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\title{Compliance to Prenatal Iron and Folic Acid Supplement and Associated Factors among Women during Pregnancy in South East Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study}
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             \author[1]{Mekonnen  Tegegne}

             \affil[1]{  Madda Walabu University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2016 Accepted: 31 December 2016 Published: 15 January 2017}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Background: Nutritional anemia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women in developing country. Several studies have shown that prenatal iron and folic acid supplement for three months and more during pregnancy plays a great role in preventing maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess compliance of prenatal iron and folic acid supplement and its associated factors during Antenatal Care in Goba District South East Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May, 2014 in Goba District. A total of 405 mothers who give birth in the last six months were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using pretested questionnaire by interview and then entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Both Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were carried out to see significant association. Variables with P-value less than 0.05 were considered as significant in the multivariate analysis. Results: The compliances rate to IFA supplement was found out to be 18%. Educational status of mother (AOR=0.24 (95% CI 0.63-0.97)), knowledge on anaemia (AOR =0.41 (95% CI 0.20-0.84)), knowledge on benefit of iron folic acid (AOR =0.38 (95% CI 0.20-0.77), receiving health education on Iron Folic acid supplement during prenatal visit (AOR= 4.03 (95% CI 1.4-11.5) were found to be factors associated with compliances to iron folic acid supplement.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{iron, folic acid, compliances to IFA, women, southeast Ethiopia.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
burden is assumed to be due to iron deficiency \hyperref[b1]{(2)}. Many studies documented the adverse effects of maternal anemia, 12.8\% and 3.7\% of maternal mortality in Asia and Africa respectively is directly attribute-able to anemia \hyperref[b2]{(3)}. In Ethiopia; anemia is the severe problem affecting 62.7\% of pregnant mothers and 52.3\% nonpregnant women \hyperref[b3]{(4,}\hyperref[b4]{5)}. For women, the consequences of anemia include reduced energy and capacity for work poor pregnancy and birth outcomes including premature delivery, low birth weight, and increased prenatal mortality, and increased risk of death during delivery and postpartum. It is estimated that as many as 20\% of maternal deaths are caused by anemia and that anemia may be an associated cause in as many as 50\% of maternal deaths worldwide \hyperref[b5]{(6)}.\par
As a public health measure, iron/ folic acid supplementation has been the recommended strategy for alleviating anemia in pregnant women. WHO recommended daily dose of 30-60 mg of elemental iron and 400 g (0.4 mg) Folic acid on daily bases throughout pregnancy \hyperref[b6]{(7)}.\par
To combat Iron deficiency anaemia, many developing countries including Ethiopia have interventions and programme during pregnancy. Provision of IFA supplement to all pregnant women free of charge is among the key interventions. The recommended dose by the Ministry of Health in Ethiopia is 60 mg/day for 90 days for iron and 400 g of folic acid daily \hyperref[b7]{(8,}\hyperref[b8]{9)}. And, Although National Nutrition Strategy adopted key target of increasing the proportion of mothers who get IFA for more than 90 days during pregnancy and the post-partum period to 50\% by 2015, there is discrepancy in the ANC coverage and the IFA intake level. The 2011 DHS documented IFA supplement of 17\%. More importantly the IFA intake 90 or more tablets found to be 0.4\% \hyperref[b17]{(18)}.\par
Gastrointestinal side effects, inadequate Supply of tablets, inadequate counselling, poor utilization of prenatal health-care services, lack of knowledge and patient fears about the tablets affect women's perception regarding tablet use in many countries \hyperref[b10]{(11)}\hyperref[b11]{(12)}\hyperref[b12]{(13)}\hyperref[b13]{(14)}. Therefore, the findings of this study will give valuable information on compliances of IFA and its determinate factors for policy makers and service providers. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
A community based cross-sectional study using quantitative methods of data collection was conducted in Goba District, South East Ethiopia from March to May 2014.\par
Those postnatal mothers who give birth 6 months before the survey were included in the study. The sample size for this study was determined using a single population proportion formula estimation, with the assumptions of; an expected compliances to IFA 50\%, a 95\% confidence level, a 5\% margin of error and a none response rate of 10\%. The final calculated sample size was 422.\par
Goba district is divided into 2 urban and 24 rural kebeles (the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia). From the district's 24 rural kebeles 4 were selected randomly and from the 2 urban kebeles 1 is selected randomly. In selected kebeles, preliminary survey was conducted to identify households with mothers who have child birth within 06 months prior to the study and sampling frame was developed. After the total sample size was allotted proportionally to the selected kebeles based on the total number of deliveries in the past 06 months, respondents were selected using systematic random sampling technique.\par
Data was collected using semi-structured, interviewer administered, pretested questionnaire after Obtaining informed consent. The completed questionnaire were given codes, checked for completeness and consistencies then entered into EPIinfo version 3.5.3 statistical software and then transferred to SPSS version 20 statistical package for further analysis. Data cleaning were performed to check for accuracy and consistencies, missed values and variables were also checked and corrected. The results were presented in the form of tables, figures, and text.\par
In this study, women were categorized as compliant to IFA supplement if she took 90 or more IFA tablets on daily base during her pregnancy \hyperref[b19]{(20)}.\par
Mothers Knowledge of anaemia was assessed using 20 questions. The questionnaire were composed of cause, health consequence, risk group and method of prevention in anaemia, Mothers who score mean value and above were considered as having good knowledge of anemia.\par
To assess mother's knowledge of IFA, 12 questions were employed, mothers who score mean value and above were considered as having good knowledge of IFA.\par
Both Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with compliances to IFA. Odds ratio with 95\% confidence interval was used to identify the presence and strength of association between variables.\par
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Review Board of Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar. Correspondingly written letters were offered from Bale Zone Health Department. Finally informed consent was obtained from each mother before the start of the interview. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results} 
\section[{a) Socio-demographic Characteristics}]{a) Socio-demographic Characteristics}\par
A total of 405 PNC mothers who give birth 6 months before data collection were included in the study with a response rate of 95.9\%. The mean age of the respondents was 26.3 (±5.1) years. Around 35.6\% of respondent were in age group of 21-25 years and about 28\% were in age group of 36-40 years.\par
Majority of the women interviewed were married (98.1\%) and rural dwellers (83.2\%). About (32.1\%) of the respondents were unable to read and write, (27.4\%) can only read and write, (13\%) had primary school level and (19.5\%) had secondary school level. Regarding occupation majority of the respondents were house wives (72.6\%) (Table1). 
\section[{b) Pregnancy and Obstetric related characteristic of respondent}]{b) Pregnancy and Obstetric related characteristic of respondent}\par
Around half of the respondents had less than three times ANC visit. Around eleven percent of the respondents had history of abortion and 3\% had history of still birth. Among the respondents 21.7\% started ANC while their pregnancy was less than 12 weeks of gestation, and 26.7\% started after 24 weeks of gestation (Table2). c) Respondent's knowledge about anemia and benefit of IFA supplement Two third (62.5\%) of respondents had good knowledge on cause, consequence, risk group, and method of prevention in anaemia, while 60.7\% of the respondents had good knowledge on benefits of IFA. d) Service related characteristics About 78.9\% were provided with health education and 21.1\% were not provided health education on iron/folic acid supplements during their IFA collection. . Regarding dispensing of supplement; majority of the respondents (87\%) collected 30 tablets whereas 12.8\% were collected more than 30 tablets per visit (Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}).  
\section[{Volume XVII Issue I Version I}]{Volume XVII Issue I Version I} 
\section[{f) Factors Associated with Adherence}]{f) Factors Associated with Adherence}\par
Bivariate analysis for compliances to IFA revealed that place of residence, educational status of mother, education level of the husband, mothers knowledge of anaemia, mothers knowledge on benefits of iron folic acid and receiving health education at the time of supplement collection have significant association with compliance to IFA at p value 0.02. Multivariable logistic regression was done to control potential confounders and educational status of mother, knowledge on anaemia, knowledge on benefits of iron folic acid and receiving health education at the time of supplement collection have significant association with compliances to IFA at p value (Table \hyperref[tab_4]{5}).\par
IV. 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
This study revealed that only 18\% of the studied subjects were compliant to IFA supplement.\par
The compliance rate of this study is lower than a study conducted in Kenya (24.5\% \hyperref[b14]{(15)}, study conducted in Cambodia (47\%) \hyperref[b15]{(16)} and study conducted in India (35.5\%) \hyperref[b16]{(17)}. This could be due to differences in socioeconomic status of the study population. But the finding of this study is higher than EDHS 2011 which was 0.4\%. This could be because of the present study has been conducted among ANC follower and the time gap between the present study and EDHS 20011 \hyperref[b17]{(18)}.\par
Educational status of mother was important socio demographic factor which showed significant association. The compliance rate of IFA supplement was significantly increases with educational status of mother. Mothers who can't read and write were 91\%, mothers who can read and write were 77\% and mothers who had primary education were 76\% less likely to adhere to IFA when compared with those who had above secondary education. This might be because, when women are educated, they might have accessible to information and advices from different sources about IFA and threats of anaemia.\par
Another important variable that showed a significant association is knowledge of cause, consequences, risk group and method of prevention in anemia. The rate of compliance to IFA was 59\% times less likely among women with poor knowledge.\par
This finding was similar with the study done in Nepal which identifies high proportion of compliances among pregnant mothers with good knowledge \hyperref[b18]{(19)}. This could be due to reason that knowledge of pregnant women about anaemia related to causes, consequence and method of prevention affect their compliance of IFA.\par
In addition good level of knowledge about anaemia was a factor which could promote individuals in preventing iron deficiency anaemia and following recommendation.\par
It was found out that there was a significant association between respondent's knowledge on benefit of IFA and compliance to IFA. Women with poor knowledge on benefit of IFA were 62\% times less likely to adhere than women's with good knowledge on benefit of IFA. This could be due to the fact that good levels of knowledge promote mothers to take the supplements based on the recommendation.\par
Receiving health education during prenatal visit was also an important predictor of compliance to iron foliate supplements. This study showed that mothers who were provided with health education at the time of receiving supplements have about 4.03 (AOR 4.03 (95\% CI 1.4-11.5) times more likely to adhere to IFA supplement than those who were not provided. This could be due to the fact that health education at the time of supplement provide important information of IFA supplement V. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
Compliance to IFA supplements was low among pregnant women attending ANC in the study communities. Increase awareness of the community about anemia and IFA supplement during pregnancy, improving educational status of women, providing alternative community based delivery mechanisms and sustainable supply of IFA is highly recommended.   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}A}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10596514745308311\textwidth}P{0.3292895442359249\textwidth}P{0.009115281501340482\textwidth}P{0.10938337801608579\textwidth}P{0.19939678284182305\textwidth}P{0.09684986595174264\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 18\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep non compliance\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{82\%}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2017\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25\\
Variable Age\tabcellsep 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40\tabcellsep Category\tabcellsep Frequency 51 144 132 50 28\tabcellsep Percent 12.6 35.6 32.6 12.3 6.9\tabcellsep Volume XVII Issue I Version I\\
\tabcellsep single\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 3.7\tabcellsep D D D D ) L\\
\tabcellsep Married\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 370\tabcellsep 91.3\tabcellsep (\\
Marital status Religion\tabcellsep Divorced widowed l Orthodox catholic Muslim protestant\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4 16 174 6 213 12\tabcellsep 1.0 4.0 43.0 1.5 52.6 3.0\tabcellsep Medical Research\\
Residence Family size\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{rural Urban < 4 family 4-7 family >7 Family Can t read and write Can read and write}\tabcellsep 337 68 71 253 81 122 117\tabcellsep 83.2 16.8 17.5 62.5 20.0 30.1 28.9\tabcellsep Global Journal of\\
Educational level\tabcellsep Primary\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 13.1\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep secondary\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 84\tabcellsep 20.7\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Above secondary}\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 7.2\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep House wife\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 294\tabcellsep 72.6\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Governmental employee}\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 10.1\tabcellsep \\
Occupation of mother\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Private employee Daily laborer}\tabcellsep 18 11\tabcellsep 4.4 2.7\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Merchant\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 5.9\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Farmer\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 4.2\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Ethiopia, 2014(n=405)\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2355421686746988\textwidth}P{0.38915662650602406\textwidth}P{0.1075301204819277\textwidth}P{0.1177710843373494\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep 2014 (n=405)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Variable\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\
Knowledge on\tabcellsep Good knowledge\tabcellsep 253\tabcellsep 62.5\\
anaemia\tabcellsep Poor knowledge\tabcellsep 152\tabcellsep 37.5\\
Knowledge on\tabcellsep Good knowledge\tabcellsep 246\tabcellsep 60.7\\
benefits of IFA\tabcellsep Poor knowledge\tabcellsep 159\tabcellsep 39.3\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.34162679425837317\textwidth}P{0.22368421052631576\textwidth}P{0.13014354066985645\textwidth}P{0.15454545454545454\textwidth}}
Variable\tabcellsep Category\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\
Health education\tabcellsep Yes No\tabcellsep 319 86\tabcellsep 78.8 21.2\\
Waiting time\tabcellsep < 30 minute >30 minute\tabcellsep 354 51\tabcellsep 87.4 12.6\\
Problem faced\tabcellsep Yes No\tabcellsep 93 312\tabcellsep 23 77\\
Number of tab supplemented per\tabcellsep 30 tab\tabcellsep 353\tabcellsep 87.2\\
visit\tabcellsep >30 tab\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 12.8\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1908351409978308\textwidth}P{0.20927331887201736\textwidth}P{0.07559652928416485\textwidth}P{0.061767895878524944\textwidth}P{0.20742950108459868\textwidth}P{0.10509761388286333\textwidth}}
Factors\tabcellsep Category\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Compliance status of respondent}\tabcellsep COR (95 \% CI)\tabcellsep AOR (95 \% CI)\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Compliance\tabcellsep Non-Compliance\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Place of\tabcellsep Rural\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 283\tabcellsep 0.49(0.26, 0.90)\tabcellsep 0.69(0.31, 1.5)\\
residence\tabcellsep Urban\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\\
\tabcellsep Can t read and write\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 113\tabcellsep .20(0.7, 0.60)\tabcellsep \\
Educational status of mother\tabcellsep Can read and write Primary education Secondary education\tabcellsep 20 8 28\tabcellsep 97 45 56\tabcellsep .54(.21, 1.39) 0.46(0.15-1.4) 1.31(0.51, 3.33)\tabcellsep 0.97(0.32, 2.8)\\
\tabcellsep Above secondary\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\\
\tabcellsep Can t read and write\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 70\tabcellsep 0.38(0.13, 1.04)\tabcellsep 1.31(0.34, 4.9)\\
Educational status of husband\tabcellsep Can read and write Primary education Secondary education Above secondary\tabcellsep 16 13 25 9\tabcellsep 100 46 92 24\tabcellsep 0.42(0.16, 1.08) 0.75(0.28, 2.75) 0.72(0.29, 1.75) 1\tabcellsep 1.30(0.37, 4.4) 3.3(0.90, 12.3) 0.85(0.30, 2.3) 1\\
History of\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 2.4(1.23, 4.7)\tabcellsep \\
abortion\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 300\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\\
Knowledge on\tabcellsep Good\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 195\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\\
anemia\tabcellsep Poor\tabcellsep 137\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 0.36(0.20, 0.67)\tabcellsep \\
Knowledge on\tabcellsep Good\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 190\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\\
benefits of iron folic acid\tabcellsep Poor\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 142\tabcellsep 0.40(0.22, 0.72)\tabcellsep \\
Health education\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 251\tabcellsep 4.3(1.71, 11.2)\tabcellsep \\
at the time of\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
supplement collection\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 81\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{Volume XVII Issue I Version I © 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) Year 2017} 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{Volume XVII Issue I Version I © 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) Year 2017} 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) Compliance to Prenatal Iron and Folic Acid Supplement and Associated Factors among Women during Pregnancy in South East Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par
We would like to thank University of Gondar for approval of ethical clearance and technical and financial support for this study. We also acknowledge all staff of Institute of Public Health for their help and courage.\par
We would also like to extend our appreciation to, Bale Zonal Health Department and Goba District Health Office for providing the necessary information and facilitating conditions while carrying out this study. Above all our heartfelt thanks go to study participants who spent their precious time in responding to our questionnaire. All data collectors and the supervisors are highly acknowledged for the utmost effort they put to the quality of this research. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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