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\title{Chemoradiotherapy or Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Chemoradiotherapy University Hospital Fuenlabrada: Our Experience in 10 Years}
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             \author[1]{B Losada  Vila}

             \affil[1]{  Complutense Madrid}

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\date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2016 Accepted: 5 January 2017 Published: 15 January 2017}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Head and neck tumors are diagnosed in locally advanced stages up to 60%. The controversy lies in the choice between chemoradiotherapy vs induction chemotherapy.Retrospective descriptive study with 53 patients undergoing INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY + CRT vs CRT alone in which we analyze the tolerability, organ preservation, recurrence rates, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).Within the group of induction (A), 86% (24/28) received 3 cycles TPF, while 14% (4/28) were treated with a doublet (platinum + taxol), being able to meet the treatment without delay or dose reduction of only 50%. Within non-induction group (B), 80% "RECEIVED all doses and without delay, while 20% (5/25) failed to finish, fell 80 % (4/5) of them. Chemoradiotherapy or Induction ChemotherapyFollowed by Chemoradiotherapy University Hospital Fuenlabrada: Our Experience in 10 YearsThey are not comparable groups as the most important difference is that those with more advanced (N2 disease) are in group A (92.8% cT3-T4 or N2) versus Group B (32% cT3N0). Conclusions:_ The Profile of our patients in the group of non-induction have more comorbidities and the earliest stages.Recurrence rates are similar in both groups, with a higher relapse and metastatic disease in the induction group (group A) because of more advanced tumors. _ We have to study new strategies for improving tolerance induction chemotherapy with cetuximab or nab-paclitaxel, and selecting best ones should receive concomitant cetuximab + RT.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{chemoradiotherapy, induction chemotherapy, head and neck, survival, locally advanced.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
ead and neck tumors represent in the United States an incidence of 52,610 cases and 60\% are diagnosed at locally advanced stage.\par
Despite treatment aimed at eradicating the disease, the cure rates are still modest, especially in tumors not associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with Cisplatin 100 mg/ m2 each 3 weeks showed an improvement in overall Author ? ? : Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Fuenlabrada  {\ref (Madrid)}. e-mail: beatriz.losada@salud.madrid.org Author ? ?: Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Fuenlabrada  {\ref (Madrid)}.\par
survival (OS) compared to radiotherapy (RT)  {\ref [1]}. Actually the controversy is between CRT vs induction chemotherapy (TPF= docetaxel 75 mg/m2, cisplatin 75 mg/m2, 5FU 750 mg/m2 by continuous infusion days 1-5) prior to CRT because it seems to reduce distant recurrence without improving overall survival.  {\ref [2,} {\ref 3,} {\ref 4,} {\ref 5]}  
\section[{II. Material and Methods}]{II. Material and Methods}\par
We present a group of 53 patients: 28 with induction treatment (cisplatin, 5-fluoracil, docetaxel) + CRT (group A) and 25 CRT or bioRT (group B: B1 cisplatin 100 mg/m2+ RT, B2 cetuximab 250 mg/ m2+RT).\par
We performed a descriptive retrospective study and we analyzed tumor stage and nodes, gender, age, comorbidities, rates of relapses/ persistence disease, tolerability to treatment, organ preservation and survival (progression free survival and overall survival). We used SPSS statistic programme for the analyses.\par
Also comparing our data with published studies of induction chemotherapy: TTCC group, PARADIGM, DECIDE and GCTCC. Abstract-Head and neck tumors are diagnosed in locally advanced stages up to 60\%. The controversy lies in the choice between chemoradiotherapy vs induction chemotherapy. 
\section[{Volume XVII Issue 1 Version I}]{Volume XVII Issue 1 Version I}\par
Retrospective descriptive study with 53 patients undergoing INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY + CRT vs CRT alone in which we analyze the tolerability, organ preservation, recurrence rates, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).\par
Within the group of induction (A), 86\% (24/28) received 3 cycles TPF, while 14\% (4/28) were treated with a doublet (platinum + taxol), being able to meet the treatment without delay or dose reduction of only 50\%. Within noninduction group (B), 80\% "RECEIVED all doses and without delay, while 20\% (5/25) failed to finish, fell 80 \% (4/5) of them.  
\section[{a) Treatment}]{a) Treatment}\par
In group A; 86\% (24/28) received 3 cycles of TPF, while 14\% (4/28) were treated with a doublet (platin + taxol) because of bad tolerance to treatment. After induction, all of them received cisplatin + RT. However even having finished induction chemo, only 50\% completed CRT without dosis delays.\par
In group B, the treatment could be cetuximab + RT or cisplatin + RT. 80\% receive all doses without delays, while 20\% (5/25) could not finish it, relapsing 80\% (4/5) of them.\par
According to the treatment received, in group B 40\% (10/25) were treated with cetuximab, while 60\% was cisplatin. The election of cetuximab was in those patients older, with comorbidities or renal impairment who we thought that they are not supporting chemo. In this group, treatment was even not finished in 3/10, with no relapsing in 2/10 and relapsing/persistence in 5/10.\par
According to RT, up to 10\% could not complete treatment in both groups because of progression or bad tolerance. In group A: doses between 66-70Gy in 69\%, 21\% missing dates, 10\% did not finish treatment or <30 Gy. In group B, 63-70 Gy in 84\%, 8\% missing dates and 8\% 50 Gy. 
\section[{b) Gender/age}]{b) Gender/age}\par
Most of the patients in both groups are males, being younger in group A (media 56.9 years) than group B (media 62.2 years) with a similar age range in the two groups. 
\section[{Variables}]{Variables}\par
Induction chemo + CRT (group A) N=28\par
CRT or bioRT (group B) N=25  
\section[{d) Location}]{d) Location}\par
In group A, the first location is larynx (16\% vs 56\%), although in group B oropharynx is the most frequent organ affected (46.4\% vs 36\%) 
\section[{e) Tumor stage}]{e) Tumor stage}\par
Firstly, the most important difference is that those with more advanced stage (N2 lymph node involvement) are in group A (92.8\% cT3-T4 or N2) vs Group B (32\% cT3N0). 
\section[{f) Tumor recurrence}]{f) Tumor recurrence}\par
According to high percentage of advanced stage tumor in group A, it is easily to relapse as metastasic disease (14.2\%=4/28 vs 4\%=1/25 in group B). Detailing the 4 cases of metastasic relapse, we analysed another factors which could also influence. Initially 100\% of them where T4N2, receiving 75\% (3/4) of them 70 Gy, with unknown doses the other one (1/4). Persistence tumours are also T4N2-N0, with unknown doses of RT in 10\% and less than 70\% receive 70Gy, not receiving complete chemoradiotherapy in 20\% of them.\par
In group B, all of the relapses/persistent tumours are T3-T4 N0-N2, with unknown RT doses in 10\% of them, 50Gy in another 20\%, comorbidities, synchronous tumour and older age in most of them. 
\section[{g) Response by image}]{g) Response by image}\par
We have similar response rates (88\%) in both groups, however we have more TC thant PET in group A because many patients are previosly to 2010 and PET/CT was not available in our Hospital. Another important date is that in the beginning we were not used to identify areas of inflammation with this technique, knowing nowadays that we have to wait for 12 weeks to be more exact and decide if what we see is tumor or not. 
\section[{h) Survival}]{h) Survival}\par
We have no enough patients to conclude, but it seems that our data in group A show a higher rate of metastatic, time to local recurrence (55 months vs 21.5 months), DFS (31.4 months vs 20 months) and OS (46.8 months vs 32 months). 
\section[{i) Rescue surgery and organ preservation}]{i) Rescue surgery and organ preservation}\par
Unable to perform organ preservation is only in 12.5\% of cases. Rescue surgery is not need in 60\% (A) and 72\% (B); with surgery in both cases because of suspection of tumor persistence. In group A, 25\% had neck dissection because of persistence tumour in PET that was not confirmed with histology. In group B, 20 \% had neck dissection without malignancy histology.\par
We assume that this date is because in the beginning of "PET times", we were not used to identify areas of inflammation, knowing nowadays that we have to wait for 12 weeks to be more exact. 
\section[{j) Tolerability}]{j) Tolerability}\par
In group A and B mucositis grade II was achieved in all the patients, improving with dosis relays and topical treatment. In group a neutropenia was avoided with prophylactic G-CSF. As we previously reported, only 50\% in group A could finish without doses reduction, while it was 80\% in group B. 
\section[{IV. Discussion}]{IV. Discussion}\par
Comparing our results with literature it is well known that neoadjuvant chemotherapy (docetaxel + cisplatin + fluorouracil) (DCF) has achieved a reduction in the rate of distant recurrence  {\ref [3,} {\ref 4,} {\ref 5]}, but it seems to not increase overall survival or progression-free survival.\par
Some important studies on induction QT are the TTCC group (Hitt et al), Boston (Haddad: PARADIGM study), Chicago (Cohen: DECIDE study) and GCTCC (Ghi), where the benefit in overall survival can only be achieved in the last one.  {\ref [6,} {\ref 7,} {\ref 8,} {\ref 9]} Therefore no scheme is the same. If detailing the recent meta-analysis published in  {\ref JCO}  So the question is how to select patients for induction chemotherapy. Data suggest that it would be more useful in those patients who need better locoregional control and have high risk of distant recurrence. As we have described, we have selected for induction chemotherapy those with less comorbities and advanced disease, achieving good results but with only 50\% of complete treatment and no dosis delay.\par
Adding to these results, a recent meta-analysis has also described that organ preservation is greater in induction arm  {\ref [9]}. In our study, the percentages are similar between groups, needing surgery because of Finally, we look for what can we do to improve tolerability. Some studies have developed to discern whether cetuximab + RT could be substituted for cisplatin + RT, with no conclusive results: phase II studies (Pignon and Bonner) highlight HR 0.74 and modest effect on disease control in the distance first (Cisplatin) but not in the second. [1,10] A recent metaanalysis gives better results at 2 years on the arm of cisplatin + RT vs cetuximab + RT (OS 71\% vs 60.7\%, DFS 61.7\% vs 43.1\% and locoregional recurrence of 19.6\% vs. 32.3\%).  {\ref [10,} {\ref 11]} Studies designed to improve induction tolerability with cetuximab (E1308 study: cetuximab + cisplatin + paclitaxel for 3 cycles) or nab paclitaxel (F II with cetuximab, nab paclitaxel, cisplatin and 5FU) are awaiting for results  {\ref [12]}. 
\section[{V. Conclusions}]{V. Conclusions}\par
The profile of our patients in group B present more comorbidities and earlier stages than induction group. The recurrences rates is similar in both groups, with a higher relapse as metastatic disease in induction group (group A) because of more advanced tumors. Induction group overall survival is also better, however treatment tolerability with dosis delays is worse.\par
Persistence/Relapsing tumours happen in those patients with advanced stages, comorbidities, older age and not finishing RT (<60 Gy).\par
In the beginning, we perform neck dissection because of suspection of persistence tumour in PET/CT (initially not always performed after 12 weeks, which is now the standar to better discern inflammation vs tumor persistence), without conffirming malignancy with histology.\par
Induction chemotherapy has improved distance recurrence rates and organ preservation, with no differences in overall survival. However, in our opinion we must better target the profile of patients who would benefit of this treatment.\par
It is being studied new strategies for improving tolerance induction chemotherapy with cetuximab or nab-paclitaxel, and selecting better which ones must receive cetuximab + RT concomitant. It is a difficult issue to analyze, because we usually employ cetuximab in more fragile patients, being itself a negative prognostic factor.   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2017\\
Our objectives are to describe what happens at\\
the University Hospital of Fuenlabrada with 53 patients\\
undergoing induction chemotherapy + CRT vs CRT\\
alone, reflecting tolerability, organ preservation,\\
recurrence rates, overall survival ( OS) and disease free\\
survival ( DFS).\\
D D D D ) F\\
(\end{longtable} \par
 
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\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6908322496749024\textwidth}P{0.15916775032509753\textwidth}}
Induction Chemo CRT Radiotherapy Doses 66-70 Gy Unknown Not finished Tumor stage T2N2M0 T3N0M0 T3N2M0 T4N0M0 T4N1M0 T4N2M0 Age(years) Location Oropharynx Larynx Recurrence ?Metastasis ?Local and metastasis ?Local Persistence Second primary tumours Not relapsing Median Survival Time to local recurrence (months) Disease free survival (DFS) (months) Treatment Overall survival(OS) (months) 46.8 c) Toxic Habits/Comorbidities TPF x 3: 86 \% Cisplatin+Taxolx3:14 \% Cisplatin: 90\% Cetuximab: 10\% 69\% 21\% 7.1\% 3.6\% 21.4\% 10.7\% 10.7\% 42.9\% 56.9 ( range 43-73) 16\% 56\% (25\%) 14.2\% 7\% 3.5\% 35\% 7\% 33\% 55 31.4 10\%\tabcellsep Cisplatin: 60\% Cetuximab: 40\% 84\% 8\% 8\% 12\% 32\% 16\% 16\% ---16\% 62.2 (range 35-79) 46.4\% 36\% (20\%) 4\% ---16\% 20\% 8\% 48\% 21.5 20\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.8415147569444444\textwidth}P{0.004427083333333333\textwidth}P{0.0007378472222222222\textwidth}P{0.0033203125\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{4}{l}{head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 357:}\\
1705-1715, 2007.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{3. Vermorken JB, Remenar E, van Herpen C, et al:}\\
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1704, 2007.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{4. Blanchard P, Bourhis J, Lacas B, et al:}\\
Taxanecisplatin-\tabcellsep fluorouracil\tabcellsep as\tabcellsep induction\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{chemotherapy in locally advanced head and neck}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{cancers: An individual patient data meta-analysis of}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{the meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and}\\
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\multicolumn{4}{l}{2013. 5. Ma J, Liu Y, Huang XL, et al: Induction chemotherapy decreases the rate of distant metastasis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma but does not improve survival or locoregional control: A meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 48:1076-1084,2012 6. Hitt R, Grau JJ, Lopez-Pousa A, et al. Final results of a randomiezed phase III trial comparing induction chemotherapy with cisplatin/ 5FU or docetaxel/ cisplatin / 5FU follow by chemoradiotherapy (CRT) versus CRT alone as first-line traeatment of unresectable locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009; 27. 7. Haddad RI, Rabinowits G, Tishler RB et al. The PARADIGM trial: a phase III study comparing sequential therapy (ST) to concurrent chemoradio-therapy (CRT) in locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012: 30. Abstract 5501. 8. Cohen EE, Karrison T, ocherginsky M et al. DeCIDE: a phase III randomized trial of docetaxel (D), Cisplatin (P), 5-Fluoracil (F) (TPF) induction chemotherapy (IC) in patients with N2/N3 locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012: 3, abstr 5500. 9. Ghi et al. A phase II-III study comparing concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) versus cetuximab/RT (CET/RT) with or without induction docetaxel/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (TPF) in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LASCCHN): Efficacy results (NCT01086826). J Clin Oncol 31, 2013 (suppl; abstr 6003) 10. Year 2017 ( D D D D ) F}\\
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\caption{\label{tab_3}}\end{figure}
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