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\title{Academic Dishonesty: A Kenyan Medical School Experience}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Dr. Pius  Musau}

             \author[2]{Dr. Franklin O.  Boibanda}

             \affil[1]{  Moi University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 8 December 2017 Accepted: 5 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Background:  Acad emic  dishonesty,  or  cheating  as   commonly    expressed,    is    an    age -old    practice    that    is     widespread across the whole world. The Kenyan experience is  anecdotal  with  limited  studies,  especially  in  medical  schools.   This  study  shares  the  experience  of  medical  st udents  about   this challenging vice.    Objec tive:   To  de termine  the  level  and  forms  of  academic   dishonesty in Moi University, School of Medicine. De s ign: Cr   oss -s ectional     study     using     self -administered  questionnaire.   Set t ing:    Th e    School   of   Medicine,   Moi   University,   Eldoret - Kenya.  Subje cts:   One  hun dred  and  fifty -six  students  in  the  clinical   (4 th , 5 th , and 6 th ) year s of study.  Re su lts:  Ei  g hty   percent   of   the   students   were   aware   of    academic dishonesty, 75% had witnessed it in  progress while  60.9%  confessed  to  participating  in  it.  The  proportion  of   dishonest   students   varied   with   year   of   study   and   those    previously  exposed  to  academic  dishonesty  in  secondary   school  and  males  were  more  likely  to  be  involved.  A  majority   (72.6%)  of  t hose  engaged  in  academic  dishonesty  believed   that their classmates were also doing it. The  leading  forms  of  academic  dishonesty  were   signing   nominal   rolls   for   absent   friends   and   cheating   in    examinations  using  illegal  notes  and  electronic  access  to   informat ion.   Co nc lusion:  Aca d emic   dishonesty   is   prevalent   with   the    majority  of  those  involved  believing  that  their  classmates  are   also   into   the   practice.   The   leading   forms   of   academic    dishonesty  include  both  traditional  analog  and  modern  digital   methods. 

\end{abstract}


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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
enya, a worthy member of the global village, had its national attention drawn to academic dishonesty for the first time in 1969 when the then minister for Education annulled the results of what was considered a stolen national examination \hyperref[b0]{(1)}. The Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) in 2015 was so blatantly stolen that there was a national outcry. Empirical studies on the extent of this vice in the country are, however, limited.\par
This paper examines the level and forms of academic dishonesty in a Kenyan medical school with the hope that it will inform us on a pestering challenge that has existed for long. 
\section[{II. Material and Methods}]{II. Material and Methods}\par
Medical students in the clinical (4 th , 5 th , and 6 th ) years of study filled a 20-item self-administered questionnaire without disclosing their identities. The sought information was demographic data and the views of the students on various aspects of academic dishonesty ranked in a Likert scale of six levels based on degree of agreement or disagreement with stem statements.\par
Collected data was transcribed into a sheet and entered for analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Subjective data was presented in frequencies while discrete data was analyzed using measures of dispersion and central tendencies with statistical significance at p ? 0.05. The results appear in tabulated figures, ratios and percentages. 
\section[{III. Results}]{III. Results}\par
One hundred and fifty-six students responded to the self-administered questionnaire, giving a return rate of 91.2\%. Their demographics are as shown in table 1 below: There was a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. The age ranged from 21 to 34 years with a mean± standard deviation of 24.1±1.8 years. Given the definition of academic dishonesty as any form of misconduct that gives an undeserved advantage to the concerned student in any academic exercise, 98.7\% agreed with no statistically significant difference between the genders.\par
A total of 27 students (17.3\%) had participated in academic dishonesty in their secondary schools. These were 26.2\% of the 4 th , 11.9\% of the 5 th and 17.0\% of the 6 th year students. Males were 3.2 times likely to have been exposed to academic dishonesty as compared to the females (p=0.002).\par
Eighty percent of those who responded were aware of academic dishonesty in the medical school. There were no statistically significant differences between them regarding gender, age or year of study.\par
The top three forms of dishonesty were signing for an absent friend, use of illegal notes and access to information using electronic gadgets during examinations. The least prevalent were paying to have work done by others, collusion with lecturers and fabrication of data. Twenty-one students (13.5\%) claimed not only to be unaware of academic dishonesty but also to have no idea of any form that may be in practice as seen in Table  {\ref 2 below:} Table  {\ref 2}: Forms of Academic Dishonesty in the Medical School\par
The top three reasons why the students were academically dishonest were the desire to assist a comrade (43.5\%), the belief that everybody does it (37\%) and inadequate preparations for examinations (12\%). Those who did not participate said it is because their conscience would not allow (60.9\%), that they desired true marks (29.7\%) or feared the consequences if caught (4.7\%). 
\section[{IV. Discussion}]{IV. Discussion}\par
There is consensus that academic dishonesty is any form of activity that leads to an undue advantage in the form of falsified presence in monitored sessions, undeserved grades, unearned qualifications or impersonated profession \hyperref[b1]{(2)}. An impressive 98.7\% of the students could identify with this definition and suggests a uniformity of perspective among the medical students on this whole topic. It is an age-old problem that is widespread across the world and has been shown to occur in every type of educational setting from elementary to graduate schools (3). In the late 19 th and early 20th centuries, cheating was widespread at college campuses in the United States of America, and was not considered dishonorable among students (4). It has been thought that, like in the rest of the world, this is a widespread practice and a matter of conscientious concern in Kenya especially with the recent cheating in primary and secondary school examinations.\par
Eighty percent of the students were aware of academic dishonesty. It compares favorably with similar findings in two different studies by Baird and Jendreck giving rates between 75\% and 87\% \hyperref[b5]{(5,}\hyperref[b6]{6)}. These percentages may point to the said universality of academic dishonesty irrespective of geographical regions. In this study, those with prior exposure to the vice in secondary school were more likely to cheat, just as Davis and Ludvigson found that the individuals who cheat during their university-level studies are likely to have also cheated earlier in their studies and mature into other forms of dishonesty in life \hyperref[b7]{(7)}.\par
We established that academic dishonesty takes many forms and may even involve collusion with lecturers as also found in studies by both Akaranga (1) and Gudo \hyperref[b8]{(8)}. While our study showed this to be among those with least prevalence and did not establish the kind, these other studies unearthed a form of cooperation not readily found in Western literature: the sex for marks scandals in Kenyan Universities in which female students are awarded marks in exchange for sex with their lecturers. Academic dishonesty is understood to be morphing into sophisticated forms with Seventy-five point six percent of the students had witnessed some academic dishonesty in progress while 60.9\% confessed to having participated at least once. Majority of those involved were males (55\%). The percentages of students who participated in academic dishonesty varied between the years of study with 70.1\% of the 5 th , 61.9\% of the 4 th and 46.8\% of the 6 th years confessing to the vice (p=0.042). Those exposed to dishonesty in secondary school were more likely to cheat, but the difference was not statistically significant, just as was the case with gender. A majority of those who took part in academic dishonesty (72.6\%) believed that their classmates too were involved in the activity. advancement in technology \hyperref[b9]{(9)} as seen in our study where among the leading methods is the use of electronic gadgets to cheat in examinations.\par
Our finding on the top three reasons why students engage in academic dishonesty seems to mirror similar ones by Davis and colleagues who asserted that academic dishonesty has over the years become a way of life in colleges with students feeling need to cheat because "everybody does it" \hyperref[b10]{(10)}. As pointed out by Bernardi et al. \hyperref[b11]{(11)}, this study found that those engaged in dishonesty neutralize it by, among other things, appealing to a sense of goodness like claiming to assist a comrade or thinking that nobody is worse off for the action. Those not involved in academic dishonesty seemingly have a spiritual (their conscience not allowing it) or moral (desire for true marks or fear of repercussions) basis for not doing it. 
\section[{V. Conclusion}]{V. Conclusion}\par
Academic dishonesty is prevalent with threequarters of the students having witnessed it in progress, varies between years of study and a majority of those involved believe that their classmates are also into the practice. The leading forms of academic dishonesty are signing a roll for absent classmates and cheating in examinations using crib notes and digital access to information. 
\section[{Recommendation}]{Recommendation}\par
Mechanisms should be put in place at varying levels of management to contain or make it difficult for students to engage in whatever form of academic dishonesty.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.29448818897637796\textwidth}P{0.10708661417322834\textwidth}P{0.19409448818897637\textwidth}P{0.11377952755905513\textwidth}P{0.1405511811023622\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Year of Study}\tabcellsep \\
Age\tabcellsep 4 th\tabcellsep 5 th\tabcellsep 6 th\tabcellsep Total\\
21-25\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 135\\
26-30\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 19\\
31-35\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\\
Total\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 156\\
Gender\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Male\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 87\\
Female\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 69\\
Total\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 156\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgment}]{Acknowledgment}\par
We wish to acknowledge the bold move by the students involved in the study to offer an insight into an area that many others prefer to hush it with the implicit and tacit support of institutions of higher learning. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Bushway and Nash ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{},  		 			A Bushway 		,  		 			W R Nash 		.  	 	 		\textit{School Cheating Behavior. Review of Educational Research}  		1977. 47  (4)  p. 623.  	 
\bibitem[
			Roy
		 ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Roy 		.  		1999. Albany. 45.  		 			State University of New York Press 		 	 
\bibitem[Bachore ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Academic Dishonesty/ Corruption in the Period of Technology: Its implication for Quality of Education’.  		 			M M Bachore 		.  	 	 		\textit{American Journal of Educational Research}  		2014. 2  (11)  p. .  	 
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