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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2020-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2020)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2020-01-15} \title{Odor Identification in Older Adults: Evidence from the Yakumo (2019)-Results by Gender and Age} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Naomi Katayama} \author[2]{Shoko Kondo} \author[3]{Satofumi Sugimoto} \author[4]{Tadao Yoshida} \author[5]{Masaaki Teranishi} \author[6]{Michihiko Sone} \affil[1]{ Nagoya Women?s University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2019 Accepted: 5 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020} \maketitle \begin{abstract} An examination of taste and olfactometry in Yakumo-Cho inhabitants? examination carried out in 2005, and the result reported in Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants 2018. This study examined olfactory function. A personal function test is calculated from the Yakumo study database, and the odor stick identification tests administered to healthy older adults. The participants were community dwellers who voluntarily participated in the Yakumo Study and had managed everyday life by themselves. The participants were engaged in a variety of jobs, not only white-collar but also agriculture, fishery, and forestry. Therefore, the city regarded as a representative of today's Japanese society. From the database, 298 participants (169 females and 129 males) were selected form data in August, 2019. The Odor Stick Identification Test (OSIT-J) was used to assess odor perception. The aromas used in the OSIT-J include curry, perfume, Japanese cypress, India ink, menthol, rose, wood, Smelly socks/ sweat, fried garlic, condensed milk, gas for cooking, and Japanese mandarin aromas. \end{abstract} \keywords{odor, threshold, odor stick identification test (OSIT-J), senior citizens, yakumo-study.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par he Japanese Government uses a large amount of funds for the care of elderly individuals because of a super-aged society. The elderly individual may have a decline in the sense of smell. There is a concern that with increasing age, individuals would soon be unable to identify through the sense of smell. Furthermore, nasal congestion and olfactory disorders occurring after inflammation that is caused by allergic rhinitis, modern-day hay fever, and colds also inhibit the sense of smell \hyperref[b0]{1,}\hyperref[b1]{2,}\hyperref[b2]{3)} .\par The odor of food is intimately related where our appreciating palate formed by a combination of olfaction (olfactory sense) and gustation (gustatory sense). Such a combination of smell and taste is referred to as 'flavor' and is an element in the appreciation of food.\par Signals passing through the olfactory bulb travel to the brain along these olfactory nerves, where the signals interpreted, and the smell is recognized \hyperref[b3]{4)} . The medial aspect of the temporal lobe that remembers smell also stimulated at this point, and the brain can identify the odor based on a memory of previously experienced smells. In other words, smell identification requires an already-accumulated set of experienced smells \hyperref[b4]{5,}\hyperref[b5]{6)} .\par Both olfaction and gustation start to decline in humans around the age of 50 to 59, with 40\% of the elderly experiencing a noticeable the decline \hyperref[b6]{7)} . A person's first awareness of decline in olfaction as our primary dependence for identification of flavor occurs when one is unable to distinguish food by taste alone.\par Olfaction also performs an important and essential role in our ability to detect dangers, including the smell of leaking gas, the burning odor of fire, and the putrid smell of rotten food. Olfaction is also responsible for the enrichment and psychological stimulation in our everyday lives, such as with the scents and smells of foods and flavors \hyperref[b7]{8)} . In an already aged society, healthy olfaction is a necessary part of creating a safe and fertile living environment and for improving an individual's quality of life.\par This study aims to understand the age-related decline in olfactory function in participants aged 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, 70 to 79 years, and 80 to 89 years. We identified the odors particularly to distinguish for individuals of these age groups. This resultmight help draw attention to issues faced by individuals in their daily lives and facilitate improvement in their quality of life. Our previous paper \hyperref[b8]{9)} reported that: the olfactory test result was better for females. The reason is that 27 males out of 190 male participants (14.2\%) and 16 females of 260 female participants (6.2\%) had abnormal values in olfactory test results.\par Furthermore, in this study, when 12 kinds of odors is examined individually, it was revealed that some smells were easy to recognize, and some were difficult todo. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} \section[{a) Participants}]{a) Participants}\par The participants were community dwellers who voluntarily participated in the Yakumo Study and had managed their everyday life themselves. The Yakumo Study conducted since 1981 as a joint project between the town of Yakumo in Hokkaido and the Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine. Professionals in the fields of epidemiology, internal medicine, orthopedics, neuropsychology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and urology joined the Yakumo Study. The analyzed data were based on the database from 2019 to the neuropsychology and otolaryngology teams. The participants had been engaged in a variety of jobs, not only white-collar but also agriculture, fishery, and forestry. Therefore, this town can regarded as representative of today's Japanese society. From the database, 298participants (169 females and 129 males) were selected form data in August 2019 (Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}). \section[{b) Assessment of odour identification}]{b) Assessment of odour identification}\par The Odor Stick Identification Test (OSIT-J) was used to assess odour perception. This test possesses high reliability and validity \hyperref[b9]{10)} . The OSIT-J includes 12 different odorants to be identified. As odor perception is not necessarily culture-free, the Japanese version was employed \hyperref[b10]{11,}\hyperref[b11]{12)} . The procedure resembles that of the San Diego Odor Identification Test \hyperref[b12]{13)} . The aromas used in the OSIT-J include curry, perfume, Japanese cypress, India ink, menthol, rose, wood, smelly socks / and sweat, roasted garlic, condensed milk, gas for cooking, and Japanese mandarin aromas. Each fragrance enclosed in microcapsules made of melamine resin. These microcapsules were mixed with an odorless solid cream and then shaped to look like a lipstick. During the inspection test, the examiner applied each odorant to a piece of paraffin paper. After the application, the examiner handed the paper to the participant, who would then sniff the one and identify the odor.\par Participants selected each answer from a set of cards, each of which listed the name of an odorant, including the correct answer. Each correct answer scored as one point with the total performance score ranging from 0 to 12 points. We defined it as follows: normal range as more than 6, borderline as 3 to 5, and abnormal as less than 2 points. All of these methods are the same as in the previously reported paper \hyperref[b8]{9)} . \section[{c) Questionnaire survey on cognitive odor perception}]{c) Questionnaire survey on cognitive odor perception}\par A direct questionnaire survey conducted on subjective odor perception. Participants chose their odor perception from three choices: well recognized, recognized, and unrecognized. The results tabulated. \section[{d) Ethical review board}]{d) Ethical review board}\par This study conducted with the approval of the Ethical Review Board (Nagoya women's university Ethics Committee: 'hitowomochiitakennkyuunikansuruiinnkai'). The approval number is 30-14. b) Assessment of odor identification Olfactometry performed using odorstick (Diichiyakuhin Co. Ltd) \hyperref[b13]{14)} . However, the olfactory test result was better for females. Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3} shows, it is as a result of the fact that 11 males out of 129 male participants (8.5\%) and two females of 169 female participants (1.2\%) had abnormal values in olfactory test results. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results}]{Results} \section[{a) Questionnaire survey on cognitive odor perception}]{a) Questionnaire survey on cognitive odor perception}\par Tabel 2. Shows, Ten males (7.8\%), and two females (1.2\%) answered that they could not perceive odor well. Males do not recognized it six times as strong as females. More than 90\% of males and females, subjective odor was recognizable. Twelve odors examined individually. The results shown in Tables \hyperref[tab_4]{4 and 5}. Of the 12 smells, Fried garlic, Smelly socks/ sweat, and Curry recognized by more than 80\%. But, Rose, Wood, India Ink, and Household gas undrestood by less than 60\%. Household gas was the most cognitively different odor between males and females, with males being 22.3\% less cognitive than females. Next, we examined the recognition of 12 kinds of odors by age and sex for each one. The results shown in Table \hyperref[tab_7]{6 and Table 7}. In this study, there were few participants in their 40's and 80's, so we compared males, and females in their 50's, 60's and 70's. Almost all odors were poorly recognized in both males and females in their 60's than in their 50's. Especially the male fried garlic was 24.5\% worse. Also, in females, it had a 35, 3\% worse household gas in their 60's than in their 50's. It found that the odor suddenly became unrecognizable from the '60s. IV. \section[{Medical Research}]{Medical Research} \section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par It showed that the number of participants who show abnormal values in the olfactory test result is more than twice that of males as compared with females. This result was almost the same as the previous paper \hyperref[b8]{9)} . Also, as before, it was shown that the olfactory test results worsened as the age increased. Since olfactory test results have been reported by many researchers to be related to dementia such as Alzheimer's disease {\ref 15)} . It is necessary to further investigate the number of cases in the future. Especially since males have poor olfactory test results as compared with females, this showed in the previous paper; it is necessary to investigate the relationship with lifestyle and eating habits in the future. Recently, it has reported that when a person suffers from COVID-19, he/she cannot sense the smell due to olfactory disorder {\ref 16)} . Research on olfaction will become more and more necessary in the future.\par Twelve odors examined individually. The results are shown, of the 12 odors, Fried garlic, Smelly socks/ sweat, and Curry were recognized by more than 80\%. But, of the 12 smells, Rose, Wood, India Ink, and Household gas were understood by less than 60\%. Household gas was the most cognitively different odor between males and females, with males being 22.3\% less cognitive than females. It was a good result for both males and females to be familiar with curry that eats well in life, fried garlic with a burnt smell, and Smelly socks/ sweat that helps prevent food poisoning. However, it is that household gas is difficult to understand. This is because the odor must be instantly applied to aboid the danger of gas poisoning and gas explosion.\par Next, we examined the recognition of 12 kinds of odors by age and sex for each one. The results are shown, in this study, there were few participants in their 40's and 80's, so we compared males and females in their 50's, 60's, and 70's. Almost all odors were poorly recognized in both males and females in their 60's than in their 50's. Especially the male fried garlic was 24.5\% worse. Also, in females, it had a 35,3\% worse household gas in their 60's than in their 50's. It found that the odor suddenly became unrecognizable from the 60's. Since the perception of odors in participants in their 60's deteriorates sharply compared to those in their 50's. We believe that it is necessary to undergo a regular odor check after the '60s.\par Moreover, the number of cases is small in the age of '80s in each one statistically processed at this time. Therefore, the result of this study does not go out of the range of the hypothesis. It is a future task as same as before.\par V. \section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par In Yakumo Study, from the database, 298 participants (169 females and 129 males) were selected form data in August 2019. The aromas used in the OSIT-J include curry, perfume, Japanese cypress, India ink, menthol, rose, wood, Smelly socks/ sweat, fried garlic, condensed milk, gas for cooking, and Japanese mandarin aromas. The olfactory test result was better for females. The reason is that 11 males out of 129 male participants (8.5\%) and two females of 169 female participants (1.2\%) had abnormal values in olfactory test results. Of the 12 odors, Fried garlic, Smelly socks/ sweat, and Curry recognized by more than 80\%. But, of the 12 smells, Rose, Wood, India Ink, and Household gas understood by less than 60\%. Household gas was the most cognitively different odor between males and females, with males being 22.3\% less cognitive than females.Almost all smells were poorly recognized in both males and females in their 60's than in their 50's. As olfactory decay is closely related to dementia such as Alzheimer's disease. It is necessary to that increase the number of cases in the future. Recently, it reported that when a person suffers from COVID-19, he/she cannot sense the smell due to olfactory disorder. We believe that regular olfaction testing is necessary to maintain the health of the elderly. And it is need to investigate the relationship between lifestyle and eating habits in the future. \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.4112903225806452\textwidth}P{0.0913978494623656\textwidth}P{0.0913978494623656\textwidth}P{0.10053763440860215\textwidth}P{0.0913978494623656\textwidth}P{0.06397849462365592\textwidth}} Participants\tabcellsep 40's\tabcellsep 50's\tabcellsep 60's\tabcellsep 70's\tabcellsep 80's\\ Male (129)\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 6\\ Female (169)\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 3\\ Total (298)\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep 115\tabcellsep 77\tabcellsep 9\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: of 12 kinds of odor recognition test with odor stick (Number of participants) (n=298: 129 male, 169 female)]} \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.21186943620178042\textwidth}P{0.015133531157270029\textwidth}P{0.07903066271018792\textwidth}P{0.013452027695351136\textwidth}P{0.026904055390702272\textwidth}P{0.11266073194856578\textwidth}P{0.015133531157270029\textwidth}P{0.060534124629080116\textwidth}P{0.01681503461918892\textwidth}P{0.0714638971315529\textwidth}P{0.015133531157270029\textwidth}P{0.08071216617210683\textwidth}P{0.05717111770524233\textwidth}P{0.00840751730959446\textwidth}P{0.0655786350148368\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Male (n=129)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Female (n=169)}\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Well Recognized}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{Recognizid Unrecognizable Well Recognized Recognizid}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Unrecognizable\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{40's (M=10, F=23 )}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{4 (40.0\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6 (60.0\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0 (0.0\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{8 (34.8\%)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{14 (60.9\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1 (4.3\%)\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{50's (M=24, F=40 )}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{6 (25.0\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 16 (66.7\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2 (8.7\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{17 (42.5\%)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{22 (55.0\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1 (2.5\%)\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{60's (M=49, F=66 )}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{17 (34.7\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 28 (57.1\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4 (8.2\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{14 (21.2\%)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{52 (78.8\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0 (0.0\%)\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{70's (M=40, F=37 )}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{12 (30.0\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25 (62.5\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3 (7.5\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{22 (59.5\%)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{15 (40.5\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0 (0.0\%)\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{80's (M=6, F=3 )}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2 (33.3\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3 (50.0\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1 (16.7\%)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1 (33.3\%)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2 (66.7\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0 (0.0\%)\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Total(M=129, F=169 )}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{41 (31.8\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 78 (60.5\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{10 (7.8\%)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{62 (36.7\%)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{105 (62.1\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2 (1.2\%)\\ Male (n=129)\tabcellsep zero\tabcellsep one\tabcellsep two\tabcellsep three\tabcellsep four\tabcellsep five\tabcellsep six\tabcellsep seven\tabcellsep eight\tabcellsep nine\tabcellsep ten\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{eleven twelve Detection only}\\ 40's (n=10 )\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\\ 50's (n=24 )\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\ 60's (n=49 )\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\\ 70's (n=40 )\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\\ 80's (n=6 )\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\ Female (n=169)\tabcellsep zero\tabcellsep one\tabcellsep two\tabcellsep three\tabcellsep four\tabcellsep five\tabcellsep six\tabcellsep seven\tabcellsep eight\tabcellsep nine\tabcellsep ten\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{eleven twelve Detection only}\\ 40's (n=24 )\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\\ 50's (n=39 )\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 0\\ 60's (n=66 )\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 0\\ 70's (n=37 )\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\ 80's (n=3 )\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.03456325301204819\textwidth}P{0.04864457831325301\textwidth}P{0.13569277108433733\textwidth}P{0.05248493975903614\textwidth}P{0.0819277108433735\textwidth}P{0.04544427710843373\textwidth}P{0.04544427710843373\textwidth}P{0.0473644578313253\textwidth}P{0.04480421686746988\textwidth}P{0.04608433734939759\textwidth}P{0.04800451807228916\textwidth}P{0.08384789156626506\textwidth}P{0.04480421686746988\textwidth}P{0.04544427710843373\textwidth}P{0.04544427710843373\textwidth}} Volume XX Issue IV Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ D D D D )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ (\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Medical Research\tabcellsep Total (n=298 )\tabcellsep mistake Cognition ditection odorless\tabcellsep 83 162 45 8\tabcellsep 50 176 56 16\tabcellsep 76 193 24 5\tabcellsep 32 218 39 9\tabcellsep 69 188 39 2\tabcellsep 27 239 25 7\tabcellsep 102 174 22 0\tabcellsep 66 141 70 21\tabcellsep 79 182 29 8\tabcellsep 46 239 12 1\tabcellsep 67 210 19 2\tabcellsep 39 242 17 0\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep mistake\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 18\\ \tabcellsep Female\tabcellsep Cognition\tabcellsep 108\tabcellsep 111\tabcellsep 124\tabcellsep 135\tabcellsep 117\tabcellsep 142\tabcellsep 115\tabcellsep 94\tabcellsep 115\tabcellsep 144\tabcellsep 131\tabcellsep 147\\ \tabcellsep (N=169)\tabcellsep ditection\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 4\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep odorless\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep mistake\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 57\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 21\\ \tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep Cognition\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 69\tabcellsep 83\tabcellsep 71\tabcellsep 97\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 95\tabcellsep 79\tabcellsep 95\\ \tabcellsep (N=129)\tabcellsep ditection\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 13\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep odorless\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Judgment\tabcellsep India ink\tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{Wood Perfume Menthol Orange Curry Household gas Rose}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Cypress Smelly socks, and sweat Condensed milk Fried garlic}\\ \tabcellsep Total (n=298 )\tabcellsep mistake Cognition ditection odorless\tabcellsep 27.9 54.4 15.1 2.7\tabcellsep 16.8 59.1 18.8 5.4\tabcellsep 25.5 64.8 8.1 1.7\tabcellsep 10.7 73.2 13.1 3.0\tabcellsep 23.2 63.1 13.1 0.7\tabcellsep 9.1 80.2 8.4 2.3\tabcellsep 34.2 58.4 7.4 0.0\tabcellsep 22.1 47.3 23.5 7.0\tabcellsep 26.5 61.1 9.7 2.7\tabcellsep 15.4 80.2 4.0 0.3\tabcellsep 22.5 70.5 6.4 0.7\tabcellsep 13.1 81.2 5.7 0.0\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep mistake\tabcellsep 27.2\tabcellsep 13.6\tabcellsep 21.9\tabcellsep 8.9\tabcellsep 17.8\tabcellsep 7.7\tabcellsep 26.6\tabcellsep 19.5\tabcellsep 23.7\tabcellsep 13.6\tabcellsep 18.3\tabcellsep 10.7\\ \tabcellsep Female\tabcellsep Cognition\tabcellsep 63.9\tabcellsep 65.7\tabcellsep 73.4\tabcellsep 79.9\tabcellsep 69.2\tabcellsep 84.0\tabcellsep 68.0\tabcellsep 55.6\tabcellsep 68.0\tabcellsep 85.2\tabcellsep 77.5\tabcellsep 87.0\\ \tabcellsep (N=169)\tabcellsep ditection\tabcellsep 7.7\tabcellsep 14.8\tabcellsep 4.1\tabcellsep 2.4\tabcellsep 12.4\tabcellsep 5.9\tabcellsep 5.3\tabcellsep 17.8\tabcellsep 7.1\tabcellsep 1.2\tabcellsep 3.6\tabcellsep 2.4\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep odorless\tabcellsep 1.2\tabcellsep 5.9\tabcellsep 0.6\tabcellsep 2.4\tabcellsep 0.6\tabcellsep 2.4\tabcellsep 0.0\tabcellsep 7.1\tabcellsep 1.2\tabcellsep 0.0\tabcellsep 0.6\tabcellsep 0.0\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep mistake\tabcellsep 28.7\tabcellsep 20.9\tabcellsep 30.2\tabcellsep 13.2\tabcellsep 30.2\tabcellsep 10.9\tabcellsep 44.2\tabcellsep 25.6\tabcellsep 30.2\tabcellsep 17.8\tabcellsep 27.9\tabcellsep 16.3\\ \tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep Cognition\tabcellsep 41.9\tabcellsep 50.4\tabcellsep 53.5\tabcellsep 64.3\tabcellsep 55.0\tabcellsep 75.2\tabcellsep 45.7\tabcellsep 36.4\tabcellsep 51.9\tabcellsep 73.6\tabcellsep 61.2\tabcellsep 73.6\\ \tabcellsep (N=129)\tabcellsep ditection\tabcellsep 24.8\tabcellsep 24.0\tabcellsep 13.2\tabcellsep 18.6\tabcellsep 14.0\tabcellsep 11.6\tabcellsep 10.1\tabcellsep 31.0\tabcellsep 13.2\tabcellsep 7.8\tabcellsep 10.1\tabcellsep 10.1\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep odorless\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 3.1\tabcellsep 3.9\tabcellsep 0.8\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 0.0\tabcellsep 7.0\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 0.8\tabcellsep 0.8\tabcellsep 0.0\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: K © 2020 Global JournalsOdor Identification in Older Adults: Evidence from the Yakumo (2019)-Results by Gender and Age]} \caption{\label{tab_5}Recognized number of odors types Male (n=129) Recognized number of odors types Female (n=169) Judgment India ink Wood Perfume Menthol Orange Curry Household gas Rose Cypress Smelly socks, and sweat Condensed milk Fried garlic}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{6} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_6}Table 6 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{7} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} Male (n=129)\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_7}Table 7 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.34093406593406594\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.03736263736263736\textwidth}P{0.09807692307692308\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Fried garlic\\ 40's (n=10 )\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 10\\ 50's (n=24 )\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 21\\ 60's (n=49 )\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 33\\ 70's (n=40 )\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 27\\ 80's (n=6 )\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 4\\ Female (n=169)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_8}India ink Wood Perfume Menthol Orange Curry Household gas Rose Cypress Smelly socks, and sweat Condensed milk}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.2801675977653631\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.04273743016759777\textwidth}P{0.09972067039106144\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Fried garlic\\ 40's (n=24 )\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 20\\ 50's (n=39 )\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 38\\ 60's (n=66 )\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 55\\ 70's (n=37 )\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 32\\ 80's (n=3 )\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_9}India ink Wood Perfume Menthol Orange Curry Household gas Rose Cypress Smelly socks, and sweat Condensed milk}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.19092307692307692\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.04969230769230769\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.05230769230769231\textwidth}P{0.08630769230769231\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Fried garlic\\ 40's (n=10 )\tabcellsep 70.0\tabcellsep 70.0\tabcellsep 80.0\tabcellsep 0.0\tabcellsep 70.0\tabcellsep 70.0\tabcellsep 70.0\tabcellsep 50.0\tabcellsep 70.0\tabcellsep 80.0\tabcellsep 80.0\tabcellsep 100.0\\ 50's (n=24 )\tabcellsep 50.0\tabcellsep 54.2\tabcellsep 62.5\tabcellsep 79.2\tabcellsep 58.3\tabcellsep 91.7\tabcellsep 62.5\tabcellsep 41.7\tabcellsep 70.8\tabcellsep 83.3\tabcellsep 70.8\tabcellsep 87.5\\ 60's (n=49 )\tabcellsep 40.8\tabcellsep 51.0\tabcellsep 53.1\tabcellsep 63.3\tabcellsep 49.0\tabcellsep 71.4\tabcellsep 42.9\tabcellsep 36.7\tabcellsep 51.0\tabcellsep 75.5\tabcellsep 51.0\tabcellsep 67.3\\ 70's (n=40 )\tabcellsep 32.5\tabcellsep 42.5\tabcellsep 42.5\tabcellsep 52.5\tabcellsep 62.5\tabcellsep 67.5\tabcellsep 37.5\tabcellsep 32.5\tabcellsep 40.0\tabcellsep 65.0\tabcellsep 60.0\tabcellsep 67.5\\ 80's (n=6 )\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 50.0\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 50.0\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 83.3\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 16.7\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 66.7\\ Female (n=169)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_10}Results for 12 types of odor tests Number of correct answers Male (n=129) Results for 12 types of odor tests Number of correct answers Female (n=169) Male (n=129) India ink Wood Perfume Menthol Orange Curry Household gas Rose Cypress Smelly socks, and sweat Condensed milk}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.16073717948717947\textwidth}P{0.05448717948717948\textwidth}P{0.05448717948717948\textwidth}P{0.05448717948717948\textwidth}P{0.05448717948717948\textwidth}P{0.05448717948717948\textwidth}P{0.05448717948717948\textwidth}P{0.05448717948717948\textwidth}P{0.05176282051282051\textwidth}P{0.05721153846153846\textwidth}P{0.05721153846153846\textwidth}P{0.05448717948717948\textwidth}P{0.08717948717948718\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Fried garlic\\ 40's (n=24 )\tabcellsep 58.3\tabcellsep 70.8\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 91.7\tabcellsep 70.8\tabcellsep 83.3\tabcellsep 62.5\tabcellsep 62.5\tabcellsep 75.0\tabcellsep 91.7\tabcellsep 70.8\tabcellsep 83.3\\ 50's (n=39 )\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 64.1\tabcellsep 89.7\tabcellsep 97.4\tabcellsep 71.8\tabcellsep 94.9\tabcellsep 89.7\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 69.2\tabcellsep 92.3\tabcellsep 87.2\tabcellsep 97.4\\ 60's (n=66 )\tabcellsep 69.7\tabcellsep 71.2\tabcellsep 75.8\tabcellsep 62.1\tabcellsep 72.7\tabcellsep 71.2\tabcellsep 65.2\tabcellsep 60.6\tabcellsep 72.7\tabcellsep 84.8\tabcellsep 77.3\tabcellsep 83.3\\ 70's (n=37 )\tabcellsep 56.8\tabcellsep 56.8\tabcellsep 59.5\tabcellsep 62.2\tabcellsep 59.5\tabcellsep 67.6\tabcellsep 56.8\tabcellsep 35.1\tabcellsep 51.4\tabcellsep 73.0\tabcellsep 73.0\tabcellsep 86.5\\ 80's (n=3 )\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 0.0\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 66.7\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_11}India ink Wood Perfume Menthol Orange Curry Household gas Rose Cypress Smelly socks, and sweat Condensed milk}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_12}Results for 12 types of odor tests Correct answer rate (\%) Male (n=129) Results for 12 types of odor tests Correct answer rate (\%) Female(n=169)}\end{figure} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par This study was supported by the research aid of Choju-iryo-kenkyu-kaihatsuhi 30-14 and the Japanese Society of Taste Technology, 2019. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Kobayashi et al. 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