\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={The Prevalence of Breast Cancer among Selected Group of Sudanese Women with Infertility Disorders},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2018 2018-01-15 (revised: 23 Year 2018 15 January 2018)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2018 2018-01-15}
\title{The Prevalence of Breast Cancer among Selected Group of Sudanese Women with Infertility Disorders}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Mosab Nouraldein  Mohammed}

             \affil[1]{  Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2017 Accepted: 5 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Background: Breast cancer is the one of the most common oncological problems affecting many Sudanese women and some therapeutic methods of that type of cancer may lead to temporary or permanent infertility.Justification: There is no published data about the prevalence of breast cancer among infertile Sudanese women.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{breast cancer, infertility, Sudanese women}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
nfertility is "a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.  {\ref (1)} Infertility results from female factors about onethird of the time and male factors about one-third of the time. The cause is either unknown or a combination of male and female factors in the remaining cases. Female infertility causes can be difficult to diagnose. There are many available treatments, which will depend on the cause of infertility. Many infertile couples will go on to conceive a child without treatment. After trying to get pregnant for two years, about 95 percent of couples successfully conceive.  {\ref (2)} Major Causes of Infertility a) Ageing A woman's age is the most significant factor influencing her fertility. Women are born with a fixed number of eggs and so as they age so do their eggs. A woman's fertility starts to decline in her early 30s and by age 35 it has dropped by approximately 40\%. By age 40 a woman's fertility has declined even further. In addition, as women age conditions like endometriosis can also progress to a level where they may impact on fertility as well (see endometriosis below). Unfortunately, there appears to be a lack of recognition of the impact that age has on fertility. Celebrities having babies in their 40s, for example, has given many women the impression they can leave their childbearing to later in life. Similarly, many women falsely believe that infertility treatments like IVF can overcome any fertility issues. The latest figures on assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand show that for women aged 30-34 years the chance of a live birth per treatment cycle was 25.3\%. For women aged 35-39, this percentage dropped to 16.9\% and for women 40-44 years it was only 6.6\%. 
\section[{b) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)}]{b) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)}\par
PCOS is a hormone imbalance which results in disrupted menstrual and ovulation cycles. It is the most common cause of infertility due to an ovulation (no ovulation or egg is released). The name of the condition comes from the presence of tiny cysts on the outside of the ovaries. While many women have polycystic ovaries, not all women have polycystic ovarian syndrome. Women with PCOS have additional symptoms including irregular periods, excess weight (particularly in the tummy area), and excess hair on the face and body, acne and male pattern baldness. It is estimated that 30\% of infertile women suffer from PCOS. 
\section[{c) Endometriosis}]{c) Endometriosis}\par
Endometriosis is a condition in which the tissue that lines the uterus (endometrial tissue) grows in other parts of the body, usually in the pelvis. This stray endometrial tissue bleeds in the same way as the lining of the uterus, except the blood/tissue is trapped causing irritation and inflammation. Scar tissue can form resulting in adhesions which can stick pelvic structures together.\par
The most common symptoms of I endometriosis are period pain and/or pelvic and abdominal pain. Endometriosis can affect fertility by damaging the ovaries so that ovulation cannot occur.\par
Similarly, damage and/or blockages to the inside of the fallopian tubes can impede the journey of the egg to uterus. It is also thought that endometriosis can have an impact on the lining of the uterus, affecting the implantation of a fertilized egg. If women experience pain during sex from endometriosis they might also be reluctant to have sex, reducing their chances of getting pregnant. 
\section[{d) Weight}]{d) Weight}\par
A woman's weight is an important consideration in her fertility. Women who are underweight and/or have a low percentage of body fat (i.e., athletes) can experience irregular menstrual cycles and issues with ovulation. Being overweight or obese can also interfere with normal menstruation and ovulation. In addition, overweight and obese women also have a higher risk of miscarriage and other pregnancy complications and a lower success rate with infertility treatments such as IVF.\par
Women who find it difficult to lose weight should be assessed to see if they have PCOS (see above) as this is a common symptom. Women can often improve their chances of pregnancy by relatively small changes to their weight. For example, in women who are overweight or obese, a 5\% weight loss can be enough to restore a regular menstrual cycle and ovulation. 
\section[{e) Sexually Transmitted Infections}]{e) Sexually Transmitted Infections}\par
If a STI such as chlamydia or gonorrhea goes untreated it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is the infection or inflammation of the organs and tissues in the pelvis. Unfortunately, women infected with a STI, particularly chlamydia, don't always experience any symptoms or the symptoms are vague so they do not seek treatment. If PID is left untreated it can cause scarring in the fallopian tubes which can narrow them, blocking the path of the egg. If a fertilized egg becomes trapped in a blocked fallopian tube an ectopic pregnancy can occur (where the fetus develops outside the uterus). This is a serious, potentially lifethreatening health condition that requires immediate medical attention. Studies suggest that one episode of PID decreases a woman's chance of a successful pregnancy by 10\%. After two or more episodes of PID a woman's risk of becoming infertile is about 50\%.  {\ref (3)} Cancer and its treatment can sometimes affect a woman's ability to have children.  {\ref (4)} Cancer treatments that can affect in fertility include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery on your reproductive organs, including the ovaries. It can be difficult to know what the effects of the cancer treatment will be until much later. Many people who are treated for cancer, especially those treated for cancer as children, remain fertile and go on to have a family of their own in later life. Some find that their fertility is affected for a short time and then recovers when treatment has finished, but others find their fertility is affected for longer. It often depends on your individual circumstances, such as your age, the treatment you receive.  {\ref (5)} Some treatments for breast cancer can cause temporary infertility or make it harder for you to get pregnant after treatment ends. Other treatments cause permanent and irreversible menopause, which means you are permanently infertile.  {\ref (6)} Breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy run the risk of developing premature ovarian failure or very early menopause.  {\ref (7)} Both infertility and breast cancer regarded as global health problems and many women in the Sudan were affected by one or both of them.\par
Study done by Intisar E Saeed et al, Khartoum, 2009, showed that The ASRs of breast cancer in women living in Khartoum State, using the 1966 and 2000 WSP, were 60.8 and 66.8 per 100,000, respectively, which were higher than what reported in black women in Harare, Zimbabwe (46.8 per 100,000, 2006-2010), and  in Kampala, Uganda (31.0 per 100,000, 1991-2006) in East Africa. The incidence rate of breast cancer in women in Khartoum was also higher compared to North Africa, such as in Benghazi, Libya with an ASR of 22.9 per 100,000 in 2003, 24.1 per 100,000 in Tunis, Tunisia (1993-1997), and 49.6 per 100,000 in Garbiah, Egypt  (1999-2000). 
\section[{II. Literature Review}]{II. Literature Review}\par
There is no previous data about the prevalence of breast cancer among infertile women in or out of the Sudan. 
\section[{III. Justification}]{III. Justification}\par
There is no published data about the prevalence of breast cancer among infertile Sudanese women. 
\section[{IV. Objectives}]{IV. Objectives}\par
To know the prevalence of breast cancer among selected group of infertile Sudanese women attended to Banoon IVF center, Khartoum, Sudan, 2016.  
\section[{V. Materials and Methods}]{V. Materials and Methods} 
\section[{Study}]{Study} 
\section[{VII. Ethical Consideration}]{VII. Ethical Consideration}\par
All participants were informed about the goals of the study and they were consent to be involved in the study. 
\section[{VIII. Result}]{VIII. Result}\par
The prevalence of breast cancer among the study group was: 6\%. 
\section[{IX. Discussion}]{IX. Discussion}\par
Some treatments for breast cancer can cause temporary infertility and other treatments cause permanent and irreversible menopause, which means you are permanently infertile. Breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy run the risk of developing premature ovarian failure or very early menopause then the prevalence of infertility among the study group was high. 
\section[{X. Conclusion}]{X. Conclusion}\par
Further studies must be done involving women from many nationalities and with large sample size. 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgement}]{Acknowledgement}\par
Special thanks to the participants and to the staff of Banoon IVF center for their cooperation and commitment. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}

\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
