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\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Dr. A H M Delwar} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2019 Accepted: 3 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Background: In the 17 th and 18 th centuries, Santorini and Wilhem Mayer described the adenoids. Enlarged adenoid or adenoids is a common disorder in children, not only compromise the natural pathway of breathing, but it also obstructs the nasopharyngeal opening of Eustachian tubes. As a result, retention of fluid in the middle ear cavity and the development of glue ear or otitis media with effusion (OME). If it happens, the children present with hearing loss, delayed speech and language, poor social behavior, and may with difficulties of balance.Methods: It is a cohort retrospective study of 251 cases in the \end{abstract} \keywords{glue ear or otitis media with effusion (OME), adenoids, pure tone audiometry (PTA), impedance audiometry, or tympanometry, otoscopy.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par denoid is a lymphoid tissue in the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx just behind the nasal orifice or choana. From five months it increases rapidly, most enlargement is seen in 07 years, and after 15 years it regresses. \hyperref[b0]{1} Enlarged adenoid block the nasopharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. As a result, accumulation of sterile or non-purulent mucous fluid within the middle ear cavity known as glue ear, OME, secretory otitis media, or serous otitis media. If it is persistent for more than three months is known as chronic OME. \hyperref[b1]{2} Due to blockage of Eustachian tube, absorption of middle ear air causing negative intratympanic pressure as a consequence of retraction of tympanic membrane. 3 80\% of children, suffering one episode of OME before 03 years and 40\% of them suffers more than three. \hyperref[b3]{4} Acute otitis media due to viral attack may follow bacterial infection causes inflammation of adenoids following to an episode of OME. \hyperref[b4]{5} The Eustachian tube lines by ciliated, pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelium. The mucosa contains both goblet cells and mucous secreting glands. \hyperref[b5]{6} Any infections due to viral or bacterial resulting in the production of mucous secretion effusion developing OME. Due to repeated infection, the flat cuboidal mucosa replaces by thicker pseudostratified mucous secreting epithelium with the development of cilia. The ciliary lining is less efficient at moving the secretion to the nasopharynx. \hyperref[b6]{7} The latest research suggests that generic inheritance of susceptibility to OME, causing impaired metabolism of oxygen. \hyperref[b7]{8} Composition of the effusion is a glycoprotein, immunoglobulin-A(IgA), lysozyme, interleukins, and other inflammatory cytokine develops rheological adhesiveness and poor transportation, the persistence of effusion needs surgical intervention. \hyperref[b8]{9} Biofilm found in 92\% middle ear mucosa undergoes ventilation tube and high grade found in adenoid mucosa. \hyperref[b9]{10} The children with cleft palate have an incidence of OME was 20\%. \hyperref[b10]{11} Allergy has conflicted evidence with OME because symptoms of nasal obstruction are more prevalence in adenoid hyperplasia than allergic manifestation. \hyperref[b11]{12} Family history of allergic rhinitis may have a link with OME. \hyperref[b12]{13} Gastro-esophageal reflux is common in infants up to 04 months of age and pepsin first identified in middle ear effusion in 2002. \hyperref[b13]{14} Seasonal variations is closely related to OME that patients of the winter season were more than around two times as in the summer. \hyperref[b14]{15} It traditionally imposed that adenoidectomy relief the anatomical obstruction of the Eustachian tube is benefited for the children when the adenoid size is small, but the presence of OME has contributory another factor of adenoid. \hyperref[b15]{16} Recurrent acute and chronic inflammation of adenoid and continuous bacterial loading change of mucosal epithelium into squamous metaplasia and fibrosis, reduced mucociliary clearance of effusion, the contributory factor of the OME. \hyperref[b16]{17} Parental smoking is one of the risk factor of developing OME. \hyperref[b17]{18} If the mother smoked, it is more significant to increase the risk of developing OME or persistence of the disease. \hyperref[b18]{19} An international review of risk factors of OME was increasing number of siblings, smoking, not breastfeeding, low birth weight and poor socioeconomic condition. \hyperref[b19]{20} This study finds out the incidence, management, and outcome of the adenoids with glue ear and to facilitate the future research activity in the different impacts of glue ear on children's quality of life. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Methods and Materials}]{Methods and Materials}\par It is a cohort retrospective study of 251 cases in the two different tertiary care institutions. During three years period, 7099 routine ENT operations performed in which adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy was 864, from that chronic adenoiditis and tonsillitis with glue ear was 251. I followed the QOL (quality of life) measurement concept which modified from the different study groups, the Rutter children behavior questionnaire for teachers, OM8-30, OMQ-14(otitis media questionnaire), including four main profile areas to assess and evaluate the children health status of the ear. Four main profile areas were A. Recurrent AOM, B. Reported hearing difficulties, C. Behaviour and parental QOL and, D. Speech and language. All patients clinically diagnosed as adenoids with glue ear and confirmed by history, examination, and investigations. It includes otoscopy; investigations were X-ray nasopharynx lateral view, Play Audiometry, PTA, Tympanometry, and blood tests were complete blood count and immunoglobulin study. The sensorineural hearing impairment cases excluded from the study. The following data collected about the patients: Age, sex, side, presenting features, otoscopic findings, pre and post-operative (up to 03 months) tympanometry and audiometric findings, radiological gradings of adenoids, treatment, and management. Statistical software SAS used to calculate the data. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results}]{Results}\par Incidence of adenoids with glue ear, out of total routine ENT operations was 3.54\%, and adenoidectomytonsillectomy 29.05\% (Chart-1). Of 251, the male was 102(40.64\%), and female was 149(59.36\%), 03-05 years were 83 ( Treatment provided as per the demand of the disease condition such as adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy for 144(57.37\%), adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy with myringotomy, and softly suction of fluid 82(32.67\%), and adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy with myringotomy, the suction of fluid and insertion of ventilation tube 25(9.96\%)(Figure {\ref -4}). I used Shepard and Shah's ventilation tube. Regarding follow-up the patient, they came after surgery every week for 03 weeks and after 03 months with audiometry and tympanometry report. Within 03 months, the ventilation tube spontaneously extruded. \hyperref[b20]{21} Among Type-B 7, 4(57.14\%) presented with typanosclerosis, and 3(42.86\%) with tympanic membrane perforation (Figure {\ref -4}). Amidst Type-C13, all suffered from allergic manifestation (Figure {\ref -4}). I was counseling about the disease process with the parents and advised them for long term follow-up with symptomatic medical treatment. IV. \section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par Historically, the adenoid associate with upper airway obstruction, as a focus of recurrent infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract, rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and persistence of OME. The incidence of adenoid with OME in our study was 3.54\% in routine operative patients and 29.05\% in the adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy patients. Mwaniki KA showed his dissertation in the Medicine department of Nairobi University, Kenya, 67.3\% of children with adenoids suffering from OME. In contrast, Nwosu C et al. study displayed incidence of OME was 55.9\% in adenoids patient. \hyperref[b21]{22,}\hyperref[b22]{23} Considering gender epidemiology, female 149(59.36\%) was more than male 102(40.64\%), against Ajayan PV et al. series where the male was 63\% and female 37\%, Paradise JL reported that there was no any gender prelidection. \hyperref[b23]{24,}\hyperref[b24]{25} In Bangladesh perspective female children engaged in household work like cleaning and washing from early childhood causes a frequent attack of cold.\par Regarding age, 06-10 years of age was more sufferer 107(42.63\%), second-most was 03-05 years 83(33.07\%), held up by Dawes JDK and Fujioka M et al. study. \hyperref[b25]{26,}\hyperref[b26]{27} Dawes showed majority was in the age of 05-10years whereas Fujioka revealed 04-08 years.\par About laterality, bilateral (140) was more than unilateral (111) in which right ear (70) more than left (41), persistence with the report of Silva PA et al. series and more suffering than unilateral and let give them more attention about treatment. \hyperref[b27]{28} Personal history revealed the villager was 42.63\%, slum dwellers 41.85\%, those were poor, working-class group and urban 15.54\% was lower middle-class group supported by Ajayan PV et al. series reported a majority of the patient was poor class. \hyperref[b23]{24} Parental smoker exhibited 79.28\% in our research, one of the risk factor for the persistence of glue ear consistent with Alpert H et al. report. \hyperref[b17]{18} The otoscopic finding was the most important examination procedure to a diagnosis the glue ear. Our current study showed lusterlessly and retracted tympanic membrane was 72.91\%, the color changed to amber or yellow to bluish 20.32\%, and fluid level and air bubble 6.77\% held up by Satish HS et al. series reported 64\% retracted tympanic membrane, 16\% air bubble but color change 94\% wasn't in our favor. \hyperref[b29]{30} The radiological investigation, X-ray nasopharynx lateral view in open mouth replicated the size of the adenoids described by Cohen D et al. study in which our series, grade-2, was 57.37\%, grade-3 32.67\%, and grade-4 9.9\% supported by Wormald PJ et al. work. \hyperref[b30]{31,}\hyperref[b31]{32} Play audiometry and PTA exhibited the most prime findings of the outcome about the treatment. The pre-operative report in our study, the mild hearing loss of children was 181(72.11\%), and moderate 70(27.89\%), pre-operative mean hearing thresholds were 36.83dB, persistence with Aman SJ et al. series, they reported 41.56dB whereas Fria TJ displayed 27.5dB. \hyperref[b32]{33,}\hyperref[b33]{34} Postoperative, after three months mean hearing was 23.75dB, mean hearing gain 13.08dB held up by Takahashi H et al. research, reported 14.25dB, Aman SJ et al. displayed 16.95dB near our report. \hyperref[b34]{35,}\hyperref[b32]{33} Pre-operative impedance audiometry showed Type-B was 107(42.63\%), and Type-C 144(57.37\%) near to Orji FT et al. work, reported Type-B was 35\% and Type-C 60\%. \hyperref[b35]{36} Other studies were against our series, Abd Alhady R et al. displayed Type-B was 84.38\%, and Type-C 15.62\%, and Aman JS et al. exhibited Type-B was 62.5\%, and Type-c 30\%. \hyperref[b36]{37,}\hyperref[b32]{33} Post-operative after three months, our study presented Type-A(Normal) was 231(92.03\%), Type-B 07(2.79\%), and Type-c 13(5.18\%) which wasn't in our favor, Aman JS et al. study reported Type-A was 70\%-, and Type-C, 17.5\% whereas Maw AR showed Type-A was 62\%. \hyperref[b32]{33,}\hyperref[b37]{38} Regarding treatment, as the patient was children, the parents had over-pessimistic about the disease and are over-optimistic about the result of surgery. They avail of the medical treatment for a prolonged period. After the failure of medical treatment, the parents agreed to take surgical management. In our study, adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy did 144(57.37\%) consistence with Sandooja D et al. reported sufficient improvement of OME. \hyperref[b38]{39} Adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy plus myringotomy with soft suction of effusion fluid performed 82(32.67\%) held up by Mendel EM et al. series. \hyperref[b39]{40} Adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy plus myringotomy with suction of fluid plus ventilation tube insertion in 25(9.96\%) kept up by Gates GA et al. and recommended some cases need triple modalities of surgery. \hyperref[b40]{41} Post-operative complications like tympanosclerosis, tympanic membrane perforation, and allergic disarrayed children treated accordingly and suggested to maintain long term follow-up.\par V. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par Adenoid with glue ear is a common disease in children. Early detection through a screening process and take the appropriate treatment lowering the catastrophe of the disease process. To maintain the quality of life, normal hearing is essential. Responsible and literate parents, school teacher, are another major factor in takeing care about the disease process, and help to accept the surgical treatment accordingly. Appropriate treatment maintains the children's normal hearing, behavior, speech, language, and intellectual development.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{11234}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}Chart- 1 :Figure- 1 :Figure- 2 :Figure- 3 :Figure- 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.7744444444444444\textwidth}P{0.03051282051282051\textwidth}P{0.035598290598290595\textwidth}P{0.009444444444444445\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Adenoids with Glue Ear: Incidence,}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Management and Outcome}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Delwar AHM\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Abstract-Background: above}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{80\%. Radiology supported adenoids enlargement grading}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{revealed grade-2 was 144(57.37\%), grade-3 82(32.67\%), and}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{grade-4 25(9.96\%). Otoscopic findings exhibited lusterlessly}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{and retracted membrane was 183(72.91\%), color change}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{51(20.32\%), and fluid level and air bubble 17(6.77\%),}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{audiometry investigations reported, mild hearing loss was}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{181(72.11\%), and moderate 70(27.89\%), type-B tympanometry}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{was 107(42.63\%), type-C 144(57.37\%), unilateral OME}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{was111(44.22\%) and bilateral 140(55.78\%). Operative}\\ treatment\tabcellsep included\tabcellsep adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy\tabcellsep was\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{144(57.37\%), adenoidectomy-tonsillectomy with myringotomy}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{and soft suction 82(32.67\%), and adenoidectomy-}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{tonsillectomy with myringotomy, suction, and grommet}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{insertion 25(9.96\%). The post-operative mean hearing gain}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{was 13.08 dB, tympanometry changed to type-A was}\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{231(92.03\%), type-B 7(2.79\%), and type-C 13(5.18\%).}\tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Conclusion: Suspected OME cases, though any benefit not}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{found in medical management, some surgeon considering 12}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{weeks watchful waiting for surgery. Different surgical methods}\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{implicated based on severity of OME.}\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: Results: Incidence of adenoids with glue ear, out of total ENT routine operations was 3.54\%, and adenoidectomytonsillectomy operations were 29.05\%. Of them, the male was 102(40.64\%), the female was 149(59.36\%), 3-5 years were 83(33.07\%), 6-10 years 107(42.63\%), and 11-15 years 61(24.30\%). Presenting features showed nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and hearing loss were above 90\%, smokers parent was79.28\%, villager and slum dwellers were]} \caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.778134110787172\textwidth}P{0.0037172011661807582\textwidth}P{0.02230320699708455\textwidth}P{0.0037172011661807582\textwidth}P{0.01858600583090379\textwidth}P{0.012390670553935858\textwidth}P{0.011151603498542275\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Right\tabcellsep ear\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{70(63.06\%),}\tabcellsep bilateral\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{140(55.78\%)(Chart-2), presenting features showed nasal}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{obstruction was 245(97.61\%), mouth breathing}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{231(92.03\%), hearing loss 229(91.24\%), snoring}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{213(84.86\%), frequent cold attack 199(79.28\%), and}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{infrequent earache 117(46.61\%)(Figure-2), personal}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{history revealed that villager was 107(42.63\%), slum}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{dwellers 105(41.83\%), and urban 39(15.54\%), smoker}\\ parent\tabcellsep was\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{199(79.28\%),}\tabcellsep and\tabcellsep non-smoker\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{52(20.72\%)(operative 23.75dB, mean hearing gain 13.08dB (Table-}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{1). Tympanometry showed, pre-operative Type-B was}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{107(42.63\%), and Type-C 144(57.37\%). Post-operative}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{(after 03 months) normal Type-A was 231(92.03\%),}\\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{Type-B 07(2.79\%), and Type-C 13(5.18\%) (Table-2).}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{-} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.03928220255653884\textwidth}P{0.44882005899705013\textwidth}P{0.03343166175024582\textwidth}P{0.02674532940019666\textwidth}P{0.03844641101278269\textwidth}P{0.07522123893805309\textwidth}P{0.02423795476892822\textwidth}P{0.06519174041297934\textwidth}P{0.04262536873156342\textwidth}P{0.05599803343166175\textwidth}} Serial No.\tabcellsep Play audiometry and PTA, Types of Hearing loss.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Number of Patient(pre-operative)}\tabcellsep Percent--age\tabcellsep Mean hearing(pre-operative)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Mean hearing(pos t-operative)}\tabcellsep No. of patient(post -operative)\tabcellsep Percentage (post-operative)\\ 1.\tabcellsep Normal hearing (0-25dB)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 19.58dB\tabcellsep 231\tabcellsep 92.03\%\\ 2.\tabcellsep Mild hearing (26-40dB)\tabcellsep 181\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 72.11\%\tabcellsep 30.49dB\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 27.91dB\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 7.97\%\\ 3.\tabcellsep Moderate (41-55dB)\tabcellsep 70\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 27.89\%\tabcellsep 43.17\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ 4.\tabcellsep Moderately severe\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep (56-70dB)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ 5.\tabcellsep Severe\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep (71-90dB)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ 6.\tabcellsep Profound\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep (91-120dB)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 251\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 100\%\tabcellsep Mean hearing-36.83dB\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Mean 23.75dB hearing-\tabcellsep 251\tabcellsep 100\%\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{Table-2: Audiometric Finding: Pre-operative and Post-operative}\\ Serial No.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Types of Tympanogram}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Patient Pre-Operative: Number of}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Percentage}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Patient Post-operative: Number of}\tabcellsep Percentage\\ 1.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Type-A (Normal Tympanogram)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 00\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{231}\tabcellsep 92.03\%\\ 2.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Type-As(Reduced compliance at ambient}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 00\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Pressure) e.g. Otosclerosis.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ 3.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Type-Ad (Increased}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Compliance at ambient Pressure) e.g. Ossicular}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 00\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Disruption.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ 4,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Type-B( Flat or dome-}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{shaped.) Fluid in Middle}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 107\tabcellsep 42.63\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 07\tabcellsep 2.79\%\\ \tabcellsep Ear.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ 5.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Type-c(Maximum}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{compliance at pressure -200 mm H 2 O.) Early stage of}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 144\tabcellsep 57.37\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 5.18\%\\ \tabcellsep OME\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 251\tabcellsep 100\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{251}\tabcellsep 100\%\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table - 1}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2020 Global Journals} \footnote{© 2020 Journals} \backmatter \par Funding: No funding sources. \subsection[{Conflict of interest: None declared.}]{Conflict of interest: None declared.}\par Ethical approval: The study was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Satish et al. ()]{b29}\label{b29} ‘A study on role of adenoidectomy in otitis media with effusion’. H S Satish , Sarojamma , Aan Kumar . \textit{Journal of Dental and Medical Science} 2013. 4 (6) p. . \bibitem[Ajayan et al. 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