P{0.036111111111111115\textwidth}P{0.3361111111111111\textwidth}} Age(yrs)\tabcellsep Parity\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Gestational age (weeks) 37-41 34-37}\tabcellsep Total\\ <20 yrs\tabcellsep Primi\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 11(10.47\%)\\ \tabcellsep Multi\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1(0.95\%)\\ 21-25 yrs\tabcellsep Primi\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 95(45.24\%)\\ \tabcellsep Multi\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 26(12.38\%)\\ 26-30 yrs\tabcellsep Primi\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 35(16.67\%)\\ \tabcellsep Multi\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 21(10\%)\\ 31-35 yrs\tabcellsep Primi\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 3(1.43\%)\\ \tabcellsep Multi\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 6(2.86\%)\\ >36 yrs\tabcellsep Primi\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0(0\%)\\ \tabcellsep Multi\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2(0.95\%)\\ Total\tabcellsep Primi\tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 78(74.28\%)\\ \tabcellsep Multi\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 27(25.71\%)\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: ? x2 -vaue=5.89, p-value=0.65, NS, p>0.05]} \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.1315186246418338\textwidth}P{0.16805157593123207\textwidth}P{0.20702005730659026\textwidth}P{0.043839541547277934\textwidth}P{0.29957020057306594\textwidth}} Age(yrs)\tabcellsep Residence\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Gestational age(weeks)}\tabcellsep Total\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 37-41\tabcellsep 34-37\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Rural\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 13(6.19\%)\\ <20 yrs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Urban\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 9(4.29\%)\\ \tabcellsep Rural\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 79(37.62\%)\\ 21-25 yrs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Urban\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 42(20\%)\\ \tabcellsep Rural\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 31(14.76\%)\\ 26-30 yrs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Urban\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 25(11.90\%)\\ \tabcellsep Rural\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 4(1.90\%)\\ 31-35 yrs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Urban\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 5(2.38\%)\\ \tabcellsep Rural\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1(0.48\%)\\ >36 yrs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Urban\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1(0.48\%)\\ Total\tabcellsep Rural\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 64(60.95\%)\\ \tabcellsep Urban\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 41(39.05\%)\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{? x2-vaue=3.57, p-value=0.47, NS, p>0.05}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} came from rural area and 147 (38.3\%) were from urban\\ area.\\ Year 2016\\ Volume XVI Issue III Version I\\ D D D D ) E\\ (\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} \footnote{© 2 016 Global Journals Inc. (US) Study of Socio-Demographic Factors in Pre Labour Rupture of Membranes in Rural Area} \footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) Study of Socio-Demographic Factors in Pre Labour Rupture of Membranes in Rural Area} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgement -Nil}]{Acknowledgement -Nil}\par Bibliography \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[ European journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproducive Biology ()]{b7}\label{b7} \textit{}, \textit{European journal of Obstetrics \& Gynecology and Reproducive Biology} 2005. 121 (2) p. . \bibitem[80: premature rupture of membranes. Clinical management guideline for obstetrician-gynaecologists ACGO. Practice Bulletin (2007)]{b3}\label{b3} ‘80: premature rupture of membranes. Clinical management guideline for obstetrician-gynaecologists’. \textit{ACGO. Practice Bulletin} 2007 Apr 109. (4) p. . \bibitem[Getahun et al. 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