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}{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Mekonnen Tegegne} \author[2]{Semere Sileshi} \author[3]{Tesfaye Assefa} \author[4]{Abdurrahman Kalu} \affil[1]{ Madda Walabu University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 10 December 2015 Accepted: 4 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Background: Despite the fact that, Having adequate information on the nutritional status of adolescent girls do have paramount importance to foster a healthy transition from childhood to adulthood and to broken the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition, in Ethiopia particularly in the study area information regarding the nutritional status of adolescents is lacking.Methods and procedure: An institution based cross sectional study design was employed. A total of 598 adolescent school girls were selected using simple random sampling methods. Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Anthropo-metric measurements were converted to height-for age z-scores and BMI-for-age zscores using WHO Anthroplus software. The nutritional status of the study subjects were classified as stunted (HAZ < =2SD) and thin (BAZ < ?2 SDD). Data were Analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive statistics was done. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with stunting and thinness. \end{abstract} \keywords{adolescents girls, nutritional status, stunting, thinness.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{I. Background}]{I. Background}\par orld Health Organization (WHO) defined adolescent as the period of life from 10 to 19 years. Adolescents constitute 20\% of the world population and about 25\% of the populations of Ethiopia are adolescent.\par This period is very crucial since it is the formative years in the life of an individual when major physical, psychological and behavioral changes take place {\ref (1, 2, and 3)}. During this period, adolescents gain up to 50\% of their adult weight, 20\% or more than that of their adult height and 50\% of their adult skeletal mass. Owing to these, nutritional requirements at this period are maximal, combined with poor eating habits and other considerations, e.g. menstruation, contribute to accentuating the potential risk for adolescents under nutrition \hyperref[b3]{(4,}\hyperref[b4]{5)}.\par Malnutrition is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and affects the reproductive outcome in adolescent girls. Moreover, undernourished adolescents tend to be ultimately malnourished adults, give birth to small babies, and transmitting under nutrition to future generation \hyperref[b5]{(6)}.\par In general adolescent girls are the worst sufferers of the ravages of various forms of malnutrition because of their increased nutritional needs and low social power \hyperref[b6]{(7)}.\par Like other developing countries of the world, under nutrition remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Among the women, 17 \% had chronic energy deficiency (BMI < 18.5), 6 \% had experiencing nightblindness in their most recent pregnancy, 27 \% had anemia. This clearly reflects that rate of malnutrition in Ethiopia is high \hyperref[b7]{(8)}.\par Despite the fact that, Having adequate evidences and information on the prevalence of stunting and thinness and associated factors among adolescent girls do have paramount important for planning, initiating and implementing of intervention programs to broken the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition and to to foster a healthy transition from childhood to adulthood, information regarding the nutritional status of adolescents in the study area is lacking.\par Therefore, the study sets out to address the issues related to prevalence rat of underweight and stunting and its associated factors among adolescent girls in Goba town, south East Ethiopia. \section[{II. Methods}]{II. Methods} \section[{b) Study Area}]{b) Study Area}\par This study was conducted in Goba town, South East Ethiopia. Goba town is situated at 445km south east from the capital Addis Ababa. In the town, currently there are 21 schools of which 11 are governmental and 10 are privates. In the town there are One Referral Hospital and two health centres. \section[{c) Sample size determination and sampling Methods}]{c) Sample size determination and sampling Methods}\par The sample size was calculated using single population proportion formula by considering the following assumptions. Proportion of adolescents with thinness (p= 58.3\%) from previous study done among rural adolescent girls in Tigray, Margin of error as 5\%, confidence level at 95 \%, non response rate of 10 \% and design effect 1.5. The final sample size for this study was 617.\par A total of 617 adolescent girls were selected from both governmental and private schools. Subjects were selected by stratifying the total schools into governmental and nongovernmental schools. Then, two primary and one high school from governmental schools and two primary school from private schools were selected using lottery method. Then the study subjects were stratified per study classes and determined sample size was allocated proportionally. Finally, Simple Random Sampling was used to selected study subjects from respective classes using the registrar record as the sampling frame. Thinness: BMI-for-age below the 5 th percentile of the 2007 WHO reference population \hyperref[b19]{(18)}.\par Stunting: Height-for-age below -2Z scores of the 2007 WHO Reference population \hyperref[b19]{(18)}.\par Adequate Dietary Diversity: Proportion of adolescent girls who received mean values or above of foods from nine food groups (20).\par Inadequate Dietary Diversity: Proportion of adolescent girls who received less than mean values of foods from nine food groups (20). f) Data collection methods and Measurement Data were collected using a questionnaire adopted from Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, different literatures and FAO food grouping method, which were designed to assess Demographic and Socio -Economic Characteristics, Health and Household Environment related characteristics and Meal pattern and Dietary diversity score related characteristics. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1kg using calibrated digital weight scales in standing position with light cloths and bare foot. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1cm using height measuring Stadiometer in standing position. Data were collected by six diploma nurses working in the study area. \section[{g) Data Quality Control}]{g) Data Quality Control}\par Training was given for data collectors on aim of the study, sampling methods and Anthropometric Measurements. Questionnaires were pretested on adolescent school girls found outside the sampled schools. Scales were carefully handled and periodically calibrated by placing standard calibration weights of 2 kg iron bars on the scale to ascertain accuracy. h) Data analysis Data were Analysis using SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the study population in relation to relevant variables. Anthropometric measurements were converted to height-for age z-scores and BMI-for-age z-scores using WHO Anthroplus software. The nutritional status of the study subjects were classified as stunted (HAZ < =2SD) and thin (BAZ < ?2 SD) \hyperref[b8]{(9)}.\par Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with stunting and thinness. Then the variables found significantly associated with the study outcomes were included in multiple logistic regressions to identify the independent predictors of thinness and stunting. Finally, P value of less than 0.05 was used to declare significance. \section[{i) Ethical considerations}]{i) Ethical considerations}\par Letter of Ethical approval was received from Madda Walabu University ethical clearance committee. Official letter of co-operation was also obtained from Goba town education office and from each school directors. Individual assent and parental consent for those participants <18 years and consent (> 18 years) was secured after a brief explanation about the procedure. The participants were also assured about the Confidentiality data. \section[{a) Demographic and Socio -Economic Characteristics}]{a) Demographic and Socio -Economic Characteristics}\par A total of 598 adolescent girls aged 10-19 years were included in the final analysis among 617 which make a response rate 97.2 \%. The mean (± SD) age of study subjects were 13.5 (±1.9) years.\par Three Hundred sixty four (60.9\%) of the respondent were orthodox Christians. Majority of the respondent were from Grade four 133 (22.2 \%.). Majority of the respondents were urban dwellers 573 (95.8\%).\par Regarding the Educational level of mothers of the respondents, 200 (33.4\%) were attended secondary school, 73 (12.2\%) were illiterate, 188 (31.4\%) can only read and write and only 49 (8.2\%) were attended college and university.\par Governmental employment and House wife were the predominant occupation of the father and mothers, 204 (44.1) and 347 (58\%) respectively (Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}). \section[{b) Health and Household Environment related characteristics of Adolescent girls}]{b) Health and Household Environment related characteristics of Adolescent girls}\par The common sources of drinking water for most adolescent girls were Private Water pipe 506 (84.5\%). Almost all of the adolescent girls, 589 (98.5 \%) reported that they have home latrine. Nearly half the respondent reported that home gardening was available in their home. 0f the respondents 283 (47.3 \%) had begins their menstruation (Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}). \section[{c) Meal pattern and Dietary diversity score related characteristics}]{c) Meal pattern and Dietary diversity score related characteristics}\par Five hundred seventy four (96 \%) of the study subjects reported that they were consumed the three regular meal in the preceding day. About 115 (19.2 \%) skips their regular meals in the previous week.\par Two Hundred seventh one (45.3\%) of the respondents practiced adequate dietary diversity (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3}). \section[{d) Prevalence of thinness and stunting among adolescent girls}]{d) Prevalence of thinness and stunting among adolescent girls}\par The overall prevalence of thinness, low body mass index-for-age Z score less than < ?2SD among school adolescent girls found were 125 (20.9 \%) while the prevalence of stunting, height-for-age Z Scores less than ?2 SD were 71 (11.9 \%) (Table \hyperref[tab_4]{4}). e) Factors associated with thinness and stunting among school adolescent girls i. Factors associated with Thinness Thinness, low body mass index-for-age Z score less than < ?2SD was significantly associated with Age of the respondent and educational status of mother.\par Early adolescent girls (age <=14) were 1.7 (AOR =1.7, 95\% CI: 2.2 -19.1) times more likely to become thinner as compared to late adolescent girls (age >=14).\par Adolescent girls whose mothers had no formal education were 9.6 (AOR=9.6 CI: 2.6 -23.3), mothers who can read and write were 7.6 (AOR =7.6, 95\% CI: 2.2 -19.1) and mothers who had primary education were 5.2 (AOR= 5.2, 95\%CI: 1.4 -17.4) times more likely to be thin as compared to those mothers who are above college and education level (Table \hyperref[tab_5]{5}).\par ii. Factors associated with stunting Stunting, height-for-age Z Scores less than ?2 SD was significantly associated with dietary diversity practice and Menstruation status of adolescent girls.\par Adolescent girls with inadequate dietary diversity were 2.7 (AOR =2.7, 95\% CI: 1.5-5.04) times more likely to be stunted as compared their counterpart. Adolescent girls who begin menstruation were 8 (AOR =.20, 95\% CI: 0.03 -0.401) times less likely to be stunted as compared to those who didn't begin their menstruation yet \hyperref[b4]{(5)}. In recent year, Ethiopia has made progress in reducing maternal mortality, while these achievements are encouraging, sustainable results are not expected if the nutritional status of adolescent girls is neglected. \section[{IV. Discussion}]{IV. Discussion} \section[{Global Journal of}]{Global Journal of} \begin{quote} Medical Research\end{quote} \par As can be noted multivirate logistic regression the likelihood of being thin was found to be significant among early adolescent (age <=14) compared to late (age >=14) adolescent girls. The finding of this study is This study found that the prevalence of thinness was 11.9\%. This finding is relatively similar with the national nutrition baseline survey report for the NNP of Ethiopia (14\%) \hyperref[b7]{(8)}, studies done in Agarfa Ethiopia (13.6) \hyperref[b9]{(10)} and Hyryana, India 13.7\%) \hyperref[b10]{(11)}. However this prevalence is higher than the finding of previous study done in Addis Ababa Ethiopia (6.2 \%) \hyperref[b11]{(12)}. Moreover, this prevalence is lower than a previous study done in Kenya (15.6 \%) \hyperref[b12]{(13)}, Bangladesh (26\%) \hyperref[b14]{(14)} and Tigray region in northern Ethiopia (58.3\%) \hyperref[b6]{(7)}. This difference may be due to the differences in socioeconomic, culture, feeding habits, environmental factors, and public service utilization of the community in the study area.\par The current study found that prevalence of stunting, height-for-age Z Scores less than ?2 SD was 20.9\%. It was lower than the findings of previous study done in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia \hyperref[b6]{(7)}. This may be due to time gap and set up differences. In this study majority of the respondents were urban dwellers but in the previous study the respondents were from rural community. Similarly it also lower than the prevalence reported from Bangladesh and Nigeria (32\% and 57.8\%) \hyperref[b10]{(11,}\hyperref[b16]{15)}. The possible reasons for the difference could be due to cultural difference and dietary intake. But the finding of this study is higher than the finding of previous study done in {\ref Kenya (12.1\%}). This may be due to time gap and socio-economical differences.\par comparable with the study done in Amhara Regional State, north western part of Ethiopia \hyperref[b18]{(17)}. This could be because of the early growth spurt seen in the girls with sudden increase in height in early age group.\par In the present study Educational status of mother was important socio-demographic factor which showed significant association with thinness. Adolescent girls whose mothers had no formal education were 9.6 (AOR 9.6 (95\% CI 2.6 -23.3), mothers who can read and write were 7.6 (AOR 7.6 (95\% 2.2 -19.1) and mothers who had primary education were 5.2 (AOR 5.2 {\ref (1.4 -17.4}) times more likely to be thin as compared to those mothers who are college and above education level. This finding is supported by previous study conducted in Bangladesh \hyperref[b10]{(11)}. This can be explained as educated mother adopt better caring practices for better allocate family resources for nutrition and have health decision-making power which ultimately affect the nutritional status of the children This study reveals that Adolescent girls who begun menstruation early were 8 times less likely to be stunted than their counterpart. This finding is in line with the finding of study done in Kenya ( {\ref 13}). This may be explained by the fact that delay in bagging of menstruation of respondents may be a sign of malnutrition, as nutritional status of adolescent girls deteriorate, they start menstruation late.\par Adolescent girls who practice adequate dietary diversity were 2.7 times more likely to be stunted as compared their counterpart in the past 24 hours. This may be explained by the fact that intake of divers diet increase likelihood of meeting the nutritional requirement of adolescent\par The major limitation of this study was, it relay only on anthropometric measurements to determine the nutritional status of adolescent girls. . \section[{V. Conclusion}]{V. Conclusion}\par The overall prevalence of thinness and stunting in the study area is high. The risk of thinness and stunting is high among early adolescent girls, adolescent girls with less educated mothers and adolescent girls who had inadequate dietary diversity practice.\par School-based nutrition program that focus on diversified diet consumption and promote education of women is highly recommended. The authors' responsibilities were as follows. MT conceived and designed the study, performed analysis and interpretation of data and drafted the manuscript. SS Participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. TA Participated in the design of the study, writing of results and discussion and has been involved in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. AK wrote the paper. \section[{Lists of Tables}]{Lists of Tables}\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.1732336956521739\textwidth}P{0.4296195652173913\textwidth}P{0.10509510869565217\textwidth}P{0.1420516304347826\textwidth}} \tabcellsep Category\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep percent\\ Age\tabcellsep 10-14\tabcellsep 417\tabcellsep 69.7\\ \tabcellsep 15-19\tabcellsep 181\tabcellsep 30.3\\ Religion\tabcellsep orthodox\tabcellsep 364\tabcellsep 60.9\\ \tabcellsep Muslim\tabcellsep 167\tabcellsep 27.9\\ \tabcellsep catholic\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 2.8\\ \tabcellsep Protestant\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 8.4\\ Place of residence\tabcellsep Urban\tabcellsep 573\tabcellsep 95.8\\ \tabcellsep Rural\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 4.2\\ Type of school\tabcellsep Governmental school\tabcellsep 380\tabcellsep 63.5\\ \tabcellsep Private school\tabcellsep 218\tabcellsep 36.5\\ Educational status of father\tabcellsep Illiterate\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 6\\ \tabcellsep Read and write\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 24.9\\ \tabcellsep Primary school\tabcellsep 98\tabcellsep 16.6\\ \tabcellsep Secondary school\tabcellsep 170\tabcellsep 28.4\\ \tabcellsep Collage and above\tabcellsep 144\tabcellsep 24.1\\ Occupation of father\tabcellsep Governmental employee\tabcellsep 204\tabcellsep 44.1\\ \tabcellsep Farmer\tabcellsep 126\tabcellsep 21.1\\ \tabcellsep Daily labourer\tabcellsep 84\tabcellsep 14.0\\ \tabcellsep Merchant\tabcellsep 121\tabcellsep 20.2\\ \tabcellsep Other\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0.5\\ Educational status of mother\tabcellsep Illiterate\tabcellsep 73\tabcellsep 12.2\\ \tabcellsep Read and write\tabcellsep 188\tabcellsep 31.4\\ \tabcellsep Primary school\tabcellsep 88\tabcellsep 14.7\\ \tabcellsep Secondary school\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 33.4\\ \tabcellsep Collage and above\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 8.2\\ Occupation of mother\tabcellsep House wife\tabcellsep 347\tabcellsep 58\\ \tabcellsep Governmental employee\tabcellsep 101\tabcellsep 16.9\\ \tabcellsep Daily labourer\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 6.5\\ \tabcellsep Merchant\tabcellsep 111\tabcellsep 18.6\\ Family size\tabcellsep 1-3 Family\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 5.5\\ \tabcellsep 4-6 Family\tabcellsep 430\tabcellsep 71.9\\ \tabcellsep > =7Family\tabcellsep 135\tabcellsep 22.6\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.30230946882217086\textwidth}P{0.3533487297921478\textwidth}P{0.09618937644341802\textwidth}P{0.09815242494226327\textwidth}} \tabcellsep East Ethiopia, June 2015\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Variables\tabcellsep Category\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percent}\\ Source of drinking water\tabcellsep Private Water pipe\tabcellsep 506\tabcellsep 84.8\\ \tabcellsep Public tap water\tabcellsep 87\tabcellsep 14.6\\ \tabcellsep Protected well\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 0.8\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Availability of latrine facility Yes}\tabcellsep 589\tabcellsep 98.5\\ \tabcellsep No\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 1.5\\ Availability of home\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep 386\tabcellsep 64.5\\ gardening\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep 212\tabcellsep 35.5\\ Use of home gardening\tabcellsep For home consumption\tabcellsep 346\tabcellsep 57.9\\ \tabcellsep For sale\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep .8\\ \tabcellsep For sale and home consumption\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 6.2\\ What do you grow\tabcellsep fruit\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 1.2\\ \tabcellsep vegetable\tabcellsep 243\tabcellsep 40.6\\ \tabcellsep fruit and vegetable\tabcellsep 137\tabcellsep 22.9\\ Menstruation status\tabcellsep yes\tabcellsep 283\tabcellsep 47.3\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.44089775561097255\textwidth}P{0.2119700748129676\textwidth}P{0.09962593516209477\textwidth}P{0.09750623441396508\textwidth}} \multicolumn{2}{l}{East Ethiopia, June 2015}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Variables\tabcellsep Category\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percent}\\ The three regular meal during\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep 574\tabcellsep 96.0\\ the previous day\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 4.0\\ skip any regular meals during\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep 115\tabcellsep 19.2\\ the previous week\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep No\tabcellsep 483\tabcellsep 80.8\\ Reason for skipping meals\tabcellsep Shortage of food\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1.0\\ \tabcellsep Lack of appetite\tabcellsep 85\tabcellsep 14.2\\ \tabcellsep sickness\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 3.2\\ \tabcellsep Others\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep .2\\ From the children who is\tabcellsep female\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 6.4\\ served first\tabcellsep male\tabcellsep 69\tabcellsep 11.5\\ \tabcellsep together\tabcellsep 491\tabcellsep 82.1\\ Dietary diversity score\tabcellsep Adequate\tabcellsep 271\tabcellsep 45.3\\ \tabcellsep Inadequate\tabcellsep 327\tabcellsep 54.7\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{6} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.1761569416498994\textwidth}P{0.15563380281690142\textwidth}P{0.030784708249496983\textwidth}P{0.056438631790744466\textwidth}P{0.22746478873239434\textwidth}P{0.20352112676056336\textwidth}} Year 2016\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Volume XVI Issue I Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ D D D D ) L\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ (\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Thinness\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Factors\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep COR 95 \% CI\tabcellsep AOR 95 \% CI\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Age\tabcellsep <=14\tabcellsep 112\tabcellsep 305\tabcellsep 0.211 (0.115-0.386)\tabcellsep 1.7 (1.5 -2.6)\\ \tabcellsep >=14\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 168\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Educational status\tabcellsep Illiterate\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 0.093(0.027 -3.25)\tabcellsep 9.6 (2.6 -23.3)\\ of mother\tabcellsep Can read and\tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep 1`26\tabcellsep 0.13 (0.04 -0.44)\tabcellsep 7.6 (2.2 -19.1)\\ \tabcellsep write\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Primary school\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 0.19 (0.05 -0.69)\tabcellsep 5.2 (1.4 -17.4)\\ \tabcellsep Secondary\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 195\tabcellsep 1.5 (0.40 -6.1 )\tabcellsep 0.63 (0.15 -2.5)\\ \tabcellsep school\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Collage and\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\\ \tabcellsep above\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Age at first\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 10.9 (5.4 -28.15)\tabcellsep 3.18 (0.26-18.5)\\ menstruation\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 75\tabcellsep 12.9 (4.0 -24.1)\tabcellsep 2.1 (0.23-17.6)\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 6 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.33855932203389827\textwidth}P{0.2521186440677966\textwidth}P{0.2593220338983051\textwidth}} \tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\ Thinness\tabcellsep 71\tabcellsep 11.9\\ No thinness\tabcellsep 527\tabcellsep 88.1\\ Total\tabcellsep 598\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\ Stunted\tabcellsep 125\tabcellsep 20.9\\ Not stunted\tabcellsep 473\tabcellsep 79.1\\ Total\tabcellsep 598\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{7} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.1259259259259259\textwidth}P{0.24835390946502056\textwidth}P{0.03672839506172839\textwidth}P{0.059465020576131684\textwidth}P{0.19238683127572015\textwidth}P{0.18713991769547325\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Stunting\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Factors\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep COR 95 \% CI\tabcellsep AOR 95 \% CI\\ \tabcellsep Can t read and\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 0.56 (0.012 -0.254)\tabcellsep 13 (2.7 -18.08)\\ \tabcellsep write\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Can read and\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 180\tabcellsep 0.334(.076-1.46)\tabcellsep 2.4 (0.5-11.01)\\ Educational status\tabcellsep write\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ of mother\tabcellsep Primary\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 79\tabcellsep 0.322(.068-1.53)\tabcellsep 2.2 (0.45 -11.29)\\ \tabcellsep education\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Secondary\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 0.58(0.128-2.67)\tabcellsep 1.4 ( 0.30-6.78 )\\ \tabcellsep education\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Above\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 199\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep secondary\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Menstruation\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 260\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep No\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 267\tabcellsep 0.49 (0.29 -0.83)\tabcellsep .201 (0.03 -0.40)\\ Individual dietary\tabcellsep Adequately\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ diversity score\tabcellsep diversified\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Not adequately\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2.9 (1.6-5.2)\tabcellsep 2.7 (1.5-5.04)\\ \tabcellsep diversified\tabcellsep 273\tabcellsep 254\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_6}Table 7 :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} \backmatter \subsection[{Competing interests}]{Competing interests}\par The authors declare that they have no competing interests. \subsection[{Authors' contributions}]{Authors' contributions} \subsection[{VI. Acknowledgements}]{VI. Acknowledgements}\par The authors would like to thank Madda Walabu University for approval of ethical clearance and technical and financial support for this study.\par The authors' heartfelt gratitude will also go to, Goba District educational Office for providing the necessary information and facilitating conditions while carrying out this study. Above all the authors' heartfelt gratitude will go to study participants who spent their precious time in responding to the questionnaire. 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