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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Oluwasomidoyin Olukemi  Bello}

             \author[2]{Opeyemi Rebecca  Akinajo}

             \affil[1]{  University College Hospital}

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\date{\small \em Received: 10 December 2017 Accepted: 3 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a public health issue all over the world and remains a major gynaecological problem in contemporary gynaecological practice. We assessed the risk factors for EP among women presenting at a tertiary health facility, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria. A 10 years retrospective study of EP cases managed in UCH. Information was collected using a proforma and data analysed using SPSS 20. A total of 337 women had ectopic pregnancy. Mean age was 29.8 +/-5.6 years and majority (82.2%) were married. Identified risk factors were previous abdominal/pelvic surgery(ies), ectopic pregnancy and abortions while common clinical features include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding and amenorrhoea. Majority (76.6%) were ruptured while ampulla of the fallopian tube was the commonest site. EP is still a dare emergency in our environment with most women presenting after it has ruptured. However, the risk factors and presentation has not changed.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{ectopic pregnancy, risk factors, presentation, trend.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{A10YearReviewofEctopicPregnancyinUniversityCollegeHospitalIbadanNigeria}]{A10YearReviewofEctopicPregnancyinUniversityCollegeHospitalIbadanNigeria}\par
Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\par
Introduction ctopic pregnancy (EP) is defined as a pregnancy in which the implantation of the embryo occurs outside the uterine cavity, most frequently in one of the two fallopian tubes or, more rarely, in the abdominal cavity. EP is the leading cause of maternal mortality in industrialized countries in the first three months of pregnancy, and possibly the second most frequent cause in developing countries after abortion complications \hyperref[b0]{1,}\hyperref[b1]{2,}\hyperref[b2]{3} .It is a major health problem for women of childbearing age not only because it causes maternal mortality but of greater clinical importance is the indirect morbidity of poor fertility prognosis and adverse outcome in subsequent pregnancies with a 7-15\% chance of recurrence and only 40-60\% chance of conceiving after surgery \hyperref[b3]{4,}\hyperref[b4]{5} .\par
It is a common life-threatening emergency in the developing world with high burden and its frequency is still high \hyperref[b5]{6} .The risk of death among those in the developed world is between 0.1 and 0.3 per cent while in the developing world it is between 1 and 3\% \hyperref[b6]{7} . Between 93 and 97\% of ectopic pregnancies are located in a fallopian tube and 75\% are located in the ampulla,13\% in the isthmus and 12\% in the fimbriae \hyperref[b7]{8} .\par
The incidence of ectopic pregnancy varies from country to country and within the same country, it varies from one community to another. There is currently an increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy globally due to higher incidence of salpingitis, inadequate treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease, use of intrauterine contraceptive device, increase in surgical procedures for tubal disease and improved diagnostic technique \hyperref[b8]{9} . Several factors have been shown to increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. These risk factors have the same mechanism of action with affectation of the ciliary functions of fallopian tube with pelvic inflammatory disease as the most common \hyperref[b9]{10,}\hyperref[b10]{11} . Other reported aetiological factors include previous ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, previous tubal surgery, infertility and infertility treatments, previous caesarean sections, tubal spasm, and congenital defects of the fallopian tube \hyperref[b11]{12,}\hyperref[b12]{13} . However, multiple factors have been shown to contribute to the relative risk of ectopic pregnancy although some patients may not have any risk factor. Behavioural and clinical risk factors include early sexual debut, multiple lifetime sexual partners, lack of condom use, miscarriage and induced abortion \hyperref[b13]{14} .\par
Up to 10\% of women with ectopic pregnancy have no symptoms, and one-third have no medical signs \hyperref[b14]{15} .Signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy include increased human chorionic gonadotrophin, vaginal bleeding (in varying amounts), sudden lower abdominal pain, pelvic pain, a tender cervix, an adnexal mass or adnexal tenderness. In the absence of ultrasound or human chorionic gonadotrophin assessment, heavy vaginal bleeding may lead to a misdiagnosis of miscarriage. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are more rare symptoms of ectopic pregnancy. Also abdominal distension, tenderness, peritonism and hypovolemic shock are not uncommon symptoms when the ectopic pregnancy ruptures \hyperref[b6]{7} .\par
This study is a ten year review conducted to determine the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy among patients presenting at a tertiary hospital in South Western Nigeria. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
This was a retrospective study carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Hospital (UCH). This hospital provides care at tertiary level. UCH is one of the largest teaching hospitals in Nigeria. The case records of all the patients with ectopic pregnancy who were managed at the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan during the study period were reviewed. All cases that were diagnosed and managed for ectopic pregnancy were included in the study. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, history of risk factors, clinical presentation on admission, and type of treatment offered was collected using a proforma. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS version 20. The results are presented in proportions and percentages. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
A total of 337 women were diagnosed and managed for ectopic pregnancy during the study period. Mean age was 29.8 +/-5.6 years but ranged between 16 and 45 years with majority (34.1\%) in the 26 to 30 years category. Higher proportions (82.2\%) of them were married, a third (33.8\%) were nulliparous women and about half (51.9\%) of them had secondary level of education. Majority (57.3\%) were self-employed (Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}).\par
The presenting complaints varied extremely. Abdominal pain (80.1\%), vaginal bleeding (49.9\%) and amenorrhoea (28.2\%) were the most frequent symptoms (Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}).\par
Over the 10-year study period, the number of cases did not follow a regular pattern. The sixth year (2011) recorded the highest number of cases (58 patients) after which there was a consistent decrease in the number of cases with the lowest (13) in 2015 (Figure \hyperref[fig_2]{1}).\par
A large proportion of the patients (42.4\%) in this study presented with past history of abortion. Previous contraceptive use and previous pelvic surgery were the other associated risk factors patients presented with in this study with 16.0\% and 12.2\% respectively. Among them 5.9\% were intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) users and 4.5\% were injectable users. The most commonly used method of contraception 5.9\% was IUCD which is also an associated risk factor in this study. Only one patient was found to be a smoker (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3}).\par
More than half (63.8\%) of the patients had no documented site. The most documented site 11.3\% of ectopic gestation was the ampullary region of the fallopian tube followed by the cornual (9.2\%) while cervical region had the lowest occurrence (0.3\%). More than half (57.9\%) of the study population presented with the EP located in the right fallopian tube (Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}). Majority (94.4\%) of the cases were diagnosed through ultrasonography while 4.7\% were through clinical physical examination only and 0.9\% by laparoscopy. Among the 337 cases of ectopic pregnancies, the ruptured ectopic pregnancies accounted for 76.6\%. This was followed by slow leaking 14.5\% and only 8.9\% were unruptured.\par
IV. 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
During the period of review, it was observed that there was a decrease in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in UCH considering the last five years of the review. History of previous abortions, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, pelvic surgery, pelvic inflammatory disease, contraceptive use and tobacco use were the risk factors of EP identified in this study.\par
The peak age incidence was amongst women in the age group of 26-30 years which corroborates with findings of Panti et al. \hyperref[b15]{16} , Udigwe et al. \hyperref[b16]{17} and Etuknwaet al. \hyperref[b17]{18} . This was not surprising, considering that this is the reproductive age group and high risky sexual behaviour is common in this age group.\par
The highest incidence of ectopic pregnancy was noted amongst nulliparous women, which was in conformity with findings from some other Nigerian studies \hyperref[b18]{19,}\hyperref[b19]{20} . This may be because most young unmarried people with unintended pregnancies often procure unsafe abortions, which subsequently predisposes them to having an ectopic gestation in future pregnancies or the relatively high incidence of EP among nulliparous may be explained by the increased use of fertility drugs (ovulation induction drugs) which are becoming a recognizable risk factor \hyperref[b20]{21} .\par
This study identified previous histories of infertility, abortions, abdominal/pelvic surgery, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, contraceptive use, tobacco use as risk factors of ectopic pregnancy. It was observed that most of the cases of ectopic pregnancy had more than one risk factor. A previous history of abortion and contraceptive use were major risk factors. The study also revealed that majority of the patients were not using any form of contraception at the time of the ectopic pregnancy and this substantiates Panti et al. findings on women with ectopic pregnancy \hyperref[b15]{16} . However, if a woman who is using intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) becomes pregnant, the chances of that pregnancy being ectopic are increased. This is because it is thought that IUD reduces intrauterine gestations by 99.5\% and increases tubal implantation by 95\%, thus accounting for the relative increase in tubal pregnancies in IUCD users. Also, the use of intrauterine contraceptive device increases the risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy almost four fold \hyperref[b13]{14} .\par
One of the risk factors of EP in this study was previous history of an ectopic pregnancy. This finding corresponds with that of Jurkovic who reported that every woman with a previous ectopic pregnancy would be at a high risk of recurrence of another ectopic pregnancy \hyperref[b21]{22} . The presenting symptoms, such as abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding and amenorrhoea, observed in this study agree with those reported by other researchers \hyperref[b22]{23} . This is because most of ectopic pregnancy had ruptured at the time of presentation, hence majority of these patient were haemodynamically compromised. This makes the condition a dare emergency with resuscitation and treatment effected immediately in other to save the woman's life.\par
In conclusion, this study revealed a decrease in the frequency of ectopic pregnancy in the more recent years in the South Western Nigeria as opposed to a rising incidence of ectopic pregnancy worldwide. However, the risk factors and presentation has not changed.    \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4834656084656085\textwidth}P{0.18439153439153438\textwidth}P{0.18214285714285713\textwidth}}
Variable\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency (N=337) Percentage (\%)}\\
Age\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
16-20\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 4.7\\
21-25\tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep 18.4\\
26-30\tabcellsep 115\tabcellsep 34.1\\
31-35\tabcellsep 90\tabcellsep 26.7\\
36-40\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 13.1\\
?41\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 3.0\\
Marital status\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Married.\tabcellsep 277\tabcellsep 82.2\\
Single\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 17.5\\
Divorced.\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\
Level of education\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Primary or lower.\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 9.2\\
Secondary.\tabcellsep 175\tabcellsep 51.9\\
Tertiary or higher.\tabcellsep 131\tabcellsep 38.9\\
Occupation\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 20.2\\
Civil servant.\tabcellsep 193\tabcellsep 57.3\\
Self employed\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 5.9\\
Unemployed\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 16.6\\
Students.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Parity.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
0\tabcellsep 114\tabcellsep 33.8\\
1\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 19.9\\
2\tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep 19.0\\
3\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 15.7\\
4\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 6.2\\
?5\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 5.3\\
Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5344059405940594\textwidth}P{0.13886138613861387\textwidth}P{0.17673267326732672\textwidth}}
Symptoms\tabcellsep Number of patients\tabcellsep Percentage (\%)\\
Bleeding per vagina\tabcellsep 168\tabcellsep 49.9\\
Abdominal pain\tabcellsep 270\tabcellsep 80.1\\
Amenorrhoea\tabcellsep 95\tabcellsep 28.2\\
Abdominal tenderness\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0.9\\
Shock\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1.8\\
Fainting/collapse\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 5.9\\
Dizziness/weakness\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 6.8\\
Nausea/vomiting\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 2.1\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6403587443946188\textwidth}P{0.11816143497757849\textwidth}P{0.09147982062780269\textwidth}}
Risk factors\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percentage}\\
Previous infertility\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2.4\\
Previous abortions\tabcellsep 143\tabcellsep 42.4\\
Previous abdominal/pelvic surgery\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 12.2\\
Previous ectopic pregnancy\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2.4\\
Previous PID infection\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 0.3\\
Previous contraceptive use\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 16.0\\
Tobacco use\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4804347826086956\textwidth}P{0.2125\textwidth}P{0.15706521739130433\textwidth}}
Site\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percentage (\%)}\\
Undocumented site\tabcellsep 215\tabcellsep 63.8\\
Fallopian tube\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-Left.\tabcellsep 142\tabcellsep 42.1\\
-Right\tabcellsep 195\tabcellsep 57.9\\
Cornua\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 9.2\\
Isthmus\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 4.5\\
Ampullary\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 11.3\\
Fimbriae\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 3.9\\
Cervical\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\
Ovarian\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 6.2\\
Interstitial\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0.9\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2018 Global Journals E} 			\footnote{© 2018 Global Journals} 			\footnote{© 2018 Global Journals 1} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
