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\setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2018 2018-01-15 (revised: 24 Year 2018 15 January 2018)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2018 2018-01-15} \title{Social Support, Stressful Life Events, Medication -Taking Self -Efficacy, Psychotic Symptoms on Social Dysfunction: Role of Mediating Effects} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ 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\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Ek-Uma Imkome} \author[2]{Yunibhand J} \author[3]{Chaiyawat W} \author[4]{Nouanthong P} \affil[1]{ Thammasat University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2017 Accepted: 31 December 2017 Published: 15 January 2018} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Background: Understanding the role of mediating effects of psychotic symptoms and medication-taking self-efficacy on Social dysfunction could help identifying persons at the risk of progression to schizophrenia with methamphetamine misuse and guide early integrated relapse intervention.Objectives: To test a hypothetical model of psychotic symptoms in persons with schizophrenia and misusing methamphetamines and to test the mediating effects of psychotic symptoms and medicationtaking self-efficacy on Social dysfunction. Methods:In a cross sectional-study, 313 participants from 9 settings were enrolled. A set of five questionnaires were applied, including of the Demographic Data Questionnaire, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Self-efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale, the Stressful Life Events Questionnaire, and the Social Dysfunctioning Scale, paralleled with social support questionnaire. Path analysis was used to test the model and hypothesis to predict the mediating effects. \end{abstract} \keywords{social support, medication taking selfefficacy, social support, social dysfunction, path analysis.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par he global burden of comorbidity attributable to illicit drug uses. Of those 247 million illicit substances users, at least one in 2014, 29 million suffers from drug used disorders \hyperref[b0]{(1)}. People who suffer from drug used disorders or people with drug use disorders were a subset of population who use drugs and need treatment, health and social care, and rehabilitation.\par Methamphetamine use mimic schizophrenia and it is estimated that 30\% within 8 years of those users will be diagnosed with a stimulant-induced psychosis and will be re-diagnosed with schizophrenia that psychotic symptoms was play a vital role. Additionally, methamphetamine use is associated with poorer social dysfunctioning and prognosis in persons with primary psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia spectrum disorder \hyperref[b1]{(2)}\hyperref[b2]{(3)}.With this regards, it is a need to discover what factors related to psychotic relapse among schizophrenic Persons with methamphetamines misused \hyperref[b3]{(4)}\hyperref[b4]{(5)}\hyperref[b5]{(6)}. Early detection and preventive intervention can be provided to reduce the subsequent risk of transition to schizophrenia and relapsing of schizophrenia in long terms. One direction of identifying which cases are likely to progress to schizophrenia is to examine their symptom patterns, factors influencing, and mediating effects of factors related to psychotic symptoms. Particular positive symptoms such as bizarre thinking have been shown to predict psychosis onset among prodromal / high-risk individuals \hyperref[b5]{(6)}\hyperref[b6]{(7)}\hyperref[b7]{(8)}.\par This type of positive symptoms experienced may be an indicative individual as persons with methamphetamine are more likely at risk of progressing to schizophrenia. Although numerous of empirical studies indicated that, the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in MAP, primarily persecutory delusions and hallucinations (usually visual and auditory), the structure or typologies of psychotic symptoms in MAP has yet to be undertaken. Moreover, 12 million injected drugs users, they are likely high risk of infection: HIV (14\%) and T HCV (52\%) \hyperref[b6]{(7)}. In addition, global consequences of SUDs are far-reaching to higher rates of comorbidity such as hepatitis and tuberculosis infections, lost productivity, injuries and deaths from automobile and other accidents, as well as deaths from overdose drug used, suicides, and violence \hyperref[b5]{(6,}\hyperref[b9]{10)}.\par Psychotic relapse prevention for persons with schizophrenia and misusing methamphetamine is becoming an urgent public health needed. However, there are some concerning conflicting ideas, which variables are most important and whether these variables are "direct or indirect" factors, impact on psychotic symptoms \hyperref[b3]{(4,}\hyperref[b10]{11)}. Specific predicting factor for this hypothetical model could not easily be extracted from the result of empirical research. This study is, therefore, exploratory.\par There were numbers of evidence based studies to examine antecedents of psychotic symptoms \hyperref[b3]{(4,}\hyperref[b6]{7,}\hyperref[b11]{12,}\hyperref[b12]{13)}, but little is known about relationships in these factors, for example, social support, stressful life events, medication used self-efficacy, and what psychotic symptoms play as the mediating role effected on social dysfunction that deteriorated on the severity of psychotic symptoms. Design suitable intervention program and extensively program used as psychiatric and mental health nursing is the important issue to prevent relapse and being a positive influences on nursing outcomes and multidisciplinary treatment teams outcomes.\par Considering varies variables, we attempted to identify the associated factors with psychotic symptoms among schizophrenia and misusing methamphetamines users by creating a path model. Both direct and indirect factors were included in the study. The initial hypotheses of the study included: (a) whether psychotic symptoms would be the most powerful direct predictor social dysfunction of in persons with schizophrenia, misusing methamphetamines: (b) could psychotic symptoms and medication-taking self-efficacy mediate social dysfunction.\par The results of this exploratory study could generate insight understanding in the existence of different diurnal fluctuations or deviant within-subject relationships between medications used self-efficacy and psychotic symptoms. These results may also provide further knowledge on the within-subject relationship between social dysfunction and stressful life events versus social support of the stress and physiological systems. \section[{II. Purpose}]{II. Purpose}\par To test a hypothetical model of psychotic symptoms in persons with schizophrenia and misusing methamphetamines and to test the mediating effects of psychotic symptoms and medication-taking self-efficacy on Social dysfunction. The total scale score ranges from 18-to 126, from "not present" to "extremely severe." The BPRS exhibited reliability = 0.98 and intra class correlation coefficient = 0.88 (13). 2. The Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale( {\ref 16}) with 13 items was in two dimensions: the first was self-efficacy for taking medications under difficult circumstances, and the second self-efficacy for continuing to take medications when circumstances of taking medication are uncertain.\par The Likert scale ranged from not confident to very confident. Scores ranged from 13 to 39. The SEAM showed Cronbach's alpha = 0.91, item-total correlations ranging from--0.07 to 0.62, and test retest = 0.97. 3. Thai Stressful Life Events Rating Scale (TSLERS) \hyperref[b16]{(17)}. The TSLERS is a self-report with two constructs, including self-perceived frequency and intensity of stressful life events. The TSLEQ consisted of 46 items on a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from "never" to "very severe." The 11 domains covered home life, financial problems, social relations, personal conflicts, job conflicts, educational concerns, job security, loss and separation, sexual life, daily life, and health concerns. In the validity of the barriers using seven content experts, the CVI was 1.0, Cronbach's alpha = 0.97, item-total correlations ranged from 0.27 to 0.92, and test retest = 1.00. 4. Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) \hyperref[b18]{(18)} consisted of two parts designed to measure informational, emotional, and tangible support. The questionnaire consisted of seven items on three resources of support: one for information support, four for emotional support, and two for tangible support. SSQ was rated on the Likert scale ranging from "not at all" to "a great deal." Scores for three types of support from all sources were added to produce a total social support score. SSQ showed Cronbach's alpha = 0.93, item-total correlations ranged from 0.38 to 0.67, and test retest = 0.95. 5. The Thai Social Dysfunctioning Rating Scale (TSDRS) \hyperref[b19]{(19)}. The SOFS is an observer rating scale comprised of two main components: i. The ability to look after oneself and maintain daily activities. ii. The instrumental and social skills to manage oneself and live in the community. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "no impairment" to "extreme impairment." The measurement showed CVI = 1.00, construct reliability = 0.99, Cronbach's alpha = 0.93, item-total correlations ranging from 0.30 to 0.70, and test retest = 0.96. \section[{IV. Statistical Analysis}]{IV. Statistical Analysis}\par Path analysis was developed: it was used to assess and to compare the fit of the models as three steps below: 1. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted by estimated using maximum likelihood (ML) with two latent variables (psychotic symptoms and medication-taking self-efficacy) to test the model fit and constructing the full path model then. The model fit was evaluated using Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) because the ?2 statistic is sensitive to a large sample size. 2. An SEM path analysis estimated using ML that identified latent and observed variables while covarying for age and gender was conducted. Two latent variables using the psychotic symptoms and medication-taking self-efficacy were defined as indicators by fixing the loading of the first parcel in each factor to 1. The social support and stressful life events subscale scores were included as observed variables. Pathways from social support and stressful life events to the medication-taking selfefficacy and psychotic symptoms to social dysfunction were examined in a cross-sectional model. 3. SEM moderation analyses estimated with ML was conducted. Variables as described above were defined. In present model, the medication-taking self-efficacy and psychotic symptoms was considered as a moderator in the relationship between social support and stressful life events on social dysfunction. \section[{V. Results}]{V. Results}\par Persons who met the inclusion criteria (n = 313) were enrolled in the study. All of them had have experiences of psychotic symptoms. Predominately subjects were male (87.9\%), from high-school (27.8), being single (66.8\%) and employment (28.4\%). The mean age was 25 years old. From the first time of diagnosis of schizophrenia, a number of seeking care admitted, duration of having psychiatric illness were 2-10 years, 2-5 times, and 1-5 years, respectively. No physical illness, but most of them had psychiatric illness (70\%). Regarding patient's medical history, nearly half of them (47.0\%) had duration of psychiatric illness from 1-5 years. Over two-thirds of them were treated with antipsychotic drugs (73.2\%) and group therapy (87.2\%). Nearly half participants consumed 2 to 5 tablets of methamphetamine daily (48.2\%). The primary route of methamphetamine usage was smoking (91.1\%), and more than half of the Persons (62.3\%) have concurrently smoked cigarettes. They were under antipsychotic drugs (73\%), with antipsychotic drug (23\%) and experienced group therapy (87\%) (Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}). Major social support was family. There was the relationship of patient's stressful life events associated such as job conflicts, sexual life, education concerns, social relations, daily life, and personal conflicts, respectively (Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}) Social support had significant direct effect from medication-taking self-efficacy, but indirect effects from psychotic symptoms and social dysfunction. Persons had significant stressful life event associated with social dysfunction. For self-efficacy in taking medication, psychotic symptoms and social dysfunction were associated (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3}). \section[{VI. Discussion}]{VI. Discussion}\par The depicted finding indicated that social support had direct effect on increasing of medicationtaking self-efficacy. In addition, medication-taking selfefficacy had direct associated effect on psychotic symptoms with the decrease in psychotic symptoms. Both associations are mediated on social dysfunction.\par Stressful life events have possibility of indirect effect on social dysfunction through medication-taking self-efficacy and psychotic symptoms. It could explain that the participants encountered with the severe stress in their life that uncope and they choose to misused of methamphetamine to dealing with the stress that can excerbate psychotic symptoms if they use in high level and leading to poor social functioning. However, their self-efficacy in taking antipsychotic drugs would be a strong predictor and may decrease of both positive and negative psychotic symptoms, particularly social withdrawal and social dysfunction in schizophrenia due to the balance neurotransmitters \hyperref[b20]{(20)}\hyperref[b21]{(21)}\hyperref[b22]{(22)}. In contrast, stressful life events can destroy the medication-taking self-efficacy, if they had in effective coping with the stress or loss of social support. Similarly, to previous study, persons with psychotic symptoms can exacerbate and relapse influenced social dysfunction based on the principles of self-efficacy to increase the ability to look after themselves and manage diary physical activities: and to manage the stressful of social life events \hyperref[b9]{(10,}\hyperref[b26]{26)}. In another way, social support can improve social dysfunction by family member or significant other by support persons with schizophrenia and methamphetamine misuse to continuing taking medicine as doctor prescribe to decrease psychotic symptoms that help them to improve brain function in terms of cognitive , emotional, and behavior. This improvement will be positive effect on their activities function such as they can work, engage in the community activities, or perform their activities as usual.All of this is the improvement on the terms of social dysfunction \hyperref[b16]{(17)}.\par The present study supports and extends previous findings that using methamphetamines significantly decreases the binding of dopamine and dopamine transporters in the striatum, a brain area that is important for both of memory and movement. Additionally, biological stressors can make individual non-medication adherents. Importantly, this behavior is the result of dopaminergic stressor that leads to the changes of cognitive function (poor judgment, loss of insight, disorganization, and paranoia) \hyperref[b27]{(27)}\hyperref[b28]{(28)}\hyperref[b29]{(29)}. Therefore, medication use and self-efficacy can decreased psychotic symptoms and social dysfunction might due to the balancing of psychotropic drug use \hyperref[b10]{(11,}\hyperref[b23]{23,}\hyperref[b30]{(30)}\hyperref[b31]{(31)} that effect on neurotransmitter to improve brain function and enhance their social function \hyperref[b9]{(10,}\hyperref[b20]{20,}\hyperref[b22]{22)}.\par Interestingly, the moderation effects tested in the present study indicate that the social dysfunction is moderated by both medication use self-efficacy and psychotic symptoms was significantly positive at high levels. However, in the part of psychotic symptoms, this study aligns with previous research indicating that illicit methamphetamine use can precipitate and exacerbate positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenic dopamine hypothesis describe that over activity of dopaminergic neurotransmission in mesolimbic pathways results in positive psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Methamphetamine use also induces the release of dopamine and can result in dopaminergic sensitization in chronic users: this occurs when excessive stimulation of the dopamine system increases hyper-reactivity to further pharmacological or environmental dopaminergic triggers such as stressful life events. This positive feedback mechanism prompts cumulative dopamine dysfunction in individuals with schizophrenia. Higher rates of racing thoughts in pastyear users may be attributable to the direct acute effects of amphetamine intoxication, which are widely observed in individuals without a history of psychotic disorders and influence social dysfunction \hyperref[b16]{(17,}\hyperref[b32]{(32)}\hyperref[b33]{(33)}\hyperref[b34]{(34)}\hyperref[b35]{(35)}\hyperref[b36]{(36)}. \section[{VII. Conclusions}]{VII. Conclusions}\par Social support had direct effect on medicationtaking self-efficacy and stressful life events. Both of actions had direct and indirect effects on social dysfunction, respectively. The actions need an effective treatment plans awareness with the involvement from family and social support to all eviate patient's social dysfunction. They need more stress management skills, social support and they have to continue taking medicine in order to improve social dysfunction and decrease psychotic symptoms.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{11}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}Diagram 1 : 1 .}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.6131147540983607\textwidth}P{0.0826775956284153\textwidth}P{0.15420765027322403\textwidth}} Characteristics\tabcellsep Number\tabcellsep Percentage\\ Age (Years)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ 19 -30\tabcellsep 143\tabcellsep 46.3\\ 31 -40\tabcellsep 126\tabcellsep 40.3\\ 41 -50\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 12.1\\ 51 -60\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1.3\\ Gender\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Male\tabcellsep 275\tabcellsep 87.9\\ Female\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 12.1\\ Marital Status\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Single\tabcellsep 209\tabcellsep 66.8\\ Marriage\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 17.3\\ Widowed\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 3.2\\ Divorced\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 4.8\\ Separated\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 8.0\\ Education\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ None\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 4.5\\ Primary / Elementary Education\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 3.8\\ Secondary Education\tabcellsep 73\tabcellsep 23.3\\ High School\tabcellsep 87\tabcellsep 27.8\\ Diploma / Certificate\tabcellsep 86\tabcellsep 27.5\\ Bachelor's Degree or Higher\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 6.4\\ Occupation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Government Official\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 4.8\\ Employee\tabcellsep 89\tabcellsep 28.4\\ Business Person\tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep 20.4\\ Agriculturist\tabcellsep 71\tabcellsep 22.7\\ Unemployed\tabcellsep 73\tabcellsep 23.3\\ Housewife\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\ Number of Admitted\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ 2 -5 Times\tabcellsep 261\tabcellsep 83.4\\ 6 -10 Times\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 12.5\\ > 10 Times\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 4.2\\ Duration of having Psychiatric Illness\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ < 1 Years\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 25.6\\ 1 -5 Years\tabcellsep 147\tabcellsep 47.0\\ 6 -10 Years\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 10.5\\ 11 -15 Years\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 10.5\\ 15 -20 Years\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 4.8\\ > 20 Years\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 1.6\\ Physical Illness\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ None\tabcellsep 276\tabcellsep 88.3\\ Gastritis\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 3.3\\ Hypertension\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 1.7\\ Asthma\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1.0\\ HIV\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0.6\\ Thalassemia\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0.6\\ Migraine\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\ Renal Failure\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\ Hyperthyroid\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\ Hypercholesterol\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\ Gastritis and Asthma\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\ Gastritis and Hypertension\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1.2\\ Hypertension and Renal Failure\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0.6\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.42142857142857143\textwidth}P{0.08928571428571429\textwidth}P{0.07976190476190476\textwidth}P{0.09404761904761905\textwidth}P{0.08214285714285714\textwidth}P{0.08333333333333333\textwidth}} Observed Variables\tabcellsep Loading\tabcellsep SE\tabcellsep T\tabcellsep ?\tabcellsep R2\\ Social Support\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Family\tabcellsep 6.09\tabcellsep 0.47\tabcellsep 12.84\tabcellsep 0.78\tabcellsep 0.61\\ Healthcare Team\tabcellsep 5.20\tabcellsep 0.43\tabcellsep 12.13\tabcellsep 0.69\tabcellsep 0.48\\ Neighbors and Friend\tabcellsep 3.51\tabcellsep 0.48\tabcellsep 7.27\tabcellsep 0.42\tabcellsep 0.18\\ Stressful Life Event\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Home Life\tabcellsep 5.23\tabcellsep 0.48\tabcellsep 10.80\tabcellsep 0.56\tabcellsep 0.32\\ Financial Problems\tabcellsep 5.15\tabcellsep 0.34\tabcellsep 15.04\tabcellsep 0.74\tabcellsep 0.55\\ Social Relations\tabcellsep 5.15\tabcellsep 0.28\tabcellsep 18.64\tabcellsep 0.86\tabcellsep 0.74\\ Personal Conflicts\tabcellsep 5.43\tabcellsep 0.35\tabcellsep 15.55\tabcellsep 0.79\tabcellsep 0.62\\ Job Conflicts\tabcellsep 4.69\tabcellsep 0.25\tabcellsep 18.77\tabcellsep 0.87\tabcellsep 0.76\\ Educational Concerns\tabcellsep 4.74\tabcellsep 0.25\tabcellsep 19.06\tabcellsep 0.87\tabcellsep 0.75\\ Job Security\tabcellsep 5.61\tabcellsep 0.33\tabcellsep 16.78\tabcellsep 0.80\tabcellsep 0.64\\ Loss And Separation\tabcellsep 5.08\tabcellsep 0.29\tabcellsep 17.79\tabcellsep 0.83\tabcellsep 0.69\\ Sexual Life\tabcellsep 4.50\tabcellsep 0.24\tabcellsep 18.81\tabcellsep 0.87\tabcellsep 0.76\\ Daily Life\tabcellsep 4.62\tabcellsep 0.25\tabcellsep 18.70\tabcellsep 0.86\tabcellsep 0.73\\ Health Concerns\tabcellsep 2.25\tabcellsep 0.14\tabcellsep 16.49\tabcellsep 0.79\tabcellsep 0.62\\ Psychotic Symptoms\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Positive Psychotic Symptoms\tabcellsep 0.22\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 0.63\tabcellsep 0.40\\ Negative Psychotic Symptoms\tabcellsep 0.16\tabcellsep 0.05\tabcellsep 3.37\tabcellsep 0.47\tabcellsep 0.22\\ Affective Psychotic Symptoms\tabcellsep 0.09\tabcellsep 0.06\tabcellsep 1.47\tabcellsep 0.12\tabcellsep 0.01\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.17095864661654134\textwidth}P{0.09586466165413533\textwidth}P{0.012781954887218044\textwidth}P{0.051127819548872175\textwidth}P{0.09426691729323307\textwidth}P{0.06071428571428571\textwidth}P{0.08148496240601504\textwidth}P{0.08308270676691729\textwidth}P{0.09107142857142857\textwidth}P{0.10864661654135338\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Dependent Variables}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Independent Variable\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Medication use Self-Efficacy}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Psychotic Symptoms}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Social Dysfunction}\\ \tabcellsep DI\tabcellsep IE\tabcellsep TE\tabcellsep DI\tabcellsep IE\tabcellsep TE\tabcellsep DI\tabcellsep IE\tabcellsep TE\\ Social Support\tabcellsep 2.33**\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 2.33**\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -0.09*\tabcellsep -0.09*\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.56*\tabcellsep -0.56*\\ \tabcellsep (0.56)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (0.56)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (0.04)\tabcellsep (0.04)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (0.23)\tabcellsep (0.23)\\ \tabcellsep 0.36\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.36\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.09\tabcellsep -0.09\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.06\tabcellsep -0.06\\ Stressful Life Event\tabcellsep 0.02\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 0.02\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep 2.72**\tabcellsep -0.01\tabcellsep 2.71**\\ \tabcellsep (0.43)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (0.43)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (0.02)\tabcellsep (0.02)\tabcellsep (0.52)\tabcellsep (0.10)\tabcellsep (0.53)\\ \tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep 0.29\tabcellsep 0.00\tabcellsep 0.29\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\ Medication Self-Efficacy\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.04**\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -0.04**\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 0.24*\tabcellsep -0.24**\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep *\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (0.01)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (0.01)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (0.07)\tabcellsep (0.07)\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.25\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.25\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -0.17\tabcellsep -0.17\\ Psychotic Symptoms\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6.21*\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 6.21*\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (2.39)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (2.39)\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.67\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.67\\ R 2\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.13\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.07\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.10\tabcellsep \\ ?2 = 114\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par This study was partially supported by a research grant from Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand. 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