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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2020 2020-01-15 (revised: 11 Year 2020 15 January 2020)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2020 2020-01-15} \title{Biogeography of Medically Important Insects using Quantitative Analysis} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Qi Shen} \author[2]{Zhixing You} \author[3]{Xiaojing Ma} \author[4]{Xiaocheng Shen} \affil[1]{ Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2019 Accepted: 2 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020} \maketitle \begin{abstract} We summarized distributional information of medically important insects from 76 families and 4531 genera occurring worldwide. The continents were divided into 67 basic geographical units. Using a new similarity formula and a new clustering method for quantitative analysis, 67 basic geographical units were clustered into 7 large unit groups and 20 small unit groups. The results were superior to the traditional single linkage method, average group linkage method, or sum of squares method. The cluster results were similar with the result of mainly phytophagous insects 104,344 genera in the world, but were different from the Wallace?s mammal geographical division scheme. Based on these seemingly contradictory results, we infer that animals, insect and plants may have the same distribution pattern and that it is necessary to conduct precise quantitative analysis for animals and plants worldwide. \end{abstract} \keywords{biogeography; medical important insect; similarity general formula; multivariate similarity clustering analysis.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par here are three categories of medically important insects: insects that feed on the blood of warm blooded animals (humans, mammals, and birds) and can transmit disease; insects that feed on the fur, feathers, and skin secretions of animals and birds, irritating the host; insects that live in the habitats of humans, mammals and birds, causing irritation and sometimes transmitting diseases. Since these insects have a close relationship with mammals and birds, they may have the same geographical distribution pattern with the mammals described by \hyperref[b106]{Wallace (1876)}. Computer and Internet technology has made it possible to collect and analyze large data sets and re-evaluate previous Wallace's scheme which are based on qualitative analysis {\ref (Olson et} Different geographical division schemes for some insect orders and families have been proposed \hyperref[b36]{(Herman et al., 2001;}\hyperref[b24]{Evans, 2007;} {\ref Balianet al., 2008;}\hyperref[b59]{Moor et al., 2008;}\hyperref[b84]{Morse et al., 2011;} {\ref Taegeret al., 2010)}. The results of most of these studies did not support the "Wallace line", that is Wallace's great contribution to the field. Among them, as medical important insects, Culinidae and Siphonaptera geographic division settings are also proposed the same questions {\ref (Siver, 2004;} {\ref Vashchonovet al., 2013)}. The extensive attention and indepth discussion in biogeography interpretation provides an exciting opportunity for evaluating insect distributions and geographical division plans.\par We used the similarity general formula (SGF) proposed by Shenet al. (2008a) and multivariate similarity clustering analysis (MSCA) {\ref (Shenet al., 2008b)} for quantitative analysis of the medically important insects in China \hyperref[b79]{(Shen, 2014)}. The results were unexpectedly similar to the results of all (93661) insect species in China {\ref (Shenet al., 2013a;}\hyperref[b86]{2013b;}\hyperref[b87]{2015)}, but different from the results of a Chinese mammalian species geographical division, made using qualitative analysis \hyperref[b114]{(Zhang, 2011)}. To study the relationship between the global distributions of medically important insects, phytophagous insects, and mammals, we used a variety of quantitative methods for this analysis. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} \section[{a) Global medically important insect species}]{a) Global medically important insect species}\par We used medically important insect distribution data from four resources: (1) World species and distribution data collected and summarized by entomologists, e.g. {\ref Knight et al., 1977, Durden et} \hyperref[tab_2]{1}). This was 4.3\% of the total number of insect genera and 6.1\% of the total insect species in the world. Because insects have small bodies, their species distribution is narrower compared with higher animals and plants {\ref (Shenet al., 2018)}. To improve the data utilization ratio and accuracy of the analysis, the genus was used as the basic biological unit (BBU). \section[{b) Division of basic geographical units (BGU) and building the databank}]{b) Division of basic geographical units (BGU) and building the databank}\par According to the terrain, climate, and other ecological conditions, we have divided the continents (except Antarctica) into 67 basic geographical units (BGU) (Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{1}). Of these BGUs, 21 BGUs were mainly plain, 11 were mainly hills, 12 were mainly mountain, 11 were mainly plateau, five were mainly desert and seven were mainly islands. A total of 27 BGUs were in tropical zone, 34 were in temperate zones and six were extended to the frigid zone. The names and geographical ranges of the BGUs are listed in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{2}.\par We used Microsoft Access as our database software. Each BGU was listed as the column and BBU was listed as the row. The distribution of different species belonging to the same genus was transferred to the BGU and summarized as the genus distribution. During the data entry, when there was a distribution, it was marked as 1; if there was no distribution, no record was entered. These basic distributional records (BDR) were the basis of quantitative analysis. Each BGU insect genus number is listed in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{2}. SI n = ?H i /nS n = ?(S i ?T i )/nS n\par In this formula, SI n is the similarity coefficient of n BGUs: S i , H i and T i are i BGU species number, common species number and unique species number, respectively, and H i = S i ?T i : S n is the total species number in n BGUs. For calculation, all values were obtained from the database search page. This was convenient for both manual and computer calculations.\par The MSCA indicated that the similarity coefficient of any group could be calculated directly and not restrained by the clustering order. It even was possible the first to calculate the total similarity coefficient of the 67 BGUs.\par For example, we calculated the similarity coefficient of four BGU from Europe (Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{2}). The 4066 in the first column of the first row was the number of genera that have not distribution by all four BGUs. The first number in other each column was the unique species number of every BGU. The number 465, which was the total genus number 4531 minus 4066, was the total species number of all five BGUs. The genus numbers of four BGUs were 253, 316, 245, and 271 as shown in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{2}. Using a calculator for these steps 253+316+245+271?30?59?7?68=921, dividing by 4, then dividing by 465, produced a similarity coefficient 0.495. The process was simple compared to the processes of other clustering methods. 1) The single linkage method, also called nearest neighbor method, using the Jaccard (1901) similarity formula: SI=C/(A+B ?C), which was the most basic clustering method; 2) Average group linkage method, which was also called unweighted pair group means algorithm (UPGMA) method, using the Szymkiewicz (1934) similarity formula, also called the {\ref Simpson (1947)} formula: SI=C/min(A,B), which is the most popular clustering method. 3) Sum of squares method (Ward's method), using the \hyperref[b16]{Czekanowski (1913)} similarity formula (also called \hyperref[b91]{Sørensen (1948)} formula): SI=2C/(A+B). Using this method, better results can be obtained, but the calculation process is complicated.\par The three similarity formulas were subjected to pairwise comparisons. A and B were species numbers in two regions and C was the species number shared by two regions. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results}]{Results}\par MSCA clustering results (Fig. {\ref 3}) showed that the 67 BGUs total similarity coefficient was 0.089. At 0.370 similarity coefficient level, 67 BGUs were clustered as at 20 small unit groups, at 0.250 similarity coefficient level, 20 small unit groups were clustered as A-G 7 big unit groups. Unit of each group was neighbor and connected to each other, corresponding to the geographical principles. The similarity level was greater within the group than among different groups and the ecological condition of each group was independent, corresponding to the principles of statistics and ecology.\par Clustering results showed high consistency with world insects clustering results {\ref (Shenet al., 2018)}. The numbers of big and small unit groups were the same, components of each big and small group were almost the same, and the structures between the groups were consistent. One difference was that the total similarity coefficient and similarity level of large and small unit groups of medically important insects were higher than all insects. This may be because medically important insects have generated more attention and research. The clustering location of individual units had moved: Unit 25\# moved from the g small unit group to the f small unit group. Unit 37\# moved from the h small unit group to the i small unit group. Unit 74\# moved from the r small unit group to the s small unit group. These movements were between neighboring groups, consistent with geographical principles.\par We compared mammalian division scheme (Wallace, 1876) and except for the D big unit group that was the same in the Ethiopian realm, all other groups were different. A and B big unit groups divided the Palearctic realm into east and west sections. C and E big groups incorporated New Guinea and Pacific islands from the Australian realm into the Oriental realm. F and G big groups incorporated Central America in the Neotropic realm into the Nearctic realm.\par Compared with current world plant division proposed by Cox \hyperref[b11]{(Cox, 2001)}, the C, D, E big unit groups were the same as the India-Pacific kingdom, Afritropic kingdom, and Australian kingdom. The difference was that the A, B and F big unit groups divided the Holarctic realm into three parts. F and G big groups categorized Central America in the Neotropic kingdom into the Nearctic kingdom.\par Compared with the current several insect groups division, our results support the following: the Palearctic realm is divided into two parts by Trichoptera and Aleyrodidae \hyperref[b84]{(Morse et al., 2011;}\hyperref[b24]{Evans, 2007)}. The Siphonaptera and Trichopteracategorize New Guinea and the Pacific Islands into the Oriental realm {\ref (Vashchonoket al., 2013;}\hyperref[b59]{Moor et al., 2008)}. The results also support separating Pacific Islands from the Australia realm by Staphylinidae, Aleyrodidaeand aquatic insects \hyperref[b36]{(Herman et al., 2001;}\hyperref[b24]{Evans, 2007;} {\ref Balianet al., 2008)}; incorporation of Yemen and Oman into the Palearctic realm by Symphyta and Culicidae {\ref (Taegeret al., 2010;}\hyperref[b88]{Silver, 2004)}; And incorporation of Mexico into Nearctic realm by the Culicidae \hyperref[b88]{(Silver, 2004)}. However, the results did not support assigning New Zealand, Madagascar and Antarctic as separate realms.\par The traditional methods did not produce accurate, sensitive, and precise results. The results of the single linkage method (Fig. {\ref 4}) were chaotic with no distinct layers. Many geographical units could not be clustered, such as units 20, 31, 49, 58, 69, 78, that were called "noise". The average group linkage method (Fig. {\ref 5}) was better than the single linkage method and removed most of the "noise". At the distant level of 0.63 the BGUs could be clustered into six unit groups, five of which had significant geographical meaning. The letters corresponding to the areas in Fig. {\ref 3}, the largest group which was composed of 26 BGUs, were chaotic and lacked geographical values. More precise division did not improve this. The sum of squares method (Fig. {\ref 6}) had better clustering results. At the distance of 1.2, the BGUs could be clustered into eight groups and the first seven had geographical meaning. The last group did not conform to the principle of geography and it was difficult to achieve precise clustering. \section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par This study demonstrated that the distribution pattern of medically important insects is consistent with that of phytophagous insects. However it is indisputable fact that the medical insects have a close relationship of food chain with higher animals. Therefore, we can speculated that most insects are phytophagous and the distribution pattern is the same as for plants. Although of them are carnivorous, the final food sources are plants. Their distribution pattern should be the same as plants. Thus, medical important insects belong to the bidirection food chain of animals ? plants ? phytophagous insects and showed the same results as the total insect distribution. Without doubt this hypothesis requires confirmation from quantitative analysis of plants and mammals and the first step would be to select and standardize the different methods. The comparisons made in this study showed that MSCA method can be useful. We look forward to establishing a consistent model of the distribution patterns of plants, mammals, and insects across the world.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png} \caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3456}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png} \caption{\label{fig_2}Fig. 3 :Fig. 4 :Fig. 5 :Fig. 6 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.14094754653130287\textwidth}P{0.08341793570219966\textwidth}P{0.04314720812182741\textwidth}P{0.05609137055837564\textwidth}P{0.5263959390862943\textwidth}} Orders\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{No. of families No. of genera No. of species}\tabcellsep Main data sources\\ Blattodea\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 490\tabcellsep 4428\tabcellsep Roth, 2003, Vidli?ka, 2013, 2017, Beccdloni, 2014, Vrsansky, 2010, 2012, 2013\\ Mallophaga\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 485\tabcellsep 4565\tabcellsep Mey, 2004, Pickering, 2014, Gustafsson, et al., 2015\\ Anoplura\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 553\tabcellsep Durden et al., 1994, Sánchez-Montes et al., 2013\\ Hemiptera\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 74\tabcellsep Usinger, 1966,Iorio, 2012, GBIF, 2019c\\ Coleoptera\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 126\tabcellsep 2480\tabcellsep GBIF, 2019a\\ Diptera\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 2337\tabcellsep 36594\tabcellsep \\ Siphonaptera\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 241\tabcellsep 2099\tabcellsep Acosta, 2003, Hastriteret al., 2006, Lewis et al., 2013,Vashchonoket al., 2013,Beaucournuet al., 2014\\ Lepidoptera\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 544\tabcellsep 5969\tabcellsep GBIF, 2019e\\ Hymenoptera\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 440\tabcellsep 6708\tabcellsep GBIF, 2019d\\ Total\tabcellsep 76\tabcellsep 4531\tabcellsep 63470\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.07399553571428572\textwidth}P{0.24665178571428573\textwidth}P{0.06830357142857144\textwidth}P{0.10245535714285714\textwidth}P{0.06830357142857144\textwidth}P{0.09866071428571428\textwidth}P{0.08537946428571429\textwidth}P{0.10625\textwidth}} BGU\tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{Number of genera BGU Number of genera BGU Number of genera BGU Number of genera}\\ 01\tabcellsep 253\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 310\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 207\tabcellsep 55\tabcellsep 242\\ 02\tabcellsep 316\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 457\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 131\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 323\\ 03\tabcellsep 245\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 474\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 241\tabcellsep 57\tabcellsep 325\\ 04\tabcellsep 271\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 614\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 251\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 459\\ 05\tabcellsep 99\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 419\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 292\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 133\\ 06\tabcellsep 143\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 125\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 180\tabcellsep 60\tabcellsep 179\\ 07\tabcellsep 208\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 300\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 116\tabcellsep 61\tabcellsep 173\\ 08\tabcellsep 81\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 161\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 101\tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep 376\\ 09\tabcellsep 75\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 310\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 79\tabcellsep 63\tabcellsep 263\\ 10\tabcellsep 211\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 214\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 239\tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep 239\\ 11\tabcellsep 246\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 284\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 232\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 150\\ 12\tabcellsep 165\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 201\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 135\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 235\\ 13\tabcellsep 315\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 343\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 151\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 74\\ 14\tabcellsep 124\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 179\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 71\tabcellsep BBU\tabcellsep 4531\\ 15\tabcellsep 103\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 168\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 205\tabcellsep BGU\tabcellsep 67\\ 16\tabcellsep 127\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 209\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 256\tabcellsep BDR\tabcellsep 15450\\ 17\tabcellsep 446\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 222\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 299\tabcellsep AR *\tabcellsep 231\\ 18\tabcellsep 314\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 139\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 233\tabcellsep ADT **\tabcellsep 3.41\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: *AR (average richness): BDR/BGU: **ADT (average distributional territory): BDR/BBU c) Clustering methods]} \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \footnote{G © 2020 Global JournalsBiogeography of Medically Important Insects Using Quantitative Analysis} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgments}]{Acknowledgments}\par This study was supported by the key laboratory foundation of Henna (112300413221). We thank also C. B. Cox (UK), H. Kreft (Germany), M.V. Cianciaruso (Brazil), D.R. Gustafsson (USA), P. Vrsansky (Slovak), J.C. Beaucournu (France), T. Najer (Czech), R.J. Whittaker (UK), M. Caesar (France), M. P. 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