@incollection{,
	
					
					
					CA60E0B1F56F3628728EC944C771CE88
				,
	author={{Ismat Abdelrhman AlborhanMohammed} and {Cardiff university}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Medical Research}},
	journal={{GJMR}}2249-46180975-588810.34257/GJMR,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}18116
}

@book{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{The patient with endocrine disease. Surgery (Oxford)}}
		,
	author={{
			CHoy
		} and {
			CBeecroft
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2016 Jun 10}
		
	

}

@incollection{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{Acute metabolic complications in diabetes}}
		,
	author={{
			HAFishbein
		} and {
			PJPalumbo
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Diabetes in America. National Diabetes Data Group}}
				
			,
	year={1995}
			
		
	
	,
	note={NIH publ. no. 95-1468}

}

@incollection{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state: an emerging pediatric problem}}
		,
	author={{
			ALRosenbloom
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Pediatr}}
		
			156
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{Therapeutic management of hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome}}
		,
	author={{
			HJMilionis
		} and {
			MSElisaf
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Expert Opin Pharmacother}}
		
			6
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@book{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
		,
	author={{
			GPFadini
		} and {
			SVDe Kreutzenberg
		} and {
			MRigato
		}}
		
		
		
	

}

@incollection{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{Characteristics and outcomes of the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome in a cohort of 51 consecutive cases at a single center}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Diabetes Res Clin Pract}}
		
			94
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes}}
		,
	author={{
			AEKitabchi
		} and {
			GEUmpierrez
		} and {
			JMMiles
		} and {
			JNFisher
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Diabetes Care}}
		
			32
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks}}
		,
	author={{
			GEUmpierrez
		} and {
			JPKelly
		} and {
			JENavarrete
		} and {
			MMCasals
		} and {
			AEKitabchi
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Arch Intern Med}}
		
			157
			
			,
	year={1997}
		
	

}

@book{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Diabetes Care}}
		,
	author={{
			FJPasquel
		} and {
			GEUmpierrez
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2014 Nov 1}
			37
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b9,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetes}}
		,
	author={{
			MBMacaulay
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Postgrad Med J}}
		
			47
			
			,
	year={1971}
		
	

}

@incollection{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{Metabolic effects of low-dose insulin therapy on glucose metabolism in diabetic ketoacidosis}}
		,
	author={{
			LLuzi
		} and {
			EJBarrett
		} and {
			LCGroop
		} and {
			EFerrannini
		} and {
			DeFronzo
		} and {
			RA
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Diabetes}}
		
			37
			
			,
	year={1988}
		
	

}

@incollection{b11,
	
	
		,
	title={{C-peptide blood levels in keto-acidosis and in hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma}}
		,
	author={{
			MChupin
		} and {
			BCharbonnel
		} and {
			FChupin
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Acta Diabetol Lat}}
		
			18
			
			,
	year={1981}
		
	

}

@incollection{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{Oxidative stress, insulin signaling, and diabetes}}
		,
	author={{
			JLRains
		} and {
			SKJain
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Free Radic Biol Med}}
		
			50
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperosmolality and acidosis in diabetes mellitus: a three-year experience in Rhode Island}}
		,
	author={{
			TJWachtel
		} and {
			LMTetu-Mouradjain
		} and {
			DLGoldman
		} and {
			SEEllis
		} and {
			O'Sullivan
		} and {
			PS
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Gen Int Med}}
		
			6
			
			,
	year={1991}
		
	

}

@book{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. Diabetes Spectrum}}
		,
	author={{
			GEUmpierrez
		} and {
			MBMurphy
		} and {
			AEKitabchi
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2002 Jan 1}
			15
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b15,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperglycemic crises in diabetes mellitus: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state}}
		,
	author={{
			AEKitabchi
		} and {
			EANyenwe
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am}}
		
			35
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b16,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome in children: pathophysiological considerations and suggested guidelines for treatment}}
		,
	author={{
			PZeitler
		} and {
			AHaqq
		} and {
			ARosenbloom
		} and {
			NGlaser
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Pediatr}}
		
			158
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{A study of dehydration in adults}}
		,
	author={{
			FAColler
		} and {
			WGMaddock
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Annals of Surgery}}
		
			
			,
	year={1935}
		
	

}

@incollection{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{Methods for the quantitative assessment of electrolyte disturbances in hyperglycaemia}}
		,
	author={{
			EBartoli
		} and {
			LBergamaco
		} and {
			LCastello
		} and {
			PPSainaghi
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis}}
		
			19
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b19,
	
	
		,
	title={{American Diabetes Association: Hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes mellitus (Position Statement)}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Diabetes Care}}
		
			24
			,
	year={1988-1996, 2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome}}
		,
	author={{
			EDEnnis
		} and {
			EjvbStahl
		} and {
			RAKreisburg
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Diabetes Rev}}
		
			2
			
			,
	year={1994}
		
	

}

@incollection{b21,
	
	
		,
	title={{Colloids vs crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients}}
		,
	author={{
			PPerel
		} and {
			JRoberts
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Cochrane Database Syst Rev}}
		
			3
			D000567
			,
	year={2011 Mar 16}
		
	

}

@incollection{b22,
	
	
		,
	title={{Fluid management in diabetic-acidosis-Ringer's lactate versus normal saline: a randomized controlled trial}}
		,
	author={{
			DGVan Zyll
		} and {
			PRheeder
		} and {
			EDelport
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{QJM}}
		
			105
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@book{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{Patient Safety Alert: Potassium solutions: risks to patients from errors occurring during intravenous administration}}
		
			,
	year={2002}
			,
	address={London}
		
		
			National Patient Safety Agency
		
	

}

@incollection{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes}}
		,
	author={{
			AEKitabchi
		} and {
			GEUmpierrez
		} and {
			MBMurphy
		} and {
			EJBarrett
		} and {
			RAKreisberg
		} and {
			JIMalone
		} and {
			BMWall
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Diabetes Care}}
		
			24
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b25,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperglycaemic crises and lactic acidosis in diabetes mellitus}}
		,
	author={{
			PEnglish
		} and {
			GWilliams
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Postgrad Med J}}
		
			80
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b26,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome in children: pathophysiological considerations and suggested guidelines for treatment}}
		,
	author={{
			PZeitler
		} and {
			AHaqq
		} and {
			ARosenbloom
		} and {
			NGlaser
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Pediatr}}
		
			158
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b27,
	
	
		,
	title={{Efficacy of low-dose insulin therapy for severely obtunded patients in diabetic ketoacidosis}}
		,
	author={{
			LRMorris
		} and {
			AEKitabchi
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Diabetes Care}}
		
			3
			
			,
	year={1980}
		
	

}

@incollection{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state in adults with diabetes: a summary of a report from the Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care}}
		,
	author={{
			ARScott
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{British Journal of Diabetes}}
		
			15
			2
			
			,
	year={2015 Jun 8}
		
	

}

@incollection{b29,
	
	
		,
	title={{Femoral central venous catheterassociated deep venous thrombosis in children with diabetic ketoacidosis}}
		,
	author={{
			JAGutierrez
		} and {
			RBagatell
		} and {
			MPSamson
		} and {
			AATheodorou
		} and {
			RABerg
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Crit Care Med}}
		
			31
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@incollection{b30,
	
	
		,
	title={{Acute pediatricrhabdomyolysis: causes and rates of renal failure}}
		,
	author={{
			RMannix
		} and {
			MLTan
		} and {
			RWright
		} and {
			MBaskin
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pediatrics}}
		
			118
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{Fatal malignant hyperthermia-like syndrome with rhabdomyolysis complicating the presentation of diabetes mellitus in adolescent males}}
		,
	author={{
			ASHollander
		} and {
			RCOlney
		} and {
			PRBlackett
		} and {
			BAMarshall
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pediatrics}}
		
			6
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	
	,
	note={Pt 1}

}

@incollection{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{Approach to management of malignant hyperthermia-like syndrome in pediatric diabetes mellitus}}
		,
	author={{
			BJKilbane
		} and {
			SMehta
		} and {
			PFBackeljauw
		} and {
			TPShanley
		} and {
			NACrimmins
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pediatr Crit Care Med}}
		
			7
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@book{b33,
	
	
		,
	title={{Death caused by hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state at the onset of type 2 diabetes}}
		,
	author={{
			AEMorales
		} and {
			ALRosenbloom
		}}
		
		
			144
			
			,
	address={J Pediatr2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b34,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state: an emerging pediatric problem}}
		,
	author={{
			ALRosenbloom
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Pediatr}}
		
			156
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@book{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Diabetes Care}}
		,
	author={{
			FJPasquel
		} and {
			GEUmpierrez
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2014 Nov 1}
			37
			
		
	

}