@incollection{, 3A5D4EA0B71F27D5E59A194BD9D7D7F5 , note={Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)} , author={{FarahYousef} and {NadinYousef} and {Damascus University}}, journal={{Global Journal of Medical Research}}, journal={{GJMR}}2249-46180975-588810.34257/GJMR, address={Cambridge, United States}, publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1733137 } @book{b0, , title={{Guanidineshistorical, biological, biochemical and clinical aspects of the naturally occurring guanidine compounds}} , author={{ AMori } and { BDCohen } and { ALowenthal }} , year={1985} , publisher={Plenum Press} , address={London} } @incollection{b1, , title={{Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes}} , author={{ CJBailey } and { CDay }} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 12 , year={1989} } @incollection{b2, , title={{}} , author={{ CJBailey } and { NiddmBiguanides }} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 15 , year={1992} } @book{b3, , author={{ HLeclerc } and { Le Galega }} , title={{Presse Med}} Paris , year={22 Dec 1928} } @incollection{b4, , booktitle={{UK: British Herbal Medicine Association}} , year={1976} } @book{b5, , title={{Handbook of medicinal herbs}} , author={{ JADuke }} , year={2002} , publisher={CRC Press} 337 , address={Boca Raton, Florida} , note={2nd edn} } @incollection{b6, , title={{}} , author={{ HMuller } and { HRheinwein }} , journal={{Pharmacology of galegin. Arch Exp Path Pharmacol}} 125 , year={1927} } @book{b7, , title={{}} , author={{ FBischoff } and { MSahyun } and { MLong } and { GuanidineStructure } and { Hypoglycemia }} , year={2017} } @incollection{b8, , title={{Pharmacological studies of a new oral hypoglycaemic drug}} , author={{ GUngar } and { LFreedman } and { SLShapiro }} , journal={{Proc Soc Exp Biol Med}} 100 , year={1957} } @incollection{b9, , title={{Weitere Ergebnisse der diabetesbehandlung mit blutzuckersenkenden biguaniden}} , author={{ HMehnert } and { WSeitz }} , journal={{Munch Med Wschr}} 100 , year={1958} } @incollection{b10, , author={{ MDDean } and { SPocock } and { MD } and { ArthurKirchner } and { MDLos } and { Angeles }} , booktitle={{Lactic Acidosis with Recovery In Diabetes Mellitus On Phenformin Therapy Jorge H. Mestman}} , year={SEPTEMBER 1969 * II 3, 1969} } @book{b11, , title={{}} , author={{ CWilliam } and { Gong }} } @incollection{b12, , title={{}} , author={{ DonaldBKato }} , journal={{Phenformin Induced Lactic Acidosis, Drag Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy}} 9 } @incollection{b13, , title={{}} , author={{ MNattrass } and { KGAlberti } and { Biguanides }} , journal={{Diabetologia}} 14 , year={1978} } @incollection{b14, , title={{Pharmacology and mode of action of the hypoglycaemic guanidine derivatives}} , author={{ JSterne }} , booktitle={{Oral hypoglycaemic agents. Campbell GD (ed)}} London , publisher={Academic Press} , year={1969} } @incollection{b15, , title={{Metformin: a review of history, pharmacodynamics and therapy}} , author={{ LSHermann }} , journal={{Diabetes Metab Rev}} 5 , year={1979} } @incollection{b16, , title={{}} , author={{ CJBailey } and { RCTurner } and { Metformin }} , journal={{N Engl J Med}} 334 , year={1996} } @incollection{b17, , title={{Bodmer m, Metformin, sulfonylureas, or other antidiabetes drugs and the risk of lactic acidosis or hypoglycemia}} , author={{ Meiter Ch }} , journal={{Diabetes care}} 31 , year={2008} } @incollection{b18, , title={{Implication of the united kingdome prospective diabetes study}} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 25 52832 , year={2002} , publisher={American Diabetes Association} } @incollection{b19, , title={{Synthesis and evaluation of 1-substituted-biguanide derivates as anti-diabetic agents for type II diabetes Insulin Resistant}} , author={{ ;El-Bayouki Kh } and { RAbdel-Rahman }} , journal={{Drug Res}} 66 , year={2016} } @incollection{b20, , title={{}} , author={{ SLShapiro } and { VAParrino } and { LFreedman }} , journal={{J. Am. Chem. Soc}} 3728 , year={1959} } @incollection{b21, , title={{New Route to Metformin Hydrochloride (,-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride) Synthesis}} , author={{ AShalmalshi }} , journal={{Molbank}} , year={2008} } @incollection{b22, , title={{Metformin therapy and clinical uses}} , author={{ JScarpello } and { HHowllet }} , journal={{Review}} 5 , year={2008} } @incollection{b23, , title={{Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A patient centered approach: Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)}} , author={{ SEInzucchi } and { RMBergenstal } and { JBBuse } and { MDiamant } and { EFerrannini } and { MNauck }} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 35 136479 , year={2012} } @incollection{b24, , title={{Metformin Increases AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activity in Skeletal Muscle of Subjects with Type 2}} , author={{ NicolasMMichael } and { FHirshman }} , journal={{Diabetes}} 51 , year={2002} , note={DIABETES} } @incollection{b25, , title={{AMPactivated protein kinase is required for the lipidlowering effect of metformin in insulinresistant human HepG2 cells}} , author={{ MZang } and { AZuccollo } and { XHou } and { DNagata } and { KWalsh } and { HHerscovitz }} , journal={{J Biol Chem}} 279 47898905 , year={2004} } @incollection{b26, , title={{Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain complex i}} , author={{ MYEl-Mir } and { VNogueira } and { EFontaine } and { NAveret } and { MRigoulet } and { XLeverve }} , journal={{J. Biol. Chem}} 275 , year={2000} } @incollection{b27, , title={{Metformin and cancer: From the old medicine cabinet to pharmacological pitfalls and prospects}} , author={{ AEmami Riedmaier } and { PFisel } and { ATNies } and { ESchaeffeler } and { MSchwab }} , journal={{Trends Pharmacol. Sci}} 34 , year={2013} } @incollection{b28, , title={{Mitochondrial metabolism and type2 diabetes: A specific target of metformin}} , author={{ XMLeverve } and { BGuigas } and { DDetaille } and { CBatandier } and { EAKoceir } and { CChauvin }} , journal={{Diabetes Metab}} 29 , year={2003} } @incollection{b29, , title={{Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain}} , author={{ AHalestrap } and { Owen M }} , journal={{Biochemical society}} , year={2000} } @incollection{b30, , title={{Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP}} , author={{ RAMiller } and { QChu } and { JXie } and { MForetz } and { BViollet } and { MJBirnbaum }} 6S8894. 14 , journal={{Diabetes Metab}} 29 25660 , year={2003. 2013} , note={Nature} } @incollection{b31, , title={{Cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: an overview}} , author={{ BViollet } and { BGuigas } and { SanzGarcia } and { NLeclerc } and { JForetz } and { MAndreelli } and { F }} , journal={{Clin Sci}} 122 , year={2012} } @incollection{b32, , title={{Metformin suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis through induction of SIRT1 and GCN5}} , author={{ PWCaton } and { NKNayuni } and { JKieswich } and { NQKhan } and { MMYaqoob } and { RCorder }} , journal={{J Endocrinol}} 205 97106 , year={2010} } @incollection{b33, , title={{Metformin and insulin suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis through phosphorylation of CREB binding protein}} , author={{ LHe } and { ASabet } and { SDjedjos }} , journal={{Cell}} 137 , year={2009} } @incollection{b34, , title={{Metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in mice independently of the LKB1/AMPK pathway via a decrease in hepatic energy state}} , author={{ MForetz } and { SHébrard } and { JLeclerc } and { EZarrinpashneh } and { MSoty } and { GMithieux }} , journal={{J Clin Invest}} 120 235569 , year={2010} } @incollection{b35, , title={{Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin}} , author={{ AJScheen }} , journal={{Clin Pharmacokinet}} 30 , year={1996} } @incollection{b36, , title={{Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin}} , author={{ JArora } and { MDay } and { RODoogue } and { MPDuong } and { JK }} , journal={{Clin Pharmacokinet}} 50 , year={2011} } @incollection{b37, , title={{American Diabetes Association: Summary of revisions to the 2011 clinical practice recommendations}} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 34 S3 , year={2011} , note={Suppl 1} } @incollection{b38, , title={{Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49)}} , author={{ RCTurner } and { CACull } and { VFrighi } and { RRHolman }} , journal={{JAMA}} 281 , year={1999} } @incollection{b39, , title={{A risk-benefit assessment of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus}} , author={{ HcsHowlett } and { CJBailey }} , journal={{Drug Safety}} 20 , year={1999} } @incollection{b40, , title={{Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patientcentered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)}} , author={{ SEInzucchi } and { RMBergenstal } and { JBBuse } and { MDiamant } and { EFerrannini } and { MNauck }} , journal={{Diabetologia}} 55 , year={2012} } @incollection{b41, , title={{Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations}} , author={{ WLBennett } and { NMMaruthur } and { SSingh } and { JBSegal } and { LMWilson } and { RChatterjee }} , journal={{Ann Intern Med}} 154 , year={2011} } @incollection{b42, , title={{Oral combination therapy: repaglinide plus metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes}} , author={{ PRaskin }} , journal={{Diabetes Obes Metab}} 10 , year={2008} } @book{b43, , title={{}} , author={{ BCharbonnel } and { AKarasik } and { JLiu } and { MWu } and { GMeininger }} } @incollection{b44, , title={{Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone}} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 29 , year={2006} , note={Sitagliptin Study 020 Group} } @incollection{b45, , title={{PRESERVEbeta: two-year efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with nateglinide or glyburide plus metformin}} , author={{ JGerich } and { PRaskin } and { LJean-Louis }} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 28 , year={2005} } @incollection{b46, , title={{Efficacy of glimepiride/metformin combination versus glibenclamide/metformin in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus}} , author={{ MGonzález-Ortiza } and { JGuerrero-Romero } and { Violante-Ortiz } and { R }} , journal={{J Diabetes Complications}} 23 , year={2009} } @incollection{b47, , title={{Long-Term Effects of metformin and lifestyle modification on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease obese adolescents}} , author={{ LTock } and { AD?amaso } and { ADe Piano } and { JCarnier }} ID 831901 , journal={{J Obes}} 831901 6 , year={2010} } @incollection{b48, , title={{Metformin for obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review}} , author={{ MPark } and { SKinra } and { KWard } and { BWhite } and { RViner }} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 32 , year={2009} } @incollection{b49, , title={{Gastrointestinal tolerability of extended-release metformin tablets compared to immediaterelease metformin tablets: results of a retrospective cohort study}} , author={{ LBlonde } and { GEDailey } and { SAJabbour } and { CAReasner } and { DJMills }} , journal={{Curr Med Res Opin}} 20 , year={2004} } @incollection{b50, , title={{Assessment of efficacy and tolerability of once daily extended release metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus}} , author={{ JLevy } and { RACobas } and { MBGomes }} , journal={{Diabetol Metab Syndr}} 2 16 , year={2010} } @incollection{b51, , title={{Safety and efficacy of novel extended release formulation of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes}} , author={{ IRaz } and { IDelaet } and { HGoyvaerts }} , journal={{Diabetes}} A363 , year={2000} , note={Suppl 1} } @incollection{b52, , title={{Decreased mortality associated with the use of metformin compared with sulfonylurea Monotherapy in type 2 diabetes}} , author={{ JAJohnson } and { SRMajumdar } and { SHSimpson }} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 25 , year={2002} } @book{b53, , title={{}} , author={{ AScheen }} } @incollection{b54, , title={{Metformin revisited: a critical review of the benefit/risk balance in "at risk" patients with type 2 diabetes}} , author={{ NPaquot }} , journal={{Diabetes & Metabolism}} } @incollection{b55, , title={{Metforminassociated lactic acidosis}} , author={{ DTHulisz } and { MFBonfiglio } and { RDMurray }} , journal={{J Am Board Fam Pract}} 11 , year={1998} } @incollection{b56, , title={{Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)}} , journal={{Lancet}} 352 , year={1998} UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group } @incollection{b57, , title={{Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group: Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)}} , journal={{Lancet}} 352 9131 , year={1998} } @incollection{b58, , title={{Metformin for obese, insulintreated diabetic patients: improvement in glycaemic control and reduction of metabolic risk factors}} , author={{ DGiugliano } and { AQuatraro } and { GConsoli }} , journal={{Eur J Clin Pharmacol}} 44 , year={1993} } @incollection{b59, , title={{The use of metformin in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review of efficacy}} , author={{ SVella } and { LBuetow } and { PRoyle }} , journal={{Diabetologia}} 53 5 , year={2010} } @incollection{b60, , title={{Metformin added to insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescents}} , author={{ SAbdelghaffar } and { AMAttia }} , journal={{Cochrane Database Syst Rev}} 1 D006691 , year={2009} } @incollection{b61, , title={{Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in European children and adolescents with obesity-a problem that is no longer restrited to minority groups}} , author={{ SWiegand } and { UMaikowski } and { OBlankenstein } and { HBierbermann } and { PTarnow } and { AGrutes }} , journal={{Eur J Endocrinol}} 151 , year={2004} } @incollection{b62, , title={{Clinical presentation and treatment of type 2 diabetes in children}} , author={{ OPinhas-Hamiel } and { PZeitler }} , journal={{Pediatr Diabetes}} 8 , year={2007} , note={Suppl. 9} } @incollection{b63, , title={{Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial}} , author={{ KLJones } and { SArslanian } and { VAPeterokova } and { JSPark } and { MJTomlinson }} , journal={{Diabetes Care}} 25 , year={2002} } @incollection{b64, , title={{Evidence based and potential benefits of metformin in the polycystic ovary syndrome: A comprehensive review}} , author={{ SPalomba } and { AFalbo } and { FZullo } and { FOrioJr }} , journal={{Endocr Rev}} 30 150 , year={2009} } @incollection{b65, , title={{Metformin: Nature's gift that keeps on giving more!}} , author={{ MBalasubramanyam }} , journal={{J Obes Metab Res}} 1 , year={2014} } @incollection{b66, , title={{Metformin: Do we finally have an antiaging drug?}} , author={{ VNAnisimov }} , journal={{Cell Cycle}} 12 34839 , year={2013} } @incollection{b67, , title={{Metformin is associated with survival benefit in cancer patients with concurrent type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and metaanalysis}} , author={{ MYin } and { JZhou } and { EJGorak } and { FQuddus }} , journal={{Oncologist}} 18 124855 , year={2013} } @incollection{b68, , title={{Recent Advances in the Use of Metformin: Can Treating Diabetes Prevent Breast Cancer?}} , author={{ DHatoum } and { Mcgowan E }} , journal={{BioMed Research International}} 2015 } @incollection{b69, , title={{Repositioning metformin in cancer: Genetics, drug targets, and new ways of delivery}} , author={{ MAldea } and { LCraciun } and { CTomuleasa } and { IBerindan Neagoe } and { GKacso } and { ISFlorian }} 10.1007/s 1327701416768 , journal={{Tumour Biol}} 1 6768 , year={2014} } @incollection{b70, , title={{National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)}} , author={{ MKrempf } and { KGParhofer } and { GSteg }} , journal={{Third Report of the NationalCholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection. Circulation}} 106 , year={2002} } @book{b71, , author={{ AKooy } and { JJager } and { PLehert }} , title={{Long-term effects of metformin on metabolism and}} }