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\title{Development and Validation of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale}
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             \author[1]{Dr. Balakeshwa  Ramaiah}

             \author[2]{Sejal  Sharma}

             \author[3]{Saroj  Poudel}

             \author[4]{Raju  Koneri}

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\date{\small \em Received: 16 December 2018 Accepted: 5 January 2019 Published: 15 January 2019}

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\begin{abstract}
        


There has been growing societal problems relating to gambling particularly those related to crime. Recently, gambling has been tilting towards sports betting since other forms of gambling are gradually fading away. Unfortunately, there is no specific tool to measure addiction to sports gambling. This informed the development and validation of sports betting addictive behaviour scale.A total of 366 (Male = 325; Female = 39) sports bettors were selected from three major towns in Benue state including Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo. Using literature review and focused group discussion, 59 items were generated. Using 5 lecturers and 2 Postgraduate students, content and face validity were established respectively. The already standardized gambling addictive behaviour for adolescents scale was used to establish convergent validity.Results of the content and face validity at 70% level of item acceptance resulted to 46 items. All the 46 items that passed the content and face validity were further returned after item-total correlation using r = .30 criterion. Convergent validity of r = .965 was obtained by correlating Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale and Gambling Addictive Behaviour for Adolescents Scale.

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\keywords{high risk medications, medication error, content validity, reliability, instrument development, instrument validation.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ports betting simply means placing a financial wager on the outcome of a sporting match, as well as on events that occur within the larger match or fixture \hyperref[b10]{(Palmer, 2015)}. Two important changes occurred in the mid-1990s. First, some bookmakers moved beyond horse and greyhound racing and started taking bets on the outcome of team sports. Secondly, in other part of the world, some bookmakers began taking bets over the telephone and then the Internet, and in 2008, telephone and Internet sports betting became possible in almost all part of the world \hyperref[b10]{(Palmer, 2015)}.\par
Research by \hyperref[b5]{Gainsbury (2013)} also opined that sports betting appears to be the fastest growing form of gambling in the world, with preliminary findings indicating that gambling via electronic gaming machines fell from 39 to 19 per cent between 1999 and 2011, while participation in sports betting increased from six to 13 per cent over the same. In developing nations like Nigeria, many people suffer from gambling activities most of whom have become addicted even without being aware of it. An online report simply puts it that, many people suffering from a gambling addiction feel alone and perhaps they think that no one could possibly understand what it's like to be them but they are oblivion of the fact that, they are not alone and others know exactly what they are going through. This feeling is so common that the mental health field has a name for itgambling disorder.\par
According to \hyperref[b4]{Eboh, (2015)}, public perceptions of sports betting are often misleading. On the one hand, people are usually aware that sport betting poses serious risks to those who are predisposed to stake bets excessively. However, on the other hand, it is also acknowledged that sports betting can have positive consequences for communities (e.g. via providing a source of revenue for sporting clubs or humanitarian causes) and can be an enjoyable pastime for individuals .\par
Gambling generally and problems associated with it have been linked with risky personality, risky decision-making, and pro-risk attitudes. Such personality traits as sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and low self-control have been associated with risky behavior in various domains \hyperref[b20]{(Zuckerman, 2007)}. Sensation-seeking describes a preference for varied, stimulating experiences and a willingness to engage in risk-taking in order to obtain such experiences (Zuckerman as cited in \hyperref[b4]{Eboh, 2015)}. While sports betting normally called sports gambling has, at times, been considered a socially deviant or immoral behaviour in some cultures and throughout history, the American Psychiatric Association only first defined it to be a medically diagnosable health problem in 1980 in the 3rd version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (3rd ed.; DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980; \hyperref[b8]{Korn \& Shaffer, 1999)}. When gambling behaviour results in behavioural, emotional, relationship, or financial problems, it may develop into a diagnosable condition known as problem or pathological gambling \hyperref[b4]{(Eboh, 2015)}.\par
Sport betting (as was classified in general gambling) has been associated with various forms of risky behavior, and shares correlates associated with general risky behavior \hyperref[b12]{(Stinchfield, Govoni, \& Frisch, 2007)}. Few researchers such as Oyebisi, Alao and Popoola (2012) and \hyperref[b7]{Gupta and Derevensky (2000)} have all carried out empirical research on the concept of gambling where sports betting has been identified as an aspects of gambling with no distinct instrument to measure it even as some of the items seems to measure sports betting though included in general gambling without items covering all the sports betting addictive behaviour. Furthermore, finding of some of these works lack generalisation to the population other than which sampling was selected. For instance, the study by Park and Jung (2012) who worked on development of a gambling addictive behaviour was limited to adolescents in Korea.\par
Furthermore, in as much as sports betting addiction has been seen to pose a serious societal threat and has become an issue of great concern to clinicians, organizations, health workers and even scholars from different works of life, the issues of contextualizing the concept has been difficult as sportsrelated problem gambling is not prevalence in surveys because problem gambling is assessed on the totality of gambling experiences rather than a single activity \hyperref[b6]{(Griffiths, 2017)}.\par
Looking at the society today, gambling has been shifting its base from other forms of gambling to sports gambling since most of those archaic methods are becoming obsolete. Careful literature search has shown that there is no distinct instrument to measure the direction of gambling. It therefore become pertinent to develop a specific scale that will measure sports betting addictive behaviour as none has existed based on research findings and even those available are found in general gambling as indicated by certain items which does not capture all the addictive behaviours of sports bettors. This study therefore seeks to develop and validate sports betting addictive behaviour scale. a) Hypotheses i. Items generated will concurrently satisfy conditions for content and face validity. ii. Each Item in the scale will significantly correlate positively with total score on the scale. iii. Exploratory factor analysis will significantly produce factors for the scale developed.\par
iv. Items in the developed scale with significantly be internally consistent among themselves. v. Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpABS) will positively correlate significantly Gambling Addictive Behaviour for Adolescent Scale (GABSA).\par
II. 
\section[{Methodology a) Design}]{Methodology a) Design}\par
The study adopted a cross-sectional research design to develop and validate Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS). The research design offered the researcher the opportunity to gather data at one point in time from different categories of people in terms of age, gender, etc. as against longitudinal research that requires long period of data gathering. 
\section[{b) Settings}]{b) Settings}\par
The study was conducted in Makurdi, Gboko and Oturkpo of Benue state. These three towns are the major towns in Benue state (National Population Census, 2006) which share borders with Enugu state in the South, Kogi state in the West, Cross-River in the East state and Nasarawa and Taraba states in the North in terms of land mass. Makurdi precisely is the capital of Benue state of Nigeria and it is located in the heart of the state, inhabited by different ethnic groups; some of whom are not indigenes of the state. Gboko and Otukpo are located in the hearts of Tiv and Idoma nation which are the two major ethnic groups in Benue state.\par
Specifically, the study was conducted in different settings particularly in bookmaking houses (popularly known as bet shops) like BetNaija, Naira Bet, Merry Bet, 1960 Bet, among others scattered all over the towns in Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo and of course all over Nigeria and beyond. These three major towns in Benue State have several outlets that have sports betting shops with thousands of bettors always seen in and around these outlets who are either staking bets or discussing betting activities. 
\section[{c) Population}]{c) Population}\par
The general population for this study consists of all those who patronize sports betting outlets particularly those who have been found to be addictive to sports betting. As earlier mentioned, American Psychiatric association (2013) put certain conditions of addiction. They are indicated by five or more of the following: (1) is preoccupied with gambling (e.g., preoccupied with reliving past gambling experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, or thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble) (2) needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement, (3) has repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling, (4) is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling, (5) gambles as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving a dysphoric mood (e.g., feelings\par
Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I 34 ( ) of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, depression), (6) after losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even ("chasing" one's losses), \hyperref[b6]{(7)} lies to family members, therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling, (8) has committed illegal acts such as forgery, fraud, theft, or embezzlement to finance gambling, (9) has jeopardized or lost significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling and \hyperref[b9]{(10)} relies on others to provide money to relive a desperate financial situation caused by gambling. This was achieved by first of all trying to observe the participants and a brief interview was also conducted on them before administering the scale on them to see if they will meet up with at least one of the aforementioned criteria. 
\section[{d) Participants}]{d) Participants}\par
The study considered all those who patronize bet houses all over the three locations mentioned above. Young adolescents and adults who are into betting who were found in these bookmaking houses or otherwise called betting shops were sampled and a brief interview was conducted on the participants before the questionnaire was given to them to know if they are addicted to sports betting.\par
A total of 500 copies of questionnaire were administered to purposively selected 500 sports betters across different locations in bet shops in Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo in Benue state. However, only 366 were retrieved. Frequency distribution revealed that 325 (88.8\%) were males, while the other 39 (10.7\%) were females. Their ages ranged from 17 to 63 years old with average age of 33.07 (SD = 12.50). In addition, 237 (64.8\%) of the respondents were single, 117 (32.0\%) were married and 12 (3.3\%) were divorced/separated. Also, among the sampled participants, 270 (73.8\%) were Christians, 69 (18.9\%) were from Islamic religion while 27 (7.4\%) were from other religious affiliations. Furthermore, 36 (9.8\%) of the participants had primary education, 50 (13.7\%) had secondary education, 262 (71.6\%) had tertiary education while 18 (4.9\%) did not indicate their highest level of education. 
\section[{e) Instruments}]{e) Instruments}\par
A well-structured questionnaire was designed to gather data from selected respondents. The instrument consisted of two (2) sections; A and B.\par
Section A: This section consisted of socio-demographic information of respondents. It consisted of five (5) sociodemographic information of respondents. The following variables were contained in section A; Gender, age, marital status, religion and highest educational qualification.\par
Section B: This section consists of Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents (GABSA). This is a 32-item scale developed by Park and Jung, (2012) to measure gambling addictive behaviour among students.\par
It has the following sub-scales; loss of control (9 -items), life dysfunction from problem gambling (4 -items), gambling experience (7 -items) and social dysfunction from problem gambling (5 -items). The scale was found to have adequate internal consistency as a whole (? = .94) and subscales (loss of control ? = .90, life dysfunction from problem gambling ? = .89, gambling experience? = .88 and social dysfunction from problem gambling? = .90). Response format for the scale ranged from SA -Strongly Agree (4), A -Agree (3), D -Disagree (2) and SD -Strongly Disagree \hyperref[b0]{(1)}. The Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents (GABSA) was used to carry out the convergent validity for the Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpABS). A cross validation was conducted and Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents was found to have adequate internal consistency as follows; loss of control? = .93, life dysfunction from problem gambling? = .84, gambling experience? = .94 and social dysfunction from problem gambling? = .94. As a whole, the internal consistency was found to be ? = .96. 
\section[{f) Procedure}]{f) Procedure}\par
The researcher first and foremost recruited and trained 2 research assistants for the purpose of the study. The researcher then went to the selected towns with the research assistants and located the sports betting shops in the selected towns, that is Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo. Having met with the managers of sports betting shops or those in charge of the betting shops as the case may be, the researcher explained to them the purpose of the study. After successfully convincing the shop managers or those in charge of the betting shops, the researcher was allowed with the aid of the research assistants to administer the questionnaire on sports bettors found in each shop. In some shops, the researcher and the assistants could not locate many participants and as such, the research and his assistants left some copies of the questionnaires to the shop attendants to give to the participants on their behalf after being briefed on how to administer the questionnaire to those who will patronize the shops. The idea was to make the shop attendants have an idea of those who are expected to participate in the research which is those who are sports bettors who are addictive to sports betting. In totality, 500 copies of questionnaire were taken to the field and were divided into three which were taken to the three towns; Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo respectively. After a careful administration of the 500 questionnaires and some given to the shop attendants, only 366 were retrieved for data analysis. The study was conducted in various stages;\par
i. Item Generation The first step in developing the new measure of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale was to create Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I 35 ( ) an initial pool of items designed to measure the construct. The aim of this stage was to generate items that adequately assess Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour. This was done through a careful literature search as well as a focused group discussion which was conducted with those who were seen to be addicted to sports betting. To ensure that the items are conceptually consistent with the construct, an assessment of content validity was conducted using a panel of experts which consisted of lecturers of the Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan for content validity to judge the appropriateness of each item. A preliminary set of 59 items was generated for Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (See Appendix I). 
\section[{ii. Content and face validity}]{ii. Content and face validity}\par
The generated items were subjected to two (2) different forms of validity, to determine the items that actually measure Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour. For face validity, the items were generated given to the supervisor who is an expert in the field. Thereafter, a total of five (  {\ref 5}) professionals, consisting of selected lecturers of the Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan and two (2) post-graduate students of the same department were consulted for expert validity and face validity respectively on the generated items. The participants were requested to examine each of the items contained in the original scale and indicate whether or not the items measured Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour. Their responses were given as not related (0), somewhat related (1) and highly related \hyperref[b1]{(2)}. Items that received up to 70\% of being related were retained in the scale (Appendix II).\par
iii. Questionnaire Administration At this stage, the scaling method was determined. Respondents were asked to respond to the items using the following format comprising 1 -Not applicable to me, 2 -Mildly applicable to me, 3 -Applicable to me, 4 -Highly applicable to me.\par
Items remaining, after the content and face validity assessment, were administered to a sample of sports bettors. In addition, other data that were used to compute the convergent validity of the scale at this stage was also determined by putting them in the questionnaire and administering to the participants to achieve convergent validity which include Gambling Addictive Behaviour Scale for Adolescents. Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale was administered to a total of 500 sports bettors in the three major towns in Benue state which include Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo but only 366 were returned and properly filled. The instrument which consists of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) was administered in a paper-and-pencil format to all the participants. The responses were then coded and entered into Statistical Package for Social Science by the researcher. 
\section[{iv. Initial Item Reduction}]{iv. Initial Item Reduction}\par
When the scale was administered initially, itemtotal correlations were computed and those items that did not correlate at .30 or above with total score were removed. In the case of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale, all the items at this stage scaled through as they all had a correlation value above .30.\par
v 
\section[{. Exploratory Factor Analysis}]{. Exploratory Factor Analysis}\par
The exploratory factor analyses were conducted for the purpose of determining if underlying dimensions were evident from the data. A total of six factors emerged but only four of them loaded up to 1.00 Eigen value and only the four were returned and named as Betting-relationship Conflict, Betting Distress, Bettingeconomic Interference and Sport Betting Anticipatory 
\section[{vi. Convergent validity}]{vi. Convergent validity}\par
To further assess the convergent validity of the new measure, the relations between the new measure and data collected on other constructs in the second stage were examined. Specifically, the data were examined to determine how much Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) correlate with another scale (Gambling addictive behaviour scale for adolescents) that assess similar constructs (convergent validity) as reported in chapter four of this study. 
\section[{vii. Data Analysis}]{vii. Data Analysis}\par
Gathered data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics such as simple frequencies and percentages were utilized to describe the demographic features of respondents as well as the content and face validity of the instrument. The inferential statistics made use of was the Pearson r correlation. Also, reliability analysis was done using splithalf reliability, while internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach Alpha (?). 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
Hypothesis 1: Items generated will concurrently satisfy conditions for content and face validity. 
\section[{Phase 1: Item generation, content and face validity}]{Phase 1: Item generation, content and face validity}\par
This section presents the initial items as they were used for content validity. These items are presented in the tabular form including experts and students rating. Any item with less than 70\% rating is removed subsequently. Table \hyperref[tab_1]{4}.1 presents the initial item pool as well as the expert and student ratings of the items;\par
Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I 36 ( )  \hyperref[tab_1]{4}.1 presents a total of 59-items initially generated item pool for content and face validity and all the items were approved for further testing. When the content validity was conducted, 13-items were deleted (SpBABS5, SpBABS9, SpBABS12, SpBABS13, SpBABS15, SpBABS26, SpBABS32, SpBABS33, SpBABS36, SpBABS37, SpBABS45, SpBABS49 and SpBABS51). Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) had 46-items remaining. The forty-six (46) items that emerged were later administered to 500 sports bettors in three different towns namely Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo but only 366 were returned and properly filled.\par
Hypothesis 2: Each item in the scale will significantly correlate positively with total score on the scale. 
\section[{Item Analysis}]{Item Analysis}\par
The resultant item pool consisting of 46 -items administered to 500 sports bettors which 366 were returned and subjected to item analysis procedure to remove items that do not correlate with the total score and subsequently improve on the construct validity of the instrument. Items were selected if they met the benchmark of .30.   
\section[{Factor Analysis}]{Factor Analysis}\par
The next step was to conduct the factor analysis of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour (SpBAB) scale.\par
The method of Principal Component Analysis was used to perform the factor analysis of the scores of the remaining 46-items on the SpBAB scale. The results show that 6 factors but only 4 had Eigen values greater than 1 which were extracted. The results are presented on Table \hyperref[tab_1]{4} The results show that six factors emerged but only four of them had the Eigen value of 1.00 which is appropriate figure to return a factor (Kaiser, 1960). The four (4) factors whose value met the required criteria ranged in order of magnitude from 1.11 to 23.07 Eigenvalue and they accounted for 63.53\% of the total variance for the scale. These four factors were named Betting-relationship Conflict, Betting Distress, Bettingeconomic Interference and Sport Betting Anticipatory. This tends to suggest the appropriateness of the scale in this study. After the varimax rotation, the loading of each of the items of SpBAB scale on each of the factors was found and the results are presented on table 4.4; Data on the forty-six (46) items, obtained from 366 participants were subjected to factor analysis to detect factorial structure or the relationships among variables on the 46-items and to unravel the interrelationship of the items and to detect items with least latent roots for deletion according to Ford, McCallum and Talt's (1986) and Schwab's (1980) proposition. Principal component factoring procedure with varimax rotation was used to factor analyze the data. From the result, according to the cluster of items, four (4) factor solution ensued and are labelled as; Betting-relationship Conflict, 25-items, Betting Distress, 9-items, Bettingeconomic Interference 5-items and Sport Betting Anticipatory 7-items.\par
Further, Meryer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and Barlett's test of sphericity were computed. The result revealed acceptable KMO, and significant chi-square following Brace, Kemp and Snelgar's (2006) proposition. This confirmed that the instrument is indeed factorable and useful. It also shows clearly that the respondents perceived four (4) sports betting addictive behaviour traits.\par
The varimax rotation shows that out of the four (4) SpBAB scale factors with Eigen values greater or equal to 1, 25 items distinctively loaded on Bettingrelationship Conflict, with item 40 (I have missed significant activities in my life because of sports betting) having the highest loading of .859. On Betting Distress, a total of 9 items loaded distinctively with item 57 (-I feel aggressive each time I loss a bet) having the highest loading of .743. Betting-economic Interference had 5 items that loaded distinctively with item 8 (-I stake sports bets repeatedly with the hope of winning at least one of the many tickets) having the highest factor loading of .713. As regards Sport Betting Anticipatory, there are a total of 7 items that loaded distinctively with item 3 (-I think of staking sports bets always) having the highest loading of .757.\par
Hypothesis 4: Items in the developed scale will significantly be internally consistent among themselves. 
\section[{Reliability Analyses}]{Reliability Analyses}\par
The Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) scale reliability is defined as the extent to which it provides the same results. The SpBAB scale adopted the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Statistics to test for the split-half reliability, while Spearman Brown Prophecy was utilized to get the full scale reliability; the following split half and full scale reliability coefficients were obtained; whole scale (SpBABS) (split half = .946; full scale = .942;), Betting-relationship Conflict (Split-half = 0.969, fullscale = .958), Betting Distress (Split-half = 0.889, full scale = .886), Betting-economic Interference (Splithalf = 0.738, full-scale = 0.804) and Sport Betting Anticipatory (Split-half = 0.765, full-scale = 0.750). Internal consistency analyses were conducted using Cronbach's alpha coefficient to obtain reliability estimates. All the four (4) factors as well as composite combining the items on the four (4) factors, demonstrated strong internal consistency estimates as follows; whole scale (SpBABS) ? = .977, Bettingrelationship Conflict ? = .978, Betting Distress ? = .926, Betting-economic Interference ? = .828 and Sport Betting Anticipatory ? = .827. The result is presented on Table \hyperref[tab_1]{4}   
\section[{Construct Validity}]{Construct Validity}\par
In order to determine the construct validity (convergent), the Pearson product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was adopted to run the relationship between factors of Gambling Addictive Behaviour Scale for Adolescents (GABSA) and Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS). Table \hyperref[tab_1]{4}.6 presents the interrelationship between the two scales; Result in table \hyperref[tab_1]{4}.6 shows that, there is a significant relationship between sports betting addictive behaviour scale (SpBABS) and gambling addictive behaviour for adolescent scale (GABSA) r = .956; p<.001. This is an indication that sports betting addictive behaviour scale has high convergent validity.\par
To further test the validity of the factors, correlation matrix was conducted on the factors of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) and Gambling Addictive Behaviour Scale for Adolescents (GABSA). The results are presented in table 4.7. relationship with loss of control (r = .217; p<.01), life dysfunction from problem gambling (r = .416; p<.01), gambling experience (r = .303; p<.01) and social dysfunction from problem gambling (r = .272; p<.01). Betting economic interference dimension of SpBABS has significant positive relationship with loss of control (r = .115; p<.01), life dysfunction from problem gambling (r = .293; p<.01), gambling experience (r = .275; p<.01) and social dysfunction from problem gambling (r = .165; p<.01). Sports betting anticipatory dimension of SpBABS had significant positive relationship with loss of control (r = .399; p<.01), life dysfunction from problem gambling (r = .586; p<.01), gambling experience (r = .562; p<.0.01) and social dysfunction from problem gambling (r = .284; p<.015).\par
IV. 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) and to determine the associated psychometric properties utilizing the Rasch rating scale measurement model. Subsequently, the study led to the development and validation of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS). The study has been able to describe the development and factor structure of the Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale and presented the results that provide strong evidence of reliability and validity of the scale.\par
This study uncovered four (4) factors from Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale which includes; Betting-relationship Conflict, Betting Distress, Betting-economic Interference and Sport Betting Anticipatory. Not surprising it had significant and positive relationship with Gambling addictive Behaviour Scale dimensions, as they share similar factors. This confirmed Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) to be a valid measure of one who is addicted to sports betting. It is pertinent to note that someone who is addicted to sports betting will manifest such traits as they appear in the factors that emerged from Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale.\par
In a related study, Castro, Fuentes \& Tavares (2005) looked at gambling follow-up scale specifically on development and reliability testing of a scale for pathological gamblers under treatment. The main objective was to provide preliminary data on the gambling follow-up scale, a new scale assessing recovering gamblers. The secondary goals included assessing the impact of "work status", "family relationship", "leisure" and "enrolment" in gamblers anonymous on gambling together with the impact of treatment. Using GFS, 3 independent raters interviewed gamblers under treatment. The sample was collected in 2 university centers in the city of SoPaulo, Brazil. Patients attended psychotherapy coupled with psychiatric follow-up, participation in GA, or both. The researcher interviewed 47 pathological gamblers; 13 were interviewed twice, with a minimum interval of 6 months, for a total of 60 GFS interviews. Interviews took average of 60 minutes SD = 2.7. Interater concordance ranged from 82\% to 95\% (intraclass correlation coefficient range 0.85 to 0.99, P<0.001). a factorial analysis showed a 1-factor solution (Eigenvalue = 2.4, 47.6\% of total variance accounted). "Leisure," "frequency and time gambling," and "family relationship" showed considerable loadings (0.84; 0.71; 0.71), whereas "enrolment in GA" and "work status" showed moderate loadings (0.59; 0.56). A linear regression model significantly correlated gambling (R2 = 0.356; P < 0.001) with "leisure" and length of treatment. Treatment modalities affected "leisure" (F2, 43 = 5.00, P = 0.011), with GA attendees reporting more regular and gratifying activities. The GFS showed interrater reliability and construct validity. More leisure and lengthier treatment were significantly related to less gambling. GA enrolment seemed to particularly benefit the quality of leisure. Future studies could profit from the quickness and simple structure of the GFS in providing shareable outcome measures.\par
Generally, sports betting is a form of behaviour that has been identify to have serious consequences on gamblers health, study-habit, academic performance, and has been reported to be related to some criminal related behaviour \hyperref[b9]{(Oyebisi, Alao, \& Popoola, 2012)}. Also, betting has been generally defined as betting or wagering money or something of value on an event that has an uncertain outcome with the possibility of winning money or materials \hyperref[b8]{(Korn \& Shaffer, 1999;} {\ref Potenza, Fiellin, Heninger, Rounsaville \& Mazure, 2002)}. Public perceptions of betting are often misleading. On the one hand, people are usually aware that gambling poses serious risks to those who are predisposed to gamble excessively. However, on the other hand, it is also acknowledged that gambling can have positive consequences for communities (e.g. via providing a source of revenue for sporting clubs or humanitarian causes) and can be an enjoyable pastime for individuals .\par
For the occasional bettors, these behaviors may provide an innocuous opportunity for excitement, socialization, or boredom relief. When these behaviors increase, however, problem and pathological gambling create negative consequences in an individual's financial, social, and overall health. Gambling explored through the public health perspective looks at the effect of gambling on individual wellbeing and health, familial health, community health, health care system and public policy. \hyperref[b8]{Korn and Shaffer (1999)}  V. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
This study sought to achieve three specific objectives; to develop a sports betting addictive behaviour scale that is in line with the change in gambling activities from the general gambling to sports betting; to design a useful and effective tool for identifying and assessing those who are addicted to betting which affects their daily functioning even at home and in work places; and to outline the necessary sub-categories of the kind of behaviours exhibited by sports betters who are addicted to this form of gambling. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn; i. 56 items were first generated using careful literature review as well as focused group discussion and 46 of these items were returned after face and content validity were conducted. ii. The findings provided psychometric evidence for sports betting addictive behaviour scale which included measure of validity and reliability as well as convergent validity. iii. Also, Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) was a significant positive correlate of the dimensions of Gambling Addictive Behaviour for Adolescent (loss of control, life dysfunction from problem gambling, gambling experience and social dysfunction from problem gambling). iv. Finally, it is concluded that Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) is a good predictor of betting addiction particularly in sports and as such, organizations, clinicians, researchers and other NGOs can use to measure the implications of betting addiction as it affects the general society. 
\section[{Implications of Findings}]{Implications of Findings}\par
The items of the Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) are valid; therefore, clinicians, organizations, NGOs and academicians can be confident that the dimensions of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) are effectively measuring betting addiction. More importantly, the inference made from such measures is sound, credible, and precise. The Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) correlated significantly and positively with gambling addictive behaviour for adolescents. This finding provides evidence for convergent validity and demonstrates that the dimensions of the Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) are valid and critical to the measurement of sports bettors. The Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) provides the basis for measuring those who are addicted to sports betting. Essentially, high scores of the dimensions of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) are an indication that they are addicted to sports betting and such negative behaviour exhibited by addiction to sports betting can manifest in such an individual as such, urgent intervention needs to be provided.\par
Sports betting addiction is detrimental to both physical and emotional aspect of an individual and there is need to provide a viable tool to measure such behaviour so that possible solutions can be provided for those who are addicted. Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale is a validated tool that measures betting addictive behaviour that are congruent with the emerging trend in gambling. Many of the previously published gambling scales are based on general gambling with little or no specific items to measure sports betting addiction, whereas the Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) is eclectic and rooted to sports betting addiction specifically as it measures the emerging trend of gambling.\par
The Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) does not measure academic aptitude and/or knowledge content. The Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) measures frequency of betting addictive behaviour. Frequency is a measure of how often the behavior is used. The frequency measure of behavior is a standard behavior measure and is the most concrete of all psychometrics. Behavior can be measured or counted reliably. The underlying assumption of this measure is that all betting behaviours are uniformly manifested.\par
Results from this study generated a total of four (4) factors; (Betting-relationship Conflict Betting Distress, Betting-economic Interference and Sport Betting Anticipatory and) and 46 items. The Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) is able to guide guild clinicians, academicians and NGOs to development strategies that will help individuals stay away from gambling. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{Recommendations}]{Recommendations}\par
On the basis limitation, this study involves a vast population and so there was need for larger sample but the researcher was constrained in that aspect. Also, the researcher was constrained on the basis of accurate response from the participants. It was therefore recommended based on the findings of this study that;\par
1. This study should be replicated in other locations of the world. Each time I loss a bet, I tell myself never to go into it again but I find myself staking sports bets over and over again I feel anxious each time my stake is on When I stake sports bets, I feel like the money is already in my pocket as my hope is always very high I borrow money from friends, family members and significant others severally to stake sports bets Sometimes I involve myself into dubious activities just to get money and stake sports bets. I sell personal belongings to stake sports bets I feel sad and worried when I don't have money to bet on sports I lie to family, friends and significant others just to get money to bets I pick money from relatives without their knowledge to bet on sports I use the last money even when am starving to bet on sports Am no longer trusted with money because of my sports betting attitudes I have had issues with my family and friends because of my sports betting attitudes I sometimes stay in sports betting shops all day to stake bets I ignore many other activities because of sports betting Am always on my gadget staking bets or checking updates on my bets When am walking on the road, I constantly check my bets on my phone/tab I talk people into staking sports bets I lie to family, friends and relatives to cover my sports betting activities I do not benefit from staking sports bets considering what I lost compared to the one I gain in sports betting, yet I keep staking sports bets Virtual games takes my time and resources more than other games I have marital/relationship problems because of my sport betting attitudes I have missed significant activities in my life because of sports betting My life is preoccupied with sports betting such that I think of nothing else than sports betting I need to stake sports bets with increasing amounts of money in order to get the desired money I have repeated and several times had unsuccessful efforts to control, cut down, or stop sports betting I become restless or irritable when each time I try to reduce my sports betting activities.\par
After loosing a bet, I often return the next day to get even more to recover my loss I have jeopardized or lost significant relationship because of sport bet I have committed fraudulent acts to raise money to stake sports bets I rely on others most times to provide money to relive a situation I find myself in because of sports betting I feel like am losing when I don't have money to stake bets I forfeit other important activities to meet up with time on sports betting I transfer aggression to others each time I lost a bet Losing a bet to me is like losing money I already have Am always ready to risk anything to get money to stake sports bets I feel aggressive each time I loss a bet I feel sad and moody each time I loss a bet I have lost a job and similar opportunities because of sports bets ( ) \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{41} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.009412265758091993\textwidth}P{0.3388415672913117\textwidth}P{0.2512350936967632\textwidth}P{0.25051107325383304\textwidth}}
S/No\tabcellsep Items\tabcellsep Expert Rating (\%)\tabcellsep Students Rating (\%)\\
1\tabcellsep SpBABS1\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 94.23\\
2\tabcellsep SpBABS2\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 99.10\\
3\tabcellsep SpBABS3\tabcellsep 77.10\tabcellsep 78.90\\
4\tabcellsep SpBABS4\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 80.21\\
5\tabcellsep SpBABS5\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 42.10**\\
6\tabcellsep SpBABS6\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 90.66\\
7\tabcellsep SpBABS7\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 80.12\\
8\tabcellsep SpBABS8\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 72.18\\
9\tabcellsep SpBABS9\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 50.11**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS10\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 80.12\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS11\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 99.10\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS12\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 56.12**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS13\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 54.12**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS14\tabcellsep 82.10\tabcellsep 88.12\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS15\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 45.12**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS16\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 90.12\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS17\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 76.12\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS18\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 85.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS19\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS20\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 71.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS21\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS22\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 85.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS23\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS24\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS25\tabcellsep 100.00\tabcellsep 100.00\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS26\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 50.12**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS27\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 71.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS28\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 85.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS29\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 71.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS30\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 71.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS31\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 85.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS32\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 47.22**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS33\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 60.12**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS34\tabcellsep 83.40\tabcellsep 90.12\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS35\tabcellsep 76.90\tabcellsep 88.14\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS36\tabcellsep 42.90**\tabcellsep 50.22**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS37\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 61.13**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS38\tabcellsep 84.30\tabcellsep 88.30\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS39\tabcellsep 75.40\tabcellsep 76.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS40\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 88.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS41\tabcellsep 77.90\tabcellsep 87.90\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS42\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 81.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS43\tabcellsep 84.40\tabcellsep 94.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS44\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 81.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS45\tabcellsep 42.90**\tabcellsep 52.90**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS46\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 85.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS47\tabcellsep 87.50\tabcellsep 77.50\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS48\tabcellsep 88.30\tabcellsep 98.30\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS49\tabcellsep 42.90**\tabcellsep 52.90**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS50\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 85.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS51\tabcellsep 57.10**\tabcellsep 67.10**\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS52\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 81.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS53\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 85.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS54\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 85.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS55\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 81.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS56\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 75.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS57\tabcellsep 71.40\tabcellsep 71.40\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS58\tabcellsep 85.70\tabcellsep 95.70\\
\tabcellsep SpBABS59\tabcellsep 84.40\tabcellsep 94.40\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: ** Item deleted Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I 37 ( ) Table]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 4 . 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
2, present the item-total\\
correlation result;\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 4 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{42} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.02800212539851222\textwidth}P{0.0912327311370882\textwidth}P{0.34144527098831035\textwidth}P{0.19691817215727947\textwidth}P{0.19240170031880977\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep S/No\tabcellsep Items\tabcellsep Item-total correlation\tabcellsep ? if item deleted\\
\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep SpBABS1\tabcellsep .636\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep SpBABS2\tabcellsep .601\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep SpBABS3\tabcellsep .472\tabcellsep .977\\
Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I\tabcellsep 4 6 7 8 10 11 14 16 17 18 19 20 21\tabcellsep SpBABS4 SpBABS6 SpBABS7 SpBABS8 SpBABS10 SpBABS11 SpBABS14 SpBABS16 SpBABS17 SpBABS18 SpBABS19 SpBABS20 SpBABS21\tabcellsep .425 .459 .521 .458 .342 .622 .485 .521 .798 .521 .709 .755 .829\tabcellsep .977 .977 .977 .977 .977 .976 .977 .977 .976 .977 .976 .976 .976\\
\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep SpBABS22\tabcellsep .784\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep SpBABS23\tabcellsep .741\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep SpBABS24\tabcellsep .794\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep SpBABS25\tabcellsep .839\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep SpBABS27\tabcellsep .828\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep SpBABS28\tabcellsep .788\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep SpBABS29\tabcellsep .760\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep SpBABS30\tabcellsep .749\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep SpBABS31\tabcellsep .638\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep SpBABS34\tabcellsep .770\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep SpBABS35\tabcellsep .673\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep SpBABS38\tabcellsep .667\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep SpBABS39\tabcellsep .791\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep SpBABS40\tabcellsep .795\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep SpBABS41\tabcellsep .692\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep SpBABS42\tabcellsep .680\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep SpBABS43\tabcellsep .723\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep SpBABS44\tabcellsep .759\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep SpBABS46\tabcellsep .773\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep SpBABS47\tabcellsep .814\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep SpBABS48\tabcellsep .783\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep SpBABS50\tabcellsep .807\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep SpBABS52\tabcellsep .746\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep SpBABS53\tabcellsep .816\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep SpBABS54\tabcellsep .756\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 55\tabcellsep SpBABS55\tabcellsep .641\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep SpBABS56\tabcellsep .782\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 57\tabcellsep SpBABS57\tabcellsep .634\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep SpBABS58\tabcellsep .662\tabcellsep .976\\
\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep SpBABS59\tabcellsep .669\tabcellsep .976\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: 38( )]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 4 . 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6922680412371134\textwidth}P{0.05257731958762887\textwidth}P{0.07010309278350516\textwidth}P{0.03505154639175258\textwidth}}
Hypothesis 3: Exploratory\tabcellsep factor\tabcellsep analysis\tabcellsep will\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{significantly produce factors for the scale developed.}\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{43} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.009604519774011298\textwidth}P{0.26412429378531077\textwidth}P{0.2497175141242938\textwidth}P{0.12005649717514125\textwidth}P{0.20649717514124294\textwidth}}
SN\tabcellsep Factors\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Eigen-values \% of variance}\tabcellsep Cumulative \%\\
\tabcellsep Factor 1\tabcellsep 23.07\tabcellsep 50.15\tabcellsep 50.15\\
\tabcellsep Factor 2\tabcellsep 2.95\tabcellsep 6.41\tabcellsep 56.56\\
\tabcellsep Factor 3\tabcellsep 2.10\tabcellsep 4.56\tabcellsep 61.12\\
\tabcellsep Factor 4\tabcellsep 1.11\tabcellsep 2.41\tabcellsep 63.53\\
\tabcellsep Factor 5\tabcellsep .961\tabcellsep 2.09\tabcellsep 65.61\\
\tabcellsep Factor 6\tabcellsep .687\tabcellsep 1.49\tabcellsep 67.11\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 . 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{44} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.026771653543307086\textwidth}P{0.5103346456692913\textwidth}P{0.2141732283464567\textwidth}P{0.03513779527559055\textwidth}P{0.0016732283464566929\textwidth}P{0.0016732283464566929\textwidth}P{0.06023622047244094\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 39\\
S/No 1 2\tabcellsep Extracted factors Betting-relationship Conflict SpBABS40 SpBABS19\tabcellsep 1 0.859 0.847\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I )\\
3 4\tabcellsep SpBABS48 SpBABS39\tabcellsep 0.808 0.796\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\\
5\tabcellsep SpBABS47\tabcellsep 0.793\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
6\tabcellsep SpBABS22\tabcellsep 0.778\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
7\tabcellsep SpBABS59\tabcellsep 0.742\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
8\tabcellsep SpBABS17\tabcellsep 0.723\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
9\tabcellsep SpBABS21\tabcellsep 0.715\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS53\tabcellsep 0.707\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS41\tabcellsep 0.695\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS28\tabcellsep 0.674\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS56\tabcellsep 0.64\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS25\tabcellsep 0.638\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS50\tabcellsep 0.622\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS24\tabcellsep 0.619\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS34\tabcellsep 0.607\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS30\tabcellsep 0.598\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS27\tabcellsep 0.587\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS29\tabcellsep 0.564\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS20\tabcellsep 0.562\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS52\tabcellsep 0.518\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS18\tabcellsep 0.515\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS23\tabcellsep 0.498\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS42\tabcellsep 0.477\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Sports Betting Distress\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS54\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.672\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS44\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.546\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS38\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.538\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep SpBABS43\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.516\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 4 . 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
40\\
Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I\\
)\\
(\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{45} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.34963054187192116\textwidth}P{0.24285714285714283\textwidth}P{0.15283251231527092\textwidth}P{0.05233990147783251\textwidth}P{0.05233990147783251\textwidth}}
S/No\tabcellsep Scale\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Split-half (r) Full-scale (r) Cronbach alpha (?)}\\
1\tabcellsep Whole scale\tabcellsep 0.946\tabcellsep 0.942\tabcellsep 0.977\\
2\tabcellsep Betting-relationship Conflict\tabcellsep 0.969\tabcellsep 0.958\tabcellsep 0.978\\
3\tabcellsep Betting Distress\tabcellsep 0.889\tabcellsep 0.886\tabcellsep 0.926\\
4\tabcellsep Betting-economic Interference\tabcellsep 0.738\tabcellsep 0.804\tabcellsep 0.828\\
5\tabcellsep Sport Betting Anticipatory\tabcellsep 0.765\tabcellsep 0.750\tabcellsep 0.827\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Hypothesis 5: Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Scale (SpABS) will positively correlate significantly}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Gambling Addictive Behaviour for Adolescent Scale}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
(GABSA).\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 4 . 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{46} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6401898734177215\textwidth}P{0.048417721518987336\textwidth}P{0.06455696202531645\textwidth}P{0.08607594936708861\textwidth}P{0.005379746835443038\textwidth}P{0.005379746835443038\textwidth}}
Variable\tabcellsep Mean\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep Df\tabcellsep r\tabcellsep p\\
Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale (SpABS)\tabcellsep 97.51\tabcellsep 38.92\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{318 .965 <.000}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Gambling Addictive Behaviour for Adolescent Scale (GABSA) 87.85}\tabcellsep 28.56\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_8}Table 4 . 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{47} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.09853168469860896\textwidth}P{0.3652241112828439\textwidth}P{0.2535548686244204\textwidth}P{0.0026275115919629057\textwidth}P{0.0026275115919629057\textwidth}P{0.0026275115919629057\textwidth}P{0.0026275115919629057\textwidth}P{0.0026275115919629057\textwidth}P{0.0026275115919629057\textwidth}P{0.007882534775888716\textwidth}P{0.08539412673879444\textwidth}P{0.02364760432766615\textwidth}}
S/No\tabcellsep Variable\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{8 Mean}\tabcellsep SD\\
1\tabcellsep Betting relationship\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{48.59 23.99}\\
\tabcellsep conflict (SpBABS)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2\tabcellsep Betting distress\tabcellsep .484**\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 23.10\tabcellsep 9.65\\
\tabcellsep (SpBABS)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
3\tabcellsep Betting economic\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{.333** .258**}\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 16.16\tabcellsep 5.94\\
\tabcellsep interference (SpBABS)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
4\tabcellsep Sport betting\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{.649** .248** .246**}\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 16.09\tabcellsep 5.94\\
\tabcellsep anticipatory (SpBABS)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
5\tabcellsep Loss of Control\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{.371** .217** .115** .399**}\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{28.09 11.35}\\
\tabcellsep (GABAS)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
6\tabcellsep Life dysfunction from\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{.733** .416** .293** .586** .338**}\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{79.09 51.96}\\
\tabcellsep problem gambling\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep (GABAS)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
7\tabcellsep Gambling Experience\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{.695** .303** .275** .562** .411** .462**}\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{101.09 42.13}\\
\tabcellsep (GABAS)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
8\tabcellsep Social dysfunction from\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{.403** .272** .165** .284** .752** .374** .338** -}\tabcellsep 17.56\tabcellsep 7.16\\
\tabcellsep problem gambling\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep (GABAS)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{** Significant at the 0.01 level}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{* Significant at the 0.05 level}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_9}Table 4 . 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
41\\
Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I\\
)\\
(\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_10}Table 4 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.19527027027027027\textwidth}P{0.5168918918918919\textwidth}P{0.025623700623700625\textwidth}P{0.11221413721413721\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{4. Academicians should use Sports Betting Addictive}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Behaviour Scale (SpBABS) to research on the how}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{the behaviour affects other aspects of individual}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{behaviour.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
44 5. Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I to me S/No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7\tabcellsep Items I bet on sports because I hear people win huge amount of money I bet on sports everyday I bet on sports every week I think of betting on sports always I dream of betting sports I bet on sports because of my economic situation I bet on\tabcellsep 1 2 3 4\tabcellsep Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I 43 Volume XXI Issue VIII Version I 45 Year 2021\\
)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ) )\\
(\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( ( -Global Journal of Human Social Science A\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2. Use the Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(SpBABS) to identify those that addictive to sports}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{betting so that intervention can be provided to}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep adductors.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{3. Develop training/rehabilitation modules for the four}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(4) dimensions; to train individuals on ways of}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{eliminating betting behaviours based on the}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{categories of their behaviour identified.}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2021 Global Journals\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_11}}\end{figure}
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