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\title{Laxative Activity of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Seed on Loperamide Induced Constipation in Rats}
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             \author[1]{Dr. R. Chandrasekar, G.G.P. Madhuri, T. Bhavya, K. Keerthi, S. Aishwarya, Y. Saipavan, M Niranjan  Babu}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2018 Accepted: 31 December 2018 Published: 15 January 2019}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) is widely used for its medicinal properties all over the world and it is a very important spice in Indian culture. The genus name Trigonella means 'tri-angled', maybe because of triangular shape of its flowers, whereas the species name foenum-graecum means 'Greek hay'. It is an annual crop and dicotyledonous plant belonging to the subfamily Papilionaceae, family Fabaceae. It is used as a functional food, traditional food and as a nutraceutical, as well as its physiological utilization such as antibacterial, anticancer, antiulcer, anthelmintic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-diabetic agent.The main objective of the study was to extract phytoconstituents from fenugreek seeds. The present study will be helpful in determining the quality and purity of a crude drug and laying down pharmacopoeial standards for Trigonella foenum-graecum. Fenugreek seed was extracted with water using hot continuous percolation method and the aqueous extract was used for determining the laxative activity.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Fenugreek Seeds, Laxative activity, Constipa- tion, Trigonella foenum-graecum.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
Introduction onstipation affects all ages; it affects elderly people at the age of 60 and above, adults and children. Constipation can be classified into different categories which include common constipation, Author ? ? ? ? ¥ § ?: Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Venkataramapuram, Tirupati, Chitoor Dist, 517561, Andhrapradesh, India. e-mail: chandrumnrcop@gmail.com occasional constipation, chronic constipation, travelrelated constipation, age-related constipation, pregnancy-related constipation, chronic idiopathic constipation and functional constipation. This condition may be due to consumption of low fiber-rich food, improper time in consuming food, lack of exercise, life style habits, less intake of fluids, etc. Constipation may end in restlessness, tired, indigestion, discomfort, vomiting, and accumulation of fecal matter in the intestine. Laxatives commonly bulk laxatives can relieve constipation in smoothening the walls of the intestine, colon and rectum and ease the fecal matter out of the rectum.\par
Fenugreek belonging to Fabaceae family is one of the well-known spices in food. Its seeds and green leaves are used in food as well as its medicinal value in the treatment of various diseases. It provides natural food fiber and other nutrients required to the human body.  {\ref [1]} Fenugreek has a strong spicy and a sweet flavor. \hyperref[b0]{[2]} Aromatic and flavouring fenugreek is a popular spice and is widely used for well recognized culinary and medicinal properties. \hyperref[b1]{[3]} "Kasuri Methi" is very famous for its appetizing fragrance and it is used for culinary preparations. \hyperref[b2]{[4]} In a recent trend, fenugreek is also used as spice adjunct. \hyperref[b3]{[5]} India is a major producer of fenugreek and also a major consumer of it for its culinary uses and medicinal application. It is used in functional food, traditional food, nutraceuticals as well as its pharmacological activities such as an antibacterial, anticancer, antiulcer, anthelmintic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic agent. It has a beneficial influence on digestion and also can modify food texture.\par
The mechanisms of action of laxatives include enhancement of fluid retention by hydrophilic or osmotic mechanisms, decreasing net absorption of fluid through effects on the fluid and electrolyte transport in the small or large intestines, and finally an alteration of motility by inhibiting nonpropulsive contractions or stimulating propulsive contractions. Laxatives are often classified into four categories that include: bulk-forming laxatives, osmotic laxatives, stimulant laxatives, and stool softeners or surfactant laxatives. \hyperref[b4]{[6]} CMedical Research Volume XIX Issue II Version I ( D D D D ) G © 2019 Global Journals 1\par
Fenugreek is a mild bulk-forming laxative that's best suited for long-term use in people with constipation. The laxatives most frequently used worldwide come from plants. Herbal laxatives are either bulk-forming or stimulating. Bulk-forming laxatives come from plants with a high fiber and mucilage content that expand when they come in contact with water; examples include psyllium, flaxseed, and fenugreek. As the volume in the bowel increases, a reflex muscular contraction occurs, stimulating a bowel movement. These mild laxatives are best suited for long-term use in people with constipation. \hyperref[b5]{[7]} Fenugreek fiber could be useful for treating constipation and hinder the development of diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Fenugreek fiber promotes the normal location due to imperfect fermentation in the large intestine. It can make the waste bulky, soften the stool by holding water and minimize the transit time through the intestine; hence, it helps to keep constant and steady stool time. Fenugreek is a mild bulk-forming laxative that's best suited for long-term use in people with constipation.  {\ref [1]} II. 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} 
\section[{a) Collection of plant material}]{a) Collection of plant material}\par
The seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum were collected from departmental stores, Tirupati. They were identified and verified taxonomically and authenticated in the Department of Botany, S. V. University, Tirupati. The seeds were coarsely powdered by using a mixer grinder and the powder was stored in airtight plastic containers. The preserved powder was used for physicochemical analysis. Determination of physicochemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, extractive values such as water soluble extractive value, ethanol soluble extractive value and ether soluble extractive value of the crude drug was determined according to WHO guidelines on quality control methods for medicinal plant materials (WHO, 1992). \hyperref[b6]{[8]}  
\section[{c) Preparation of extracts}]{c) Preparation of extracts}\par
The collected plant material was washed and dried at room temperature for seven days and was subjected to size reduction. The prepared powder was used for extract preparation. The aqueous extract was prepared by the Soxhlet extraction method. 
\section[{Figure 2: Soxhlet Extraction Method d) Phytochemical Evaluation}]{Figure 2: Soxhlet Extraction Method d) Phytochemical Evaluation}\par
The freshly prepared aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum was qualitatively analyzed for the presence of major phytochemical constituents.  {\ref [9]} e) Pharmacological studies i. Experimental animals The animals were acclimatized to standard laboratory conditions (temperature: 25 ± 5°C), humidity (55 ± 5\%) and maintained on a 12-h light: 12-h dark cycle. They were provided with regular rat chow and drinking water and libitum. The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee CPCSEA Reg. No. (1995/PO/RE/S/17/ CPCSEA)f) Laxative Screening i. Animals\par
Wistar rats of either sex with an average weight of 150-200 g were obtained from Bangalore. The animals were housed in clean cages placed in a well ventilated house. They were acclimatized to the animal house condition for seven days during which they were allowed free access to commercial pelleted rat chow. All experimental procedures were performed in compliance with international policies governing the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee for the treatment of experimental animals. The study revealed that the administration of aqueous seed extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. No death was observed up to this dose, and the experimental animals were physically active. Hence 1/4 th (250 mg/kg) and 1/8 th (500 mg/kg), were selected as working doses for the present study. \hyperref[b7]{[10]}  
\section[{h) Experimental design}]{h) Experimental design}\par
Animals were divided into four groups, each group containing five animals.\par
? Group I -Normal control, control rats -received normal saline (negative control) ? 
\section[{i. Laxative activity of aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum in rats}]{i. Laxative activity of aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum in rats}\par
The animals were fasted for 12 hours before the experiment, but provided with water ad libitium. The animals were divided into four groups of five in each and were placed individually in cages lined with clean filter paper. Group I treated as control, (2 ml p.o. Normal Saline), group II received sodium picosulfate (1ml/kg p.o) served as standard and Group III received Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract (250 mg/kg p.o.) and Group IV received Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract (500 mg/kg p.o.) respectively. Immediately after dosing, the animals were separately placed in cages suitable for collection of faces. After 8 hours of drug administration, the feces were collected and weighed. Food and water were given to all rats and fecal outputs were weighed after 16 hours. After 8-16 hrs test drug exhibited an increase in fecal output. The extract showed a dose dependant increase in fecal output of rats when compared to the control group (Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}). The effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum increased significantly fecal output at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg (p.o.) of rats compared to control group (p < 0.05 and p<-0.01 respectively). The method of Capasso et al. \hyperref[b8]{[11]} was followed for this activity. All oral administration was done using metal oropharyngeal cannula. The water and feed intake and the number of fecal pellets of all the rats were recorded during the experimental period. The excreted fecal pellets of individual rats were collected at 10.00 h throughout the experiment. The total number, weight and water content of the pellets were determined. The water content was calculated as the difference between the wet and dry weights of the pellet. \hyperref[b9]{[12]} The water content of feces was calculated as: fecal water content (\%) = (feces weight before driedfeces weight after dried)/feces weight before dried × 100. \hyperref[b10]{[13,}\hyperref[b11]{14]} The laxative activity of the Trigonella foenumgraecum seed aqueous extract was evaluated by observing the stool consistency parameters like normal pellet stool, soft-formed stool, watery stool and mucus stool. The onset and duration of feces was recorded. Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract at a dose 500 mg/kg P.O. showed a significant Laxative Activity p< 0.05. 
\section[{iii. Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract on Loperamide induced constipation in rat}]{iii. Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract on Loperamide induced constipation in rat}\par
The laxative activity of Trigonella foenumgraecum seed aqueous extract was evaluated by observing the fecal output. Rats were allowed to fast for 18 hours and divided into four groups of five animals each. Rats were placed individually in cages lined with clean filter paper. Group I received Trigonella foenumgraecum seed aqueous extract (250 mg/kg p.o.) and Group II received Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract (500 mg/kg p.o.) respectively. Group II treated as control, (2 ml p.o. Normal Saline), group IV received sodium picosulfate (5mg/kg p.o) served as standard. After one h, all the animals received Loperamide (5 mg/kg, p.o.) by gavage. It was observed that after 8 hours of treatment. Extract effect at the higher dose of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract 500 mg/kg (p.o.) was similar to that of the standard drug sodium picosulfate (5 mg/kg, p.o.).\par
The reduction of Loperamide-induced constipation at 500 mg/kg (p.o.) of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract treatment was found to be almost comparable with that of treatment by 5 mg/kg of sodium picosulfate. Hence Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract showed significant laxative activity (P<0.05) at 500 mg/kg dose level when compared to standard. The feces production (total number) in all groups was monitored for eight h. This study was carried out, as described by Takahara et al. \hyperref[b12]{[15,}\hyperref[b13]{16]}  
\section[{j) Data analysis}]{j) Data analysis}\par
The data obtained by the various parameters were statistically evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean values ± SEM were calculated for each parameter. P< 0.05 was considered significant. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion} 
\section[{a) Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation}]{a) Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation}\par
To establish the quality and purity of the raw material used for the various physiochemical parameters such as ash values and extractive values were evaluated and reported in table 1 \& 2.\par
The results revealed that the plant Trigonella foenum-graecum shows the percentage of total ash as well as extractive values.       
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
Trigonella foenum-graecum was subjected to systematic physicochemical evaluation and phytochemical screening by extracting with aqueous solvent to determine the soluble constituents present in a given amount of the plant material. The present work was helpful in determining the quality and purity of a crude drug. In this study the parameters used for the evaluation of Trigonella foenum-graecum were, Extractive values by different solvents (includes water, ethanol and petroleum ether) ash values (total ash, water soluble and acid insoluble ash). On incineration, drugs leave an ash which consists of carbonates, phosphates and silicates of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The determination of ash value is useful for detecting the adulterants, exhausted drugs, Year 2019 low-grade products and excess of sandy matter which is especially applicable to powdered drugs. \hyperref[b14]{[17]} Phytochemical analysis was performed on the aqueous extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum. The aqueous extract contains carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and tannins. The present study was carried out to investigate the laxative activity of fenugreek seeds in albino Wistar rats. Rats were divided in 4 groups of 5 animals each, first group as control, second group served as standard (sodium picosulfate) while group 3 and 4 were treated with aqueous seed extract of Trigonella foenumgraecum at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), per oral respectively. The laxative activity was determined based on the weight of the fecal matter. The results showed that the aqueous extract of fenugreek has a significant laxative activity and supports its traditional claim in herbal medicine. 
\section[{Global}]{Global}\par
Fecal output depends on the dietary fiber, water-electrolyte balance, the rate of absorption and secretion from the lumen. Many laxatives have common mechanism of action in increasing water electrolyte secretion, decreasing its absorption in the colon. The presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, phenolic compounds can be responsible for the laxative activity of the plant. Although the Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids like components. The laxative activity of Trigonella foenumgraecum seed aqueous extract was studied in rats. Oral administration of extract showed the significant and dose-dependent increase in fecal output of rats in regards to the accumulation of water in the intestine.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The plant Trigonella foenum-graecum has shown a higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol-soluble extractive values. Qualitative Phytochemical screening of the plant extract Trigonella foenum-graecum reveals the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, carbohydrates, proteins and saponins. Trigonella foenum-graecum extract was prepared by Soxhlet extraction. Form the available literature it was found that Trigonella foenum-graecum contains more number of proteins, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and flavonoids. The Trigonella foenum-graecum seed aqueous extract has shown better laxative activity indicating the additive property of the herbs. Trigonella foenum-graecum seed has a tremendous scope on further studies mainly as a Nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements; because it contains many amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, etc., therefore further research work to be carried out on this plant towards enhancing the medicinal claims. More research work is recommended on the plant for isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds that may be active against many diseases.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 5 :}\end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.062195121951219505\textwidth}P{0.37317073170731707\textwidth}P{0.4146341463414634\textwidth}}
S. No.\tabcellsep Ash Values\tabcellsep Ash Values in Percentage Trigonella foenum-graecum\\
1\tabcellsep Total ash\tabcellsep 4.76\\
2\tabcellsep Water soluble ash\tabcellsep 1.2\\
3\tabcellsep Acid insoluble ash\tabcellsep 2.1\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.14433962264150943\textwidth}P{0.4370283018867925\textwidth}P{0.2686320754716981\textwidth}}
S. No.\tabcellsep Extractive Values\tabcellsep Extractive values in Percentage Trigonella foenum-graecum\\
1\tabcellsep Water soluble extractive value\tabcellsep 6.3\\
2\tabcellsep Alcohol soluble extractive value\tabcellsep 6.1\\
3\tabcellsep Ether soluble extractive value\tabcellsep 5.15\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{b) Phytochemical Evaluation}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.19344827586206897\textwidth}P{0.533448275862069\textwidth}P{0.12310344827586207\textwidth}}
S. No.\tabcellsep Phytochemical analysis\tabcellsep Trigonella Foenum-Graecum AE\\
1.\tabcellsep Alkaloids\tabcellsep +\\
2.\tabcellsep Carbohydrates\tabcellsep +\\
3.\tabcellsep Proteins\tabcellsep +\\
4.\tabcellsep Amino acids\tabcellsep +\\
5.\tabcellsep Glycosides\tabcellsep -\\
6.\tabcellsep Steroids \& sterols\tabcellsep -\\
7.\tabcellsep Flavonoids\tabcellsep +\\
8.\tabcellsep Tannins\tabcellsep +\\
9.\tabcellsep Phenolic compounds\tabcellsep -\\
10.\tabcellsep Terpenoids\tabcellsep +\\
11.\tabcellsep Saponins\tabcellsep +\\
12.\tabcellsep Fats and oils\tabcellsep -\\
13.\tabcellsep Gum and Mucilage\tabcellsep +\\
14.\tabcellsep Vitamins\tabcellsep +\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{(+) Present (-) Not Present}\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3042959427207637\textwidth}P{0.16026252983293557\textwidth}P{0.0973747016706444\textwidth}P{0.18257756563245822\textwidth}P{0.10548926014319808\textwidth}}
Groups\tabcellsep Treatment\tabcellsep Dose\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Faeces output (g) 0-8 hrs 8-16 hrs}\\
GP I\tabcellsep Control\tabcellsep (5 ml/kg)\tabcellsep 0.4975±0.04975\tabcellsep 0.56±0.056\\
GP II\tabcellsep Sodium Picosulfate\tabcellsep (5 mg/kg)\tabcellsep 3.4875±1.4874**\tabcellsep 3.85±0.45**\\
GP III\tabcellsep Test I TFG AQ Ex p. o.\tabcellsep (250 mg / kg)\tabcellsep 2.49875±0.74875*\tabcellsep 2.66125±0.91125*\\
GP IV\tabcellsep Test II TFG AQ Ex p. o.\tabcellsep (500 mg / kg)\tabcellsep 3.05±0.55**\tabcellsep 3.4875±0.4875**\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Values are expressed as mean ± S.E.M (n = 5); * p < 0.05 compared to control group; and **p < 0.01 compared to}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{control group.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{Laxative Activity of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Seed on Loperamide Induced Constipation in Rats} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par
The authors are thankful and grateful to the Management of Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati for providing us with the required facilities to carry out this research work. 			  			 
\subsection[{Conflict of Interest}]{Conflict of Interest}\par
The authors do not have any conflict of interest.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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