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\title{Assessment of the Magnitude and Detrminants of Unmet need for Family Planning among Married Women in Finoteselam Dstrict, North West Ethiopia}
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             \author[1]{Bisrat  Getaneh}

             \author[2]{SIMENEH WORKU  TESSEMA}

             \affil[1]{  Gondar University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2017 Accepted: 4 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Background: Ethiopia is one of the most populous countries in Africa. Among currently married women, 22% of them had unmet need for family planning. Due to this, unwanted pregnancies and abortion is wide spread. And, it is the leading causes of maternal mortality. The Amhara Regional State is characterized by a high level of fertility rate of 5.1 children per women of reproductive age and low level of contraceptive use that is 9.1%.Method: Community based quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Finoteselam district, Northwest Ethiopia. A total of 360 (61.1% urban & 38.9% rural) women were proportionally included from April 2016-May 2016. A Stratified random sampling technique was carried out for sample selection. A pretested structured interview questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection. Result:The median age at first marriage in the study area was found to be 17 years. Average number of children desired in the study area was 4.8.Unmet need for family planning in the study area was 29.7% of which 18.9% for spacing and 10.8% for limiting of child birth.

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\keywords{unmet need, family planning, married women, finoteselam district.}

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\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
nmet need, which is estimated from survey data, refers to married women who say that they would prefer to avoid or postpone childbearing, but who are not using any method of contraception \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. The concept of unmet need for family planning was first explored in the 1960s, when data from surveys of contraceptive knowledge, attitude and practice  {\ref [KAP]} showed a gap between some women's reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behavior \hyperref[b0]{(1)}. Unplanned pregnancy poses a major public health challenge to women of reproductive age worldwide, especially in developing countries. World-wide, 64\% of married women use contraception but an estimated 225 million women in developing countries would like to delay or stop childbearing, but are not using any method of contraception. Globally, the prevalence of contraceptive use has been increasing, but the unmet need for contraception still remains a problem \hyperref[b0]{(1)}. It has been estimated that about 80 million (38\%) of the 210 million pregnancies that occur annually worldwide, are unplanned, and about 46 million (22\%) end up in abortion \hyperref[b1]{(2)}. Ethiopia is one of the most populous countries in Africa. It stands third after Nigeria and Egypt. With the highest annual population growth rate of 2.9 \%, high maternal mortality of 412/100,000 live births and high infant mortality of 97/1000 live births (3). Among currently married young women, 22\% had unmet need for family planning. Due to this, unwanted pregnancies and abortion is wide spread and generally performed by untrained persons. It is the leading causes of maternal mortality. In a community based study abortion accounted for 54.2\% of the direct causes of maternal deaths \hyperref[b2]{(3)}. In recognition of the need to address these issues, the Government of Ethiopia adopted a population policy in 1993. The prime objective of the policy is to harmonize the rate of population growth with the socioeconomic development. The population policy also aims at reducing the total fertility rate from 7.7 children per women in 1995 to 4 Children per women in 2015 and an increase in contraceptive prevalence rate from 15\% in 2005 to 44\% in 2015 \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. The International Conference on Population and Development  {\ref [ICPD]} held in Cairo in 1994 secured international agreement on population and development approach that put people first and places women at the centre of development efforts.\par
These were already guiding principles of the national population policy adopted in Ethiopia, as part and the centre of the new economic and social policies adopted by the Transitional Government of Ethiopia \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. Control over one's fertility is a basic need for family planning, which is as basic as food and housing. The Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia is characterized by high infant mortality of 94/1000 live birth, a high level of fertility rate of 5.1 children per women of reproductive age and low level of contraceptive use, that is 9.1\% \hyperref[b2]{[3]}.Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the magnitude and factors associated with unmet need for family planning among married women in the study area. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
A Stratified random sampling procedure was employed in the catchment area. Using the household unit lists, the number of households unit was identified. By applying simple random sampling procedure, the house number of each unit was selected. If there was no any eligible in the house, to choose one of the neighbor houses, lottery method was used to take one of them instead of it. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Study Area and Population}]{Study Area and Population}\par
Finoteselam district has a total population of 48,955. Among this in rural, males, 9115, and females, 8699, where as in urban, males, 14,294 and females 16,847. The source population of the study is total married women of child bring age (15-49 years old) groups that found in the district. The study population is Proportion of married women of child bearing age (15-49 years old) groups with inclusion criteria from the source population. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Data Collection and Procedure}]{Data Collection and Procedure}\par
A community based quantitative cross sectional study was conducted to assess the magnitude and factors associated with unmet need for family planning among married women in FinoteSelam district, from April, 2016 to May, 2016. A Stratified random sampling procedure was employed in the catchment area, using the household unit lists, the number of households in each unit was identified. By applying simple random sampling procedure, the house number of each unit was selected. If there was no any eligible in the house, to choose one of the neighbor houses, lottery method was used to take one of them instead of it.\par
V. 
\section[{Statistical Methods}]{Statistical Methods}\par
The sample size was calculated using EPI info statistical soft ware version 7.2.1 for determination of sample size\& analysis was performed by SPSS version 20.0 statistical software package. Frequency and percentage were calculated for the study variables. P-value and two tail Fisher's exact test was used to calculate and determine significance. In all statistical tests, the differences were considered to be statistically significant if p-value less than 0.05. By taking single population proportion using the following estimates: Prevalence rate of unmet need for family planning of the country is 34.4\% (3). On-non response rate 10\% and confidence level of 95 \% (1.96). Based on this, giving a total sample size of 369. 
\section[{Availability of data and materials:}]{Availability of data and materials:}\par
The data can be shared at any stage in time. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Ethical Consideration}]{Ethical Consideration}\par
Ethical clearance was secured from the Ethical Clearance Committee of the school of public Health of Gondar University. The concerned officials at all levels, community leaders, and government bodies were informed, to get the assurance of the study. The purpose, objectives, and importance of the study were explained and informed. Consent was secured from each participant. Confidentiality was maintained at all levels of the study. Participation in the study was on a voluntary basis. Participants who were un willing to participate in the study and those who wish to quit from the study at any point in time were informed to do so without any restriction. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{Consent for Publication}]{Consent for Publication}\par
This manuscript does not contain any identifiable individual person's data; therefore the consent is not applicable. 
\section[{VIII.}]{VIII.} 
\section[{Result}]{Result}\par
Unmet need to space \&limit births among married women and not using contraception in the study area was 68 [18.9\%] \& 39 [10.8\%] respectively. Unmet need to space \& limit births among currently pregnant and post-partum amenorrhoeic women was 10 [2.8\%] and 0\%respectively.\par
Total unmet need in the district was 107 (29.7\%) of which 68 (18.9\%) was for spacing and 39 (10.8\%) for limiting [  {\ref Fig 1]}.  Moreover, in the study area 30\% of women with unmet need among never-users had intention to use contraception in the near future. 
\section[{IX.}]{IX.} 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
There are different factors attributed to prohibit using of FP in the study area, which implies the desire to have more children due to religious and husband opposition. There are also some people who think children are an asset and it is up to God to determine the number of children. Other studies also support this finding \hyperref[b1]{[2]}. Moreover, there is a gap between knowledge and contraceptive practice. In the study area 20.8\% use contraceptives for spacing, while 7.5\% use for limiting the birth. This shows the majority of the women used the contraception for spacing, while the minority of the respondents used the contraception for limiting the birth. This can be explained by women in the study area have the desired number of children lately than earlier. This finding is in line with other studies conducted in other parts of the country \& a Rural Area of Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, South India \hyperref[b2]{[3,}\hyperref[b7]{8]}.\par
Among respondents who discontinued use of contraception were 16.7\% mentioned desire to have more children, 15.3\%, preference method was not available \& 39.8\%, health concern and side effects. This again indicates that there is inadequate information, education, communication and counseling services that would help the client to continue use of contraception. The finding is also in line with study findings Unmet Needs for Family Planning among Women of Reproductive Age in Nigeria \hyperref[b1]{[2]}. An effort was made to identify those women who wanted to space or limit their fertility without using any form of contraception during the survey. This is important because, it helps to estimate the contraceptive demand in the future and to select target groups for family planning program intervention. In the study area the level of unmet need for family planning was 29.7\% among currently married, pregnant and post-partum amenorrhoeic women. The finding is more than from what the national level was found, that was 22 \%, of which 13\% was for spacing and 9\% for limiting, \hyperref[b2]{[3]}.The findings of this study indicates that more married women have unmet need than using contraception. Which are in line with the DHS result for Ethiopia \hyperref[b2]{[3]} and Northern West of Tigray, Ethiopia \hyperref[b4]{[5]}. In this study 18.9\% \& 10.8\% of unmet need in the study area was for spacing \& limiting birth of FP respectively. This shows that the greater percentage of unmet need in the study area women was for spacing than limiting birth, which are in line with the DHS result for Ethiopia, a Rural Area of Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, South India and in Urban Cameroon \hyperref[b2]{[3,}\hyperref[b5]{6,}\hyperref[b7]{8]}. Moreover, Unmet need for family planning in rural was 18\% of which 11.3\% for spacing and 6.7\% for limiting of child birth, where as unmet need in Urban was 11.7\% of which 8.9\% for spacing and 2.8\% for limiting birth. Total unmet need for family planning was greater for those rural than urban [18 \% vs. 11.7 \%]. This was true especially for rural women with unmet need for family planning for the purpose of spacing, that is 11.3\% compared to 8.9 \% of the spacers from the urban area. This is in line with DHS result for Ethiopia \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. Examining unmet need for family planning across various demographic, social and economic variables suggests that unmet need for family planning is affected by some of these factors. Unmet need is specifically high among the women in the 25-29 age group [32.7\%].Smaller percentages need of family planning were found in the age group of 15-19 [4.7\%] and the oldest age group 40-49 [14\%].In the case of young women, the reason might be that, they have not yet achieved their desired number of children, while the older women might have considered themselves as no more at risk of conception, due to, perceived or actual sub fecund and menopausal state. Examining the age distribution of unmet need from the spacer and limiter perspective, there exists a difference in the age pattern. As expected, family planning unmet need for limiting increases with age toward the later age group. Among the limiters 22.4 \% from the study areas were in the age group 35-49, whereas among younger women  {\ref [15]} {\ref [16]} {\ref [17]} {\ref [18]} {\ref [19]}. And there is no limiter wanted to limit childbirth. Among the study population in the 35-49 ages group 11.2\% had unmet need for spacing. Were as among respondents of women in the 15-34 age groups 52.3\% had unmet need for limiting birth of FP. As expected, only a small proportion of spacers were found in the last childbearing age group. Age is an important factor when total unmet need is decomposed into need for spacing and need for limiting. Otherwise its importance becomes negligible. Hence age is not an important determinant of overall unmet need for family planning. On the other hands unmet need FP for spacing concentrated around the relatively younger age groups and declines towards the oldest age groups. Women with large numbers of surviving children have a greater unmet need for family planning than those women with fewer children. Women with five or more living children are 3 times more likely unmet need for FP than women with to have fewer children. In general 21.5\% women in the study area with five or more living children were spacers, while 25\% with similar numbers of living children were limiters. Thus, unmet need for family planning, especially for limiting births predominates among women with 5 or more surviving children. There might be several reasons for the greater family planning need of women from the study area. Total unmet need as well as unmet need for limiting and spacing is greater among illiterate women in the study area. Illiterate Women were 6.5 times more likely than women with high school \& above to have unmet need. Thus, it is clear that unmet need is highest among women with illiterate or low level of education. Unmet need declines as the education level of women improved. This is possibly due to the reason that the level of awareness of fertility control and preference for a smaller number of families are less understood among the less educated, while the better educated women appreciate the value of small planned family as well as the means in achieving it. Nine percent of women with unmet need in the study area of women thought that their husbands approve of family planning compared with 84\% of women whose husbands do not approve using contraception. Women whose husbands do not approve using contraception are 2.7 times more likely to have unmet need than women whose husbands do approve use of family planning. Women who wanted either to space or limit their birth but were not using family planning methods were further asked to state the reasons for not using contraception. The main reasons of non-use mentioned by women with unmet need in their order of importance were husbands/partners opposition to using family planning [25.2\%], religion prohibition (22.4\%), desire to have more children (18.7\%), fear of side effect and health problems [12.1\%], lack of information \hyperref[b10]{[11} comparable with finding in developing counties \hyperref[b4]{[5,}\hyperref[b6]{7]}). There were statistically significant associations between reasons for non-users of contraception like, husband opposition, religion prohibition, and lack of awareness \& relative' sopposition. These results agree with the result of bivariate analysis. Moreover, religion prohibition was 2 times more likely to be reasons for non-use of contraceptives compared to those women with desire to have more children, (OR=2.035, 95 CI, 1.005, 3.266). Further investigation of women's intention to use family planning methods in the future showed that, thirty percent of women with unmet need for family planning had intention to use contraceptives in the near future.\par
X. 
\section[{Limitation of the Study}]{Limitation of the Study}\par
Cross-sectional study design was used in the present study. This type of study design shows the exposure and outcome at the same point in time, so that; we cannot formulate a cause and effect relationship. Other possible limitations are: Reliability of answers and sensitivity of the subject. 
\section[{XI.}]{XI.} 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
Husband opposition to use contraception, religion prohibition, desire to have more children, lack of knowledge, relative opposed, risk of pregnancy, health problem and fear of side effects were reasons to have unmet need for family planning among women who have never used contraception. Husband opposition \& religion prohibition were main reasons to have unmet need for family planning. If factors that causes to have unmet needs for family planning to be avoided, women with unmet need, who have never used contraception, have intention to use family planning in the near future. Moreover, Knowledge about contraception, family size, place of residence, and husband's attitude towards contraception were found to be determinants of unmet need for contraception.\par
Competing interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\par
Authors' contribution: Simenehworku: designs the study, collected and analyzed the data, critically revised \& wrote the manuscript. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.388368860055607\textwidth}P{0.461631139944393\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep percent of women's: husband among limiters approve\\
\tabcellsep use of contraception in the study area. Illiterate women\\
\tabcellsep in the study area were 6.5 times more likely than women\\
]. 4.7\% for spacing and\tabcellsep with high school \& above to have unmet need for\\
9.3\% for limiting had unmet need in age group of 40-49\tabcellsep contraception [OR=6.513, 95\% CI: 1.081, 7.052].\\
respectively. Women with current living children of 5 \&\tabcellsep Among women with unmet need for F Pin rural was\\
above were 3.3 times more likely to have unmet need for\tabcellsep 38.3\% for spacing and 22.4\% for limiting of child birth,\\
FP than women with current children of 1-2 [OR=3.266,\tabcellsep where as unmet need for FP in urban was 29.9\% for\\
95\% CI: 1.858, 5.741]. In the study area women whose\tabcellsep spacing and 9.3\% for limiting birth. Rural women were\\
husbands do not approve using contraception are 2.7\tabcellsep 2.3 times more likely to have unmet need for family\\
times more likely to have unmet need for contraception\tabcellsep planning than urban women [OR=2.272, 95\% CI: 1.170,\\
than women whose husbands approve use of\tabcellsep 3.437]. [Table 1]\\
contraception [OR=2.731, 95\% CI: 1.243, 6.471]. Two\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2778846153846154\textwidth}P{0.5721153846153847\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep respectively [Table 2]. Reasons for non-use of\\
\tabcellsep contraception, religion prohibition, husband opposition,\\
\tabcellsep lack of knowledge about advantage of contraceptive\\
\tabcellsep method and relatives opposition, were by 2, 1.7, 1.53 \&\\
\tabcellsep 1.5 times more likely to be reasons for non-use of\\
And 18.7\% of women did not use contraception, due to,\tabcellsep contraceptives compared to those women with desire to\\
the desire to have more children. While, the rest of 2.8\%,\tabcellsep have more children (OR (95\% CI) =2.035 (1.005, 3.266),\\
11.2\%, and 1.9\% of the respondents were due to relative\tabcellsep 1.714 (1.336, 1.976), 1.532 (1.204, 1.950) \& 1.505\\
opposition, lack of knowledge and risk of pregnancy\tabcellsep (1.385, 1.663) respectively [Table 2].\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.24514824797843662\textwidth}P{0.07331536388140161\textwidth}P{0.04353099730458221\textwidth}P{0.09622641509433963\textwidth}P{0.18328840970350405\textwidth}P{0.20849056603773586\textwidth}}
Reasons\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Never users n=107 No \%}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{p-value OR (95\% CI) Crude}\tabcellsep Adjusted OR\\
Husband Opposition\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 34.6\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep 1.714(1.336, 1.976)\tabcellsep 1.052(1.006, 1.454)\\
Lack of Knowledge\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 11.2\tabcellsep .001\tabcellsep 1.532(1.204, 1.950)\tabcellsep 1.102(1.011, 1.908)\\
Relatives Opposed\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2.8\tabcellsep .024\tabcellsep 1.505(1.385, 1.663)\tabcellsep 1.050(1.004, 1.604)\\
Religion Prohibition\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 22.4\tabcellsep .018\tabcellsep 2.035(1.005, 3.266)\tabcellsep 2.713(1.007, 3.707)\\
Desire to have More children\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 18.7\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1.00\tabcellsep 1.00\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Volume XVIII Issue I Version I\\
D D D D )\\
(\\
Medical Research\\
© 2018 Global Journals 1\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}K}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgment}]{Acknowledgment}\par
I would like to acknowledge the stuff of Finoteselam district health department, for providing me relevant documents during the study. I extend my appreciation to all participants including data collectors, supervisors and respondents of urban and rural areas. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
