@incollection{,
	
					
					
					0B9C23162EE3A12D441F8A71CF45A74A
					,
	note={Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)}
				,
	author={{Mohamed MohamudAbib} and {Jigjiga university}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Medical Research}},
	journal={{GJMR}}2249-46180975-588810.34257/GJMR,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1663961
}

@book{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{WHO: Female Genital Mutilation An overview}}
		
			,
	year={1998}
			
			,
	address={Geneva, Switzerland}
		
	

}

@book{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{UNFPA: Global Consultation on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting}}
		
			,
	year={2009}
		
	
	,
	note={Technical Report}

}

@book{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{Programmes to date: what works and what doesn't? A review}}
		
			,
	year={2009}
			,
	address={Geneva}
		
	
	,
	note={WHO: Female genital mutilation}

}

@book{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{United Nations Children's Fund: Female genital mutilation/female genital cutting: a statistical report}}
		
			,
	year={2005}
			
		
	

}

@book{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{WHO: Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement}}
		,
	author={{
			UndpUnaids
		} and {
			Uneca
		} and {
			Unesco
		} and {
			Unfpa
		} and {
			Unhchr
		} and {
			Unhcr
		} and {
			UnifemUnicef
		} and {
			Who
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={2008}
			
			,
	address={Geneva, World}
		
	

}

@incollection{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation: A Matter of human rights: An advocate's guide to action}}
		,
	author={{
			Center For Reproductive
		} and {
			Rights
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Center for reproductive rights}}
				New York
		
			,
	year={2006}
		
	
	,
	note={2nd Ed}

}

@book{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{National legislation against female genital mutilation}}
		,
	author={{
			FBanda
		}}
		
			,
	year={2003}
			,
	publisher={German Technical Cooperation}
			,
	address={Esh born, Germany}
		
	

}

@book{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation in Africa. An analysis of current abandonment approaches}}
		,
	author={{
			Path I
		}}
		
			,
	year={2005}
			,
	address={Nairobi: Kenya}
		
	

}

@book{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{WHO: Female Genital Mutilation: a joint WHO/ UNICEF/UNFPA statement}}
		
			,
	year={1997}
			,
	publisher={WHO}
			,
	address={Geneva, Switzerland}
		
	

}

@book{b9,
	
	
		,
	title={{UNICEF: Female genital mutilation/cutting among Iraqi Kurdistan}}
		
			,
	year={2013}
			
		
	

}

@book{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{central statistical agency and ORC Macro}}
		,
	author={{
			Central Statistical Agency
		} and {
			Macro
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2005. 2006}
			,
	address={Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Calverton, Maryland}
		
	
	,
	note={Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey}

}

@book{b11,
	
	
		,
	author={{
			YKitaw
		} and {
			FHailemeskel
		} and {
			ADejene
		}}
		
		
		,
	title={{Old beyond Imaginings: Ethiopia Harmful Traditional Practices}}
				Addis Ababa
		
			,
	publisher={EGLDAM}
			,
	year={2008}
		
	
	,
	note={2nd edition}

}

@incollection{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{Prevalence and associated factors of female genital mutilation among Somali refugees in Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study}}
		,
	author={{
			MGetnet
		} and {
			DWakgari
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{BMC Public Health}}
		
			9
			264
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@book{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{Centre spring Eradicating Female genital mutilation in Ethiopia}}
		
			,
	year={2000}
		
	
	,
	note={Population media}

}

@book{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation; a guide to laws and policies worldwide. Zed books}}
		,
	author={{
			ARahman
		} and {
			NFToubia
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2000}
			,
	address={London, New York}
		
	

}

@incollection{b15,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital cutting: the beginning of the end}}
		,
	author={{
			BShell-Duncan
		} and {
			HYlva
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Female "Circumcision" in Africa. Culture, Controversy, and Change}}
				,
	editor={
			BShell-Duncan
			YHernlund
		}
		Colo, USA
		
			,
	publisher={Lynne Rienner Publishing}
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@book{b16,
	
	
		,
	title={{World Health Organization: Female Genital Mutilation Programmes to Date; what works and what doesn't}}
		
			,
	year={1999}
		
	

}

@incollection{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{tal: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of FGM among women in jigjiga town, Eastern Ethiopia; a cross-sectional study}}
		,
	author={{
			AMuktar
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Gaziantep med j}}
		
			19
			3
			
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation: prevalence, perceptions and effect on women's health in Kersa district of Ethiopia}}
		,
	author={{
			SWondimu
		} and {
			ANega
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Women's Health}}
		
			2012
			
		
	

}

@book{b19,
	
	
		,
	title={{Lessons learned from family planning and reproductive health}}
		,
	author={{
			KincaidPiotrow
		}}
		
			,
	year={1997}
		
	
	,
	note={Praeger publishing}

}

@incollection{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{Interventions to reduce the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting in African countries}}
		,
	author={{
			RCBerg
		} and {
			EDenison
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Campbell Systematic Reviews}}
		
			2012
			9
		
	

}

@incollection{b21,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nebreed: Prevalence of female genital mutilation and attitude of mothers towards it in serbo town. A cross-sectional study}}
		,
	author={{
			AAbate
		} and {
			MKifle
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Ethiop J Health Sci}}
		
			12
			2
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

@book{b22,
	
	
		,
	title={{The Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation from a Health Provider's Perspective. 47th World Health Assembly}}
		,
	author={{
			HRushwan
		}}
		
			,
	year={1994}
			,
	address={Geneva, Swizerland}
		
	

}

@book{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females; Third Revised Edition: Women's International Network News Publishing}}
		,
	author={{
			FHosken
		}}
		
			,
	year={1982}
			439
		
	

}

@book{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Population Reference Bureau: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Data and Trends, Update}}
		
			,
	year={2010. 2010}
			,
	address={Washington, D.C, USA}
		
	
	,
	note={Population reference Bureau}

}

@book{b25,
	
	
		,
	title={{World Bank: Female Genital Mutilation/cutting in Somalia}}
		
			,
	year={2004}
			,
	publisher={World Bank}
			,
	address={Hargaisa, Somalia}
		
	

}

@book{b26,
	
	
		,
	title={{Getachew I: Fighting Female Genital Mutilation/ cutting in Ethiopia's Somali region}}
		
			,
	year={2006}
			,
	address={Addis Ababa: UNICEF}
		
	

}

@book{b27,
	
	
		,
	title={{Report of female genital mutilation (FGM) or female genital cutting (FGC)}}
		
			,
	year={2001}
			,
	address={Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}
		
		
			United States Department of State Ethiopia
		
	

}

@book{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation and birth complications, Jijiga town}}
		,
	author={{
			GTewodros
		}}
		
			,
	address={Eastern Ethiopia}
		
	

}

@incollection{b29,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Ethiopian Journal of Health Development}}
		
			14
			3
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

@book{b30,
	
	
		,
	title={{Factors Associated with Perceived Continuation of Females' Genital Mutilation among Women in Ethiopia, Survey of secondary data obtained from EDHS}}
		,
	author={{
			FZenebe
		}}
		
			,
	year={2005. 2005}
		
	

}

@book{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{WHO. An update on WHO work on female genital mutilation}}
		
			,
	year={2011}
		
	
	,
	note={Progress report}

}

@book{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation fact sheets}}
		
			,
	year={Forward 2005}
		
	

}

@book{b33,
	
	
		,
	title={{Care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting}}
		,
	author={{
			AJasmine
		} and {
			MChristine
		} and {
			BMichel
		} and {
			IOliver
		}}
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={2011}
			415
			
		
	

}

@book{b34,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation teaching module. FGM education program for the New Zealand Ministry of Health}}
		,
	author={{
			Ministry Of Health New
		} and {
			Zealand
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={Nov, 2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries}}
		,
	author={{
			EBanks
		} and {
			OMeirik
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet}}
		
			367
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@book{b36,
	
	
		,
	title={{The consequences of female genital mutilation, from African women organization}}
		
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@book{b37,
	
	
		,
	title={{The controversy of female genital mutilation}}
		,
	author={{
			Irin
		}}
		
			,
	year={2006}
			154
			
			,
	address={Nairobi: IRIN}
		
	

}

@incollection{b38,
	
	
		,
	title={{Posttraumatic stress disorder and memory problems after female genital mutilation}}
		,
	author={{
			ABehrendt
		} and {
			SMoritz
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Am J Psychiatry}}
		
			162
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b39,
	
	
		,
	title={{Prevalence of female genital cutting among Egyptian girls}}
		,
	author={{
			MAGadallah
		} and {
			Al-TayebMn
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Bull World Health Organ}}
		
			86
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@book{b40,
	
	
		,
	title={{A: Changing a Harmful Social Convention: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting}}
		,
	author={{
			Lewnes
		}}
		
			,
	year={2005}
			,
	address={Florence: UNICEF}
		
	

}

@incollection{b41,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation: have we made progress?}}
		,
	author={{
			NFToubia
		} and {
			EHSharief
		}}
		
		10.1016/S0020-7292(03)002
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int J Gynecol Obstet}}
		
			6
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@book{b42,
	
	
		,
	title={{Behavior change towards female genital mutilation: lessons learned from Africa and Europe}}
		,
	author={{
			ELeye
		} and {
			BSoetkin
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@book{b43,
	
	
		,
	title={{Learning about Social Change. A research evaluation guidebook using Female Genital Mutilation as a Case Study}}
		,
	author={{
			SIzett
		} and {
			NFToubia
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={1999}
			,
	address={Rainbo; New York. USA}
		
	

}

@book{b44,
	
	
		,
	title={{Family Health International: Behavior Change Communication (BCC) for HIV/AIDS: a strategic framework}}
		
			,
	year={2002}
			,
	address={Arlington, USA}
		
	

}

@incollection{b45,
	
	
		,
	title={{W: Rethinking conceptual approaches to behavior change: the importance of context}}
		,
	author={{
			Parker
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Communicating AIDS needs project/CAN}}
				
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b46,
	
	
		,
	title={{A statistical study to estimate the prevalence of female genital mutilation in England and Wales}}
		,
	author={{
			EDorkenoo
		} and {
			LMorison
		} and {
			AMacfarlane
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Summary report}}
		
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@book{b47,
	
	
		,
	title={{GTZ: Addressing female genital mutilation; Challenges and perspectives for health programmes. Part I: select approaches}}
		
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b48,
	
	
		,
	title={{Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Population and Houses Census Commission}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census}}
				
			,
	year={2008}
			
		
		
			Central Statistical Agency
		
	

}

@incollection{b49,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries}}
		,
	author={{
			EBanks
		} and {
			OMeirik
		} and {
			TFarley
		} and {
			OAkande
		} and {
			HBathija
		} and {
			MAli
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet}}
		
			367
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b50,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation in eastern Ethiopia}}
		,
	author={{
			KMissailidis
		} and {
			MGebre-Medhin
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet}}
		
			356
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@incollection{b51,
	
	
		,
	title={{Male complications of female genital mutilation}}
		,
	author={{
			LAlmroth
		} and {
			VAlmroth-Berggren
		} and {
			OMHassanein
		} and {
			Al-SaidSs
		} and {
			SSHasan
		} and {
			UBLithell
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Soc Sci Med}}
		
			53
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@book{b52,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation in the Sudan: survey of the attitude of the Khartoum University students towards this practice. Sexually Transmitted Infect}}
		,
	author={{
			EHerieka
		} and {
			JDhar
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2003}
			79
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b53,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation: the ethical impact of the new Italian law}}
		,
	author={{
			ETurillazzi
		} and {
			VFineschi
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Med Ethics}}
		
			33
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b54,
	
	
		,
	title={{Have we made progress in Somalia after 30 years of interventions? Attitudes toward female circumcision among people in the Hargeisa district}}
		,
	author={{
			AAGele
		} and {
			BPBø
		} and {
			JSundby
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{BMC Res Notes}}
		
			6
			122
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b55,
	
	
		,
	title={{Study of a custom in Somalia: the circumcision of girls}}
		,
	author={{
			FBayoudh
		} and {
			SBarrak
		} and {
			BenFredj
		} and {
			NAllani
		} and {
			RHamdi
		} and {
			M
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Med Trop (Mars)}}
		
			55
			3
			
			,
	year={1995}
		
	

}

@incollection{b56,
	
	
		,
	title={{Campaigning against female genital mutilation in Ethiopia using popular education}}
		,
	author={{
			BSpadacini
		} and {
			PNichols
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Gend}}
		
			6
			2
			
			,
	year={Dev1998}
		
	

}

@incollection{b57,
	
	
		,
	title={{Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Women Towards Female Genital Mutilation in Lejet Kebele, Dembecha Woreda, Amhara Regional State}}
		,
	author={{
			ANurilign
		} and {
			MGetechew
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics}}
		
			3
			2
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b58,
	
	
		,
	title={{Impact of a communication programme on female genital cutting in eastern Nigeria}}
		,
	author={{
			SBabalola
		} and {
			ABrasington
		} and {
			AAgbasimalo
		} and {
			AHelland
		} and {
			ENwanguma
		} and {
			NOnah
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Trop Med Int Health}}
		
			11
			10
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b59,
	
	
		,
	title={{Prevalence and determinants of the practice of genitalmutilation of girls in Khartum}}
		,
	author={{
			ASatti
		} and {
			SElmusharaf
		} and {
			HBedri
		} and {
			TIdris
		} and {
			MskHashim
		} and {
			GISuliman
		} and {
			LAlmroth
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Ann Trop Paediatr}}
		
			26
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@book{b60,
	
	
		,
	title={{Swedish legislation regarding "female genital mutilation" and implementation of the law, evaluating the impact of existing legislation in Europe with regard to female genital mutilation}}
		,
	author={{
			SJohnsdotter
		}}
		
		
			Ghent University International Center for Reproductive Health
		
	

}

@incollection{b61,
	
	
		,
	title={{changing attitudes}}
		,
	author={{
			SEMsuya
		} and {
			EMbizvo
		} and {
			AHussain
		} and {
			JSundby
		} and {
			NESam
		} and {
			BStray-Pedersen
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Female genital cutting in Kilimmanjaro}}
		
			7
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	
	,
	note={Trop Med Int Health}

}

@incollection{b62,
	
	
		,
	title={{Attitudes towards the discontinuation of female genital cutting among men and women in Guinea}}
		,
	author={{
			AJGage
		} and {
			RVRossem
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int J Gynecol Obstet}}
		
			92
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@book{b63,
	
	
		,
	title={{Swedish legislation regarding "female genital mutilation" and implementation of the law, evaluating the impact of existing legislation in Europe with regard to female genital mutilation}}
		,
	author={{
			SJohnsdotter
		}}
		
		
			Ghent University International Center for Reproductive Health
		
	

}

@book{b64,
	
	
		,
	title={{The FGM legislation implemented: experiences from Sweden}}
		,
	author={{
			JSara
		}}
		
			,
	year={Jan, 2009}
		
		
			Malmö University
		
	

}

@book{b65,
	
	
		,
	title={{Good practices in legislation on "harmful practices" against women}}
		
			,
	year={2009}
			,
	address={New York: UN}
		
	
	,
	note={United Nations}

}

@book{b66,
	
	
		,
	title={{Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH. Good practice: harmonising traditional norms and national law in Ethiopia}}
		
			,
	year={2008}
			,
	publisher={GTZ}
			,
	address={Eschborn}
		
	

}

@incollection{b67,
	
	
		,
	title={{Factors associated with female genital mutilation in Burkina Faso and its policy implications}}
		,
	author={{
			BKarmaker
		} and {
			NBKandala
		} and {
			DChung
		} and {
			AClarke
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int J Equity Health}}
		
			10
			20
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@book{b68,
	
	
		,
	title={{Female genital mutilation in the Sudan: survey of the attitude of the Khartoum University students towards this practice. Sexually Transmitted Infect}}
		,
	author={{
			EHerieka
		} and {
			JDhar
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2003}
			79
			
		
	

}