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\title{Intercultural Adaptation and Mental Health of Indonesian Health Workers Coming to Japan under the Economic Partnership Agreement}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Fumiko  Sato}

             \affil[1]{  Aino University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2018 Accepted: 31 December 2018 Published: 15 January 2019}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Following the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Japan and Indonesia coming into effect, acceptance of Indonesian nursing and care worker candidates began in 2008. From the following fiscal year, acceptance was expanded to include the Philippines and Vietnam. The medical and nursing care fields in Japan are gradually becoming internationalized. We speculated that EPA candidates would adapt to living and working in Japan, which has a different culture from their own country. This study assessed their adaptability to Japanese culture, mental health, and the clarified factors related to their mental health, based on the results of a quantitative survey.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{EPA, Indonesian, intercultural adaptation, mental health.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
apan has started receiving nurse and care worker candidates from Indonesia based on the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), which came into effect in 2008. Furthermore, from the following year, nursing and care candidates have come to Japan from the Philippines and Vietnam (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare 2018). Foreign nurses and care worker candidates are aiming to obtain national qualifications while receiving employment and training at each facility. Many of the candidates have experience as nurses in their home countries and have nursing knowledge and skills; however, they cannot work as regular nurses or care workers in Japan unless they pass the national examination \hyperref[b5]{(Hatanaka and Tanaka 2012)}.\par
After obtaining the national qualification, they are allowed to continue working without a limitation to their length of stay; however, about 20\% of those who have acquired national qualifications returned home (Ikeda 2014). There were many reasons for returning home, such as to care for parents and get married; however, there were also cases where the respondents were frustrated by not being able to use the Japanese well and placed in harsh working environment with strict rules and long working hours (Ikeda 2014).\par
As the nurses adapt to the different culture in Japan while working, they can feel stressed, which Japanese people may not even notice. The accumulation of stress influences on mental health. \hyperref[b8]{Ishikawa and Takahashi (1993)} noted that cultural differences, including changes in lifestyle, language, climate, and other environmental changes caused by overseas migration could be very confusing to the migrant. In many cases, the accumulation of daily stresses leads to mental and physical fatigue, which, if left untreated, can cause physical and mental problems. Indeed, psychiatric issues are increasing among foreign people living in Japan who have to deal with various stresses in their daily lives \hyperref[b17]{(Onishi 2003)}.\par
In previous studies, it reported that the mental health of foreign people living in Japan might be affected by living and adapting to a different culture. There are few studies focusing on the intercultural adaptation and mental health of foreign healthcare workers 1) under the EPA. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify intercultural adaptation, mental health, and factors related to their mental health among Indonesian healthcare workers who came to Japan under the EPA. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Methods}]{Methods} 
\section[{a) Participants and data collection}]{a) Participants and data collection}\par
Participants were Indonesian healthcare workers who came to Japan under the EPA. Generally, recipient facilities do not announce their acceptance of Indonesian EPA migrant workers to the public. Therefore, the participants were those employed at medical and care giving facilities that openly accepted these workers. The identity of these facilities was only accessible to the author. Data collection was performed between November 2012 and March 2013; survey request forms and questionnaires mailed to the managers of these recipient facilities (206 workers from 87 facilities). The managers distributed the survey to Indonesian EPA workers working at the respective facilities. Only those workers who consented to cooperate for the survey completed the questionnaire and returned anonymously. 
\section[{b) Study instrument}]{b) Study instrument} 
\section[{i. Demographics}]{i. Demographics}\par
We obtained the demographics of the study group from questions addressing population and household conditions as well as socioeconomic conditions. In the population and household conditions, gender, age, marital status, religion, number of years J Author: Aino University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nursing. e-mail: f-sato@ns-u.aino.ac.jp living in Japan, level of Japanese language proficiency. In the socioeconomic conditions, we examined academic background, classification of the current workplace, number of years of working at the current workplace, work pattern, target national qualification, status of acquiring the national qualification.\par
ii. 
\section[{Intercultural adaptation}]{Intercultural adaptation}\par
The adaptation scale for international students in Japan developed by Uehara (Uehara 1992), concerning The Freshman's Scale of Adjustment by Baker \hyperref[b0]{(Baker et al. 1985}) \hyperref[b1]{(Baker and Siryk 1986}) was adopted for measuring the level of intercultural adaptation. The scale is composed of 56 questions in five areas: "Learning/Research," "Mental and Physical Health/Emotion," "Interpersonal Relationships," "Culture", and "Living Comfort/Economy." For each scale, respondents were asked to choose from five responses (1. Not applicable at all <1> to 5. Very much applicable <5>). This scale is frequently used as an adaptation scale in Japan, and its validity of reliability was confirmed \hyperref[b20]{(Sasaki and Mizuno 2000)}. In this study, some questions were modified so they applied to Indonesian health workers and simplified to a total of 34 items. 
\section[{iii. Level of mental health (GHQ28)}]{iii. Level of mental health (GHQ28)}\par
We used the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) as a measure for the mental health level of the participants. GHQ is a scale for measuring mental health developed by Goldberg \hyperref[b4]{(Goldberg and Hillier 1979)} and used in various fields (Nakayama and Daibo 1985). GHQ has three versions: GHQ60 (60-item version) as well as its shortened versions GHQ30 (30-item version) and GHQ28 (28-item version). \hyperref[b3]{Fukunishi (1990)} has reported the effectiveness of these shortened versions. In this study, GHQ28 was used, taking into consideration the burden of extensive questioning of the participants. The grading method was as follows: following the guidelines for the Japanese version (Nakawaga and Daibow 1985), we graded the four choices for each item as 0-0-1-1 points, and the total score was determined. The highest score of the GHQ28 is 28. The higher score indicates a lower level of mental health. According to the guidelines, individuals scoring 5 or less are considered to be healthy, whereas those scoring 6 points or higher are at risk of mental problems. Many studies have examined the reliability and validity of GHQ28 in various populations and reported its usefulness independent of cultural differences, language, and religion \hyperref[b15]{(Nakagawa and Daibow 1985)}. 
\section[{c) Data analysis}]{c) Data analysis}\par
Descriptive statistics were applied to assess the demographics, intercultural adaptation, and mental health status of the participants. The total score of GHQ28 was used to divide the respondents into two groups: a "risk absent group" and a "risk present group," based on the GHQ28 total score. For categorical variables, we used the Chi-Square test or Fisher's exact test, and for quantitative variables, an unpaired t-test was performed to investigate the determinant factors for mental health. We used SPSS Ver. Twenty for Windows for the analyses, with the level of significance at 0.05\% for both sides. 
\section[{d) Ethical considerations}]{d) Ethical considerations}\par
This study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Senri Kinran University, School of Nursing, Japan. The purpose of the study was clearly stated on the title page of each questionnaire. In addition, it also mentioned that cooperation for the anonymous survey was voluntary. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
The questionnaire was distributed to 87 facilities nationwide. Six of the 87 facilities returned 15 uncompleted questionnaires for various reasons such as the Indonesian workers had already returned to their home country or had resigned the facility. We obtained responses from 71 of 191 questionnaires sent to migrant workers in 35 facilities (a facility recovery rate of 43.2\%, and the actual participation rate of 37.2\%). 
\section[{a) Demographics}]{a) Demographics}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} showed the results.\par
Of the 71 participants, 57 (80.3\%) were female, the mean age was 28.8 years, and 70.0\% of participants were single. For the years of living abroad, 50.7\% had lived in Japan for at least three years. As for Japanese language proficiency, 56.3\% of respondents answered that they still had difficulty in daily conversation. About the highest level of education, 81.7\% graduated from the vocational school, which provides three years of professional education after graduating from high school. In terms of the classification of current workplaces, hospitals (71.4\%) were the most common, followed by aged-care nursing homes (20.0\%), and long-term health care facilities (8.6\%). The national qualification aimed for by the majority of participants was the nursing qualification (73.1\%), followed by the care worker qualification (26.9\%). The status of acquisition of the national qualification was "not acquired" in 61.4\% of participants, and "acquired" in 38.6\%.     
\section[{Medical Research}]{Medical Research} 
\section[{b) Intercultural adaptation}]{b) Intercultural adaptation}\par
The average score was 90.1 (± 14.9). The lowest score was 59, and the highest score was 127. On this scale, the higher the score, the lower the adaptability to the different cultures. Thirty-three out of 71 subjects (46.4\%) showed higher scores than the average score. Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{1} shows the distribution of total scores on this scale. The Cronbach alpha (reliability coefficient) in this study was 0.85. The scores for each item were calculated by summing the items in the subscales of the five areas. Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2} shows the average value and standard deviation of all items, and each area. Also, we calculated the percentage of each area to the perfect score as the \% score. The "culture" area was the highest at 56.3\%.  
\section[{GHQ score distribution}]{GHQ score distribution} 
\section[{c) Mental health survey}]{c) Mental health survey}\par
All survey items in GHQ28 were graded with the scoring 0-0-1-1 point system; the lowest score was 0, the highest score was 17, and the mean was 2 points (IQR 1.0-5.0). In the present study, 55 (77.5\%) participants scored five or less, and the rest of16 (22.5\%) might develop some mental health problems (See Figure \hyperref[fig_2]{2} for score distribution). The Cronbach's alpha for GHQ28 in the present study was 0.89, suggesting high internal consistency. I feel it is difficult to associate with my neighbors. 
\section[{Medical Research}]{Medical Research} 
\section[{2.6}]{2.6}\par
The climate here is unbearable 2.5\par
Overall, I am satisfied with my current life in Japan * 
\section[{2.8}]{2.8}\par
Items marked with * are reversed items. The percentage of each item to the perfect score was calculated as the \% score 
\section[{d) Mental health and related factors}]{d) Mental health and related factors}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3} shows the results, we divided the respondents into two groups based on the results of the mental health survey. Respondents scoring 5 points or less were in the "risk absent group" and those scoring 6 points or more in the "risk present group."All items were analyzed by the Chi-Square test, Fisher's exact test, or an unpaired t-test. The results showed a significant difference between the risk absent group and risk present group in four items: "gender," "number of years living in Japan," "status of acquiring the national qualification," and "total score of intercultural adaptation scale." For gender, the percentage of females in the risk present group was significantly higher than the males, and the longer they lived in Japan (more than three years), the more risk the respondents had of having mental problems. The percentage of participants in the risk present group was significantly higher among those who had acquired a national qualification than in those that had not. For intercultural adaptation, the total score was significantly higher in the risk present group than in the risk absent group. These were significant differences in "Learning/Research," "Mental and Physical Health/ Emotion," "Interpersonal Relationships," "Culture", and "Living Comfort/Economy." In particular, "Mental and Physical Health/Emotion" had the highest score in the risk present group.\par
IV. 
\section[{Discussion a) Intercultural adaptation}]{Discussion a) Intercultural adaptation}\par
In the subscale of intercultural adaptation, the \%score in the "Culture" area was the highest. The questions items in this area included: "I have a trouble in understanding Japanese greetings and courtesy", "I feel that foreign people are conspicuous and my actions are restricted", "As Japanese have strong group consciousness, I feel it is difficult to participate in their group," and "I feel frustrated because Japanese expressions are sometimes indirect".\par
As Indonesians are from a country with a culture that uses a more direct way of speaking than Japan, there are many cases where Japanese perceive their wayof speaking as offensive and feel uncomfortable \hyperref[b16]{(Obata and Kukihara, 2012)}. The nursing and care worker candidates have an opportunity to receive a 6month language training course before and after traveling to Japan. However, the Japanese language barrier is large \hyperref[b2]{(Endo, 2012)}. Moreover, Japanese language training after placement at the facility is not consistent, and depending on the facility, EPA candidates may be forced to study by themselves \hyperref[b2]{(Endo, 2012)}. In this study, 40(56.3\%) of the respondents answered that daily conversation was still difficult. In addition to deficiencies in language ability itself, there was a lack of opportunities to learn skills for dealing with Japanese people, such as how to respond in a culturally appropriate way. This condition may lead to maladaptation of Indonesian EPA candidates to Japanese culture. Also, there is some Japanese staff who have difficulty communicating with Indonesian candidates. They feel uncomfortable and confused due to cultural differences \hyperref[b16]{(Obata and Kukihara, 2012)}. These misunderstandings are a major obstacle to mutual understanding. 
\section[{b) Mental health and related factors}]{b) Mental health and related factors}\par
From the results of this survey, approximately 20\% of the participants were at risk of developing mental problems. The relevant factors were "gender," "number of years living in Japan," "status of acquiring the national qualification," and "total score of intercultural adaptation scale." Regarding "sex," \hyperref[b18]{Ozeki et al. (2006)} reported that foreign females living in Japan were more mentally stressed and more likely to have mental health problems than foreign males; similar results to the present study, with all participants in the risk group being female. \hyperref[b19]{Ozeki et al. (2010)} stated that men generally tended to prefer not to show others their emotions if their emotions are regarded as mentally weak, and this may have influenced the mental health results of this study.\par
Regarding the "a number of years living in Japan," those who stayed in Japan for more than three years had more mental problems than those who stayed for less than three years. According to the EPA framework, the maximum period of stay allowed for obtaining national qualifications is three years for nursing candidates, and four years for care worker candidates (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare 2017). If they cannot obtain the national qualification within this period 2) , they are required to return to their home country after expiration of the period. Therefore when the respondents' stay in Japan exceeds three years, they are in the final year of the period of stay for nursing candidates, and for the care worker candidates, their final chance to pass the national examination is approaching. Under these circumstances, we speculate that mental stress will increase, which will influence on the mental aspect.\par
The "status of acquiring the national qualification" was also a factor that influenced the mental health of the participants. According to the EPA framework, after obtaining a national qualification, it is possible to work as a regular nurse or a care worker, and there is no restriction to a period of stay (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare 2017). When the EPA candidate becomes qualified staff, there may be an influence on their mental health due to the expansion of their roles and responsibilities.\par
Regarding the "total score of intercultural adaptation scale," in the EPA system, basic Japanese language skills were acquired in the 6-month language training period before and after traveling to Japan; however, there are very few opportunities to experience Japanese culture. As they did not have sufficient means to resolve cultural differences, this resulted in stress  {\ref (Hatanaka 2018)}. \hyperref[b8]{Ishikawa and Takahashi (1993)} also stated that the accumulation of mental and physical fatigue due to living in a different culture for a long time affected mental health status. This tendency was seen in the present study as the "total score of intercultural adaptation" was higher in the risk present group than the comparison group.\par
Furthermore, by the subscales of the intercultural adaptation scale, the score in the "Mental and Physical Health/Emotion" area was highest in the risk present group. Survey items in that area included: "Recently I have been severely exhausted," "Recently I have been unable to sleep well," and "Recently I have been emotionally unstable." If this mental and physical exhaustion continues, it may lead to accidents  {\ref (Suzuki et al. 2004}). Three groups, "Learning/Research," "Interpersonal Relations," and "Culture" also showed high scores. The current support for EPA healthcare workers should be reviewed immediately, especially at facilities that accept female foreign workers.\par
As indicated by the Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS, 2019), at facilities that accept nursing and care worker candidates train them under certain conditions, with the provision of appropriate training that incorporates information on preparation for national examinations as well as learning support for acquiring specialized knowledge and skills.\par
Continuous support for Japanese language and culture studies is also a requirement for the recipient facilities, so that the candidates could adapt to the workplace and lifestyle habits (JICWELS 2019). However, as a country, there is no uniform policy regarding the content of these training programs  {\ref (Nagae et al.2013}). Instead, each facility accepting foreign healthcare workers is entrusted to provide the appropriate support. Moreover, since the expense related to the training is the responsibility of the facilities, there is a significant variability in the implementation status among the facilities  {\ref (Nagae et al.2013}\hyperref[b11]{, Kim 2010}).\par
In addition to the differences in performance at recipient facilities, our survey found that there is a lack of comprehensive support with a medium-to a long-term perspective that covers cultural adaptation to life in Japan and the work environment, and that looks at life after passing the national examination. The current EPA framework limits the number of national examinations that can be taken and the length of stay, so the biggest priority of the EPA candidates and the recipient facilities are the national examinations \hyperref[b5]{(Hatanaka and Tanaka, 2012)}. In this situation, other support becomes insufficient. Measures such as printing hiragana on top of each Chinese character (Kanji) that expresses a complicated technical term in the national exam, and allowing EPA candidates who fail the exam but achieve a satisfactory total score to be allowed to extend their stay period orre-take the exam are appropriate (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare 2019). Even at the national level, there is no mention of how to support continued employment after passing the national examination, because the main focus is succeeding in the national examination \hyperref[b14]{(Nagae et al. 2013}). This exam-focused support may affect the mental health of foreign healthcare workers and lead to resignation.\par
It has been eleven years since the first EPA candidates came to Japan; however, little is known to the public regarding the specific support at the facility that accept such foreign healthcare workers. A social welfare corporation reported in Ito (2018) accepted 76 foreign EPA candidates who worked in 11 facilities, of which 30 passed the national exam. The corporation hired its teacher once a week and conducted 4 hours of Japanese language classes paid for by the corporation. The recipient facilities had regular meetings with foreign healthcare workers about their concerns about work and considered together with the foreign healthcare worker what was necessary to enable them to work in Japan for a long time and prevent resignations. Also, corporations that provide a chance for foreign workers to be promoted helps to maintain their motivation. Tukazaki (2010) also reported that at a medical facility, the director stated that support measures to assist foreign nurses pass the national examination were a top priority. After passing the exam, the nurses were given further practical training in all areas of the ward. These approaches were originally developed by the facilities.\par
Sharing the outcomes of successful cases may facilitate the development of a structured program of support for accepted foreign healthcare workers (Furukawa et al.2012), which is the responsibility of each employing facility in Japan. Also, it may allow for the present support system now centered on measures for passing the national exam, to transform into one that provide mid-and long-term support even after candidates have passed the examination.\par
Finally, Japan is facing an unprecedented aging society problem, and medical care needs are expected to increase in the near future. To provide enough services with the proper quality, it is essential to secure human resources in the field of medical and nursing care. It is vital to create an attractive working environment and effective support, so that foreign workers can work in Japan for as long as possible. Supplementary note 1. In this study, "healthcare workers" referred to nursing and care worker candidates, and those who passed the national examination. 2. During the period of stay, nursing candidates had the opportunity to take the national examination three times in three years, whereas care worker candidates have the opportunity to take the national exam once in the fourth year.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6565040650406504\textwidth}P{0.19349593495934958\textwidth}}
Items\tabcellsep \\
?Population and household conditions?\tabcellsep \\
Gender\tabcellsep \\
Female\tabcellsep 57 (80.3)\\
Male\tabcellsep 14 (19.7)\\
Age (range : 24-36)\tabcellsep 28.8(±2.7)\\
Marital Status\tabcellsep \\
Single\tabcellsep 49 (70.0)\\
Married\tabcellsep 21 (30.0)\\
Religion\tabcellsep \\
Islam\tabcellsep 43 (60.0)\\
Other\tabcellsep 28 (39.4)\\
Number of year living in Japan\tabcellsep \\
Less than 3 year\tabcellsep 35 (49.2)\\
3 years or more\tabcellsep 36 (50.7)\\
Level of Japanese language proficiency\tabcellsep \\
Still find daily conversation difficult\tabcellsep 40 (56.3)\\
No problems in daily conversation and\tabcellsep 31 (43.7)\\
?Socioeconomic conditions?\tabcellsep \\
Academic background\tabcellsep \\
Vocational school\tabcellsep 58 (81.7)\\
University or above\tabcellsep 13(18.3)\\
Classification of the current workplace\tabcellsep \\
Hospital\tabcellsep 50 (71.4)\\
Aged-care nursing home\tabcellsep 14(20.0)\\
Long-term health care facility\tabcellsep 6(8.6)\\
Number of years working at thecurrent workplace\tabcellsep 2.2(±1.2)\\
Work pattern\tabcellsep \\
Part time\tabcellsep 6(8.7)\\
Full time\tabcellsep 63(91.3)\\
Target national qualification\tabcellsep \\
Nurse\tabcellsep 49(73.1)\\
Care worker\tabcellsep 18 (26.9)\\
Status of acquiring the national qualification\tabcellsep \\
Not acquired\tabcellsep 43(61.4)\\
Acquired\tabcellsep 27(38.6)\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Values are N (\%) or mean ± SD (Standard Deviation). The totals for some categories do not equal due to missing data.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
D D D D )\\
(\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: K]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.41095751854349294\textwidth}P{0.13125421443020904\textwidth}P{0.1375590020229265\textwidth}P{0.13240053944706676\textwidth}P{0.03782872555630479\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Risk absent group\tabcellsep Risk present group\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Total (N=71)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep p\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (N=55)\tabcellsep (N=16)\tabcellsep \\
?Population and household conditions?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Gender\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.02*\\
Female\tabcellsep 57 (80.3)\tabcellsep 41(71.9)\tabcellsep 16 (28.1)\tabcellsep \\
Male\tabcellsep 14 (19.7)\tabcellsep 14 (100.0)\tabcellsep 0 (0.0)\tabcellsep \\
Age (range : 24-36)\tabcellsep 28.8±2.7\tabcellsep 28.5±2.7\tabcellsep 29.3±2.8\tabcellsep 0.30\\
Marital Status\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.05\\
Single\tabcellsep 49 (70.0)\tabcellsep 42 (85.7)\tabcellsep 7 (14.3)\tabcellsep \\
Married\tabcellsep 21 (30.0)\tabcellsep 13(61.9)\tabcellsep 8 (38.1)\tabcellsep \\
Religion\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.77\\
Islam\tabcellsep 43 (60.6)\tabcellsep 34 (79.1)\tabcellsep 9 (20.9)\tabcellsep \\
Other\tabcellsep 28 (39.4)\tabcellsep 21 (75.0)\tabcellsep 7 (25.0)\tabcellsep \\
Number of years living in Japan\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.02*\\
Less than 3 year\tabcellsep 35 (49.2)\tabcellsep 31 (88.5)\tabcellsep 4 (11.4)\tabcellsep \\
3 years of more\tabcellsep 36 (50.7)\tabcellsep 24 (66.7)\tabcellsep 12 (33.3)\tabcellsep \\
Level of Japanese language proficiency\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.39\\
Still find daily conversation difficult\tabcellsep 40 (56.3)\tabcellsep 29 (72.5)\tabcellsep 11 (27.5)\tabcellsep \\
No problems in daily conversation\tabcellsep 31 (43.7)\tabcellsep 26 (83.9)\tabcellsep 5 (16.0)\tabcellsep \\
?Socioeconomic conditions?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Academic background\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1.00\\
Vocational school\tabcellsep 58 (81.7)\tabcellsep 45 (77.6)\tabcellsep 13 (22.4)\tabcellsep \\
University or above\tabcellsep 13 (18.3)\tabcellsep 10 (76.9)\tabcellsep 3 (23.1)\tabcellsep \\
Classification of thecurrent workplace\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.46\\
Hospital\tabcellsep 50 (71.4)\tabcellsep 40 (80.0)\tabcellsep 10 (20.0)\tabcellsep \\
Aged-care nursing home\tabcellsep 14 (20.0)\tabcellsep 9 (64.3)\tabcellsep 5 (35.7)\tabcellsep \\
Long-term health care facility\tabcellsep 6 (8.6)\tabcellsep 5 (83.3)\tabcellsep 1 (16.7)\tabcellsep \\
Number of years working at the current workplace\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 2.2±1.2\tabcellsep 2.1±1.2\tabcellsep 2.7±0.9\tabcellsep 0.05\\
Work pattern\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.60\\
Part time\tabcellsep 6 (8.7)\tabcellsep 4 (66.7)\tabcellsep 2 (33.3)\tabcellsep \\
Full time\tabcellsep 63 (91.3)\tabcellsep 50 (79.4)\tabcellsep 13 (20.6)\tabcellsep \\
Target national qualification\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.50\\
Nurse\tabcellsep 49 (73.1)\tabcellsep 40 (81.6)\tabcellsep 9 (18.4)\tabcellsep \\
Care worker\tabcellsep 18 (26.9)\tabcellsep 13 (72.2)\tabcellsep 5 (27.8)\tabcellsep \\
Status of acquiring the national qualification\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.01*\\
Not acquired\tabcellsep 43 (61.4)\tabcellsep 38 (88.4)\tabcellsep 4 (11.6)\tabcellsep \\
Acquired\tabcellsep 27 (38.6)\tabcellsep 17 (63.0)\tabcellsep 10 (37.0)\tabcellsep \\
?Intercultural adaptation scale?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Total score\tabcellsep 90.1±14.9\tabcellsep 85.9±11.8\tabcellsep 104.5±15.7\tabcellsep <0.01**\\
Learning/Research\tabcellsep 16.3±4.1\tabcellsep 15.4±3.4\tabcellsep 19.1±3.3\tabcellsep <0.01**\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
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\end{document}
