# Introduction Corresponding Author ?: Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria. e-mails: sololade@unimed.edu.ng, zacchsnatpdt@gmail.com Author ?: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria. these natural antioxidants in medicinal plants against oxidative stress induced diseases and disorders (Lawal et al., 2016;Bourhia et al., 2019;Shaito et al., 2020). Presence of scientific literature on antioxidants and antimicrobial activity of phytochemicals to a great extent validates the traditional claims about the usefulness of these medicinal plants to treat reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced health related disorder (Liu et al., 2018;Khameneh et al., 2019). Free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are usually produced as a result of an organism's normal use of oxygen. An imbalance between formation and removal of these free radicals can lead to a pathological condition called oxidative stress resulting in many physiological processes like aging and chronic diseases (Aprioku, 2013;Phaniendra et al., 2015). However, the human body employs antioxidants to counteract these free radicals thus repairing free radical damage by initiating cell regeneration or cell repair (Lobo et al., 2010;He et al., 2017;Pizzino et al., 2017). Daily consumption of natural products that are rich in antioxidants, such as vegetables and fruits play an important role in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as cancer, arthritis, liver injury, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular problems, neurodegenerative disorders, and various inflammatory illnesses (Tan et al., 2018;Mattia et al., 2019). Incorporation of antioxidant compounds by consuming natural products in the daily diet can be a suitable solution to solving human health issues. These natural antioxidant sources can be used as a preventive medicine. Recent researches showed that there is an inverse link between the dietary consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and prevalence of human illness (Arulselvan et al., 2016;Wilson et al., 2017;Liu et al., 2018;Lourenco et al., 2019;Villaverde et al., 2019). Moreover, the use of natural products as antibiotic agents is been given more attention due to the various side effects and increasing antibiotic resistance to synthetic antibiotics observed in some pathogens responsible for food borne and other illnesses (Fair and Tor, 2014;Barbieri et al., 2017;Cheesman et al., 2017;Albaridi, 2019;Dilbato et al., 2019). Natural antimicrobials seems to be the most promising solution to many of the increasing concerns regarding antibiotic resistance and could yield better method at different concentrations of the extract. Twentyseven (27) therapeutically active secondary metabolites were identified in the seed extract using GC-MS and the principal constituents identified were 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (52.14%), ?sitosterol (11.79%), desulphosinigrin (6.16%) and ?-tocopherol (5.84%). The extract also displayed high DPPH and galvinoxyl radical scavenging activity with IC 50 values of 5.0 and 100 ?gml -1 . The zones of inhibition ranged from 10-30 mm against all tested bacteria. The antibacterial index (AI) ranged between 0.5-25. This study demonstrated that the seed of A. cinerea could be a potential source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. edicinal plants are of great importance to the health of humans. The medicinal value of green plants lies in the ability of some secondary metabolites to produce a definite physiological action in the human body (Dwivedi et al., Tyers and Wright, 2019). Therefore, novel types of effective and healthy antimicrobial compounds that could protect food against contamination and consumer against infection is in high demand. Compounds derived from natural sources have the potential to be used for food safety due to their antimicrobial properties against a broad range of foodborne pathogens (Lucera et al., 2012;Hintz et al., 2015;Quinto et al., 2019). To the best of our knowledge, there is no enough scientific information on the chemical composition and medicinal properties of seed of A. cinerea grown in Nigeria so far. Therefore, the present research was undertaken to screen extract of the seed of A. cinerea grown in Nigeria for its chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. # II. # Materials and Methods # a) Collection of Plant Sample The plant material was collected in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria and it was identified as Annona cinerea Dunal. # b) Preparation and Extraction of the Plant Sample Air-dried and pulverised seed were soaked in a mixture of methanol/ethyl acetate (2:1). The mixture was left for at least three days. The filtrate was concentrated using a water bath. The concentrated extract was put into a vial and stored in a refrigerator to prevent contamination pending subsequent analysis (Emmanuel et al., 2014). # c) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of the Extract for Various Secondary Metabolites The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the secondary metabolites in the extract was carried out using GC-MS QP2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) system at the Shimadzu Training Centre for Analytical Instruments (STC) Lagos, Nigeria. The analytical specifications of the GC-MS were done as described in # d) In vitro Antioxidant Activities The antioxidant capacity of the seed extract of A. cinerea was tested using two different methods. # i. In vitro 2,2?-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl Assay The antioxidant and free radical scavenging of the extract of A. cinerea were measured by using 2, 2?diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl according to the method decribed by Lin et al., (2018) with minor modification. Briefly, the reaction mixture (2.0 ml) consists of 2.0 ml of 0.1 mM DPPH prepared by dissolving 4 mg of DPPH in 100ml of methanol and then 1.0 ml of various concentrations of the extract. It was incubated for 30 min. in the dark, and the absorbance was measured at 517 nm using SM 7504 UV Spectrophotometer. The blank contained a preparation of DPPH and methanol in place of extract. In this assay, the positive control was ascorbic acid. The percentage of the radical inhibition activity was evaluated based on the following expression: Where: A blank and A ext are the absorbance value for the blank and extract solution, respectively. The doseresponse curve was plotted and IC 50 value for the extract and the standard were calculated. # ii. In vitro 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-[(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-?1-oxidanylphenyl)methylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one (Galvinoxyl), respectively. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging of the seed extract of A. cinerea were also evaluated using galvinoxyl according to the method previously described by Amira et al., (2012) with slight modification. Briefly, the reaction mixture with a total volume of 2.0 ml consists of 1.0 ml of 0.1mM Galvinoxyl which was prepared by dissolving 4.2 mg of Galvinoxyl in 100 ml of methanol and then 1.0 ml of various concentrations of the extract, was incubated for at least 30 min. in the dark, and then the absorbance was measured at 429 nm using SM 7504 UV Spectrophotometer. The blank was prepared by galvinoxyl and methanol in place of sample. In this assay, the positive control was ascorbic acid. The percentage of the radical inhibition activity was calculated based on the following expression: an earlier study (Ololade et al., 2014). A blank and A ext are the absorbance value for the blank and extract solutions, respectively. The dose-response curve was plotted and IC 50 value for the extract and the standard were calculated. Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI): The AAI was calculated as: AAI was classified as weak; when AAI < 0.5; moderate, when AAI ranged between 0.5-1.0; strong; when AAI ranged between 1.0-2.0; and very strong; when AAI > 2.0. # e) In vitro Screening of Antibacterial Potential Antibacterial assay of the extract at different concentrations was performed using agar well diffusion assay on sterilized Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) using streak plate method according to the method previously used by Debalke et al., (2018). Gram-positive bacteria used for the antibacterial test were Bacillus sp, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus varians and Streptococcus agalactiae while the Gram-negative bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia stuartii, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Shigella dysenteriae. Cefuroxime (CRX) 30 ?g/disc was used as positive control. After incubation for 18-24 hr at 37 o C, plates were observed for the formation of a clear zone around the well which corresponds to the antimicrobial activity of tested compounds. The zone of inhibition (ZI) was observed and measured in millimetre (mm) using transparent ruler. # f) Determination of the Antibacterial Activity Index (AI) The AI of the test seed extract with respect to the positive control was done according to the method previously used by Ololade et al., 2020. The total ion chromatogram (TIC) of the methanol/ethyl acetate seed extract, showing the GC-MS profile of the compounds identified is as shown in Figure 1. The peaks in the chromatogram were integrated and compared with the database of spectrum of known components stored in the GC-MS NIST library. Phytochemical screening by GC-MS analysis of the seed extract of A. cinerea revealed the presence of different classes of organic compounds. A total of twenty-seven ( 27) phytochemicals were identified in the seed extract accounting for 99.45% of the extract (Table 1), and the main constituents identified were 3-Omethyl-d-glucose (52.14%), ?-sitosterol (11.79%), desulphosinigrin (6.16%) and ?-tocopherol (5.84%). Previous studies on the chemical composition of leaf extract of A. muricata from Uganda showed the presence of Z-7-tetradecenal (9.39%), n-hexadecanoic acid (7.12%), oleryl alcohol (6.15%), phytol (5.61%) as its main constituents (Gavamukulya et al., 2015). 3-Omethyl-d-glucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. # III. # Results and Discussion # Compound Retention Index Percentage # ) Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Capacity For the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity, different assays were used to obtain valid results, this is due to the fact that antioxidant compounds present different mechanisms of reactions with the possibility of having synergistic interactions depending on the type of assay used. In this study, the antioxidant potential of the seed extract of A. cinerea was evaluated using the DPPH and the galvinoxyl assays (Table 2). # i. In vitro DPPH Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Potentials The results of DPPH radical scavenging assay of seed of A. cinerea grown in Nigeria is as shown in Table 2. The seed extract showed concentrationdependent increases in radical scavenging potential. The extract was evaluated at the concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 100 ?gml -1 and with percentage free radical scavenging of 90, 89, 88, 88 and 87%, respectively. The seed exhibited low inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) of 5.0 ?gml -1 and antioxidant activity index (AAI) of 8.0. The IC 50 values represent the concentration at which 50% of DPPH is reduced. A low IC 50 value indicates a potent antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid showed the inhibition concentration of IC 50 to be 9 ?gml -1 . The extract showed a similar antioxidant properties compared to the synthetic antioxidant (ascorbic acid). The seed extract of A. cinerea In vitro galvinoxyl Free Radical and Antioxidant Potential Galvinoxyl is a stable phenoxy radical that exhibits characteristic UV absorption at 429 nm in methanol solution. The radical have strong absorption in the visible region, while its absorption decreases proportionally upon receiving an electron or hydrogen from the antioxidants. The free radical scavenging potential of the phytochemicals in seed extract was (Lu et al., 2010). The result of galvinoxyl radical scavenging assay of the seed extract of A. cinerea grown in Nigeria is shown in Table 2. The extract was evaluated at the concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 100 ?gml -1 and with percentage free radical scavenging of 47, 42, 46, 20 and 19%, respectively. The seed exhibited the low inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) of 100.0 ?gml -1 and antioxidant activity index (AAI) of 0.4. The seed extract of A. cinerea investigated in this study had a lower galvinoxyl free radical scavenging and antioxidant compared to ascorbic acid (the reference compound), which had IC 50 and AAI values of 15.0 ?gml -1 and 2.8. The seed extract of A. cinerea investigated in this study gave a promising free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity comparable with the rhizome methanolic extract of Curcuma longa from Nigeria with galvinoxyl IC 50 and AAI values of 25 ?gml -1 and 1.68, respectively (Ololade et al., 2020). Generally, the extract investigated showed good antioxidant potential even at very low concentrations. Percentage radical scavenging activity was very low in galvinoxyl assay compared to DPPH assay. The results showed that the steric hindrance among adjacent bulky groups within a galvinoxyl molecule limited the extract to scavenge galvinoxyl radicals effectively unlike DPPH, while extracts showed a powerful capacity for scavenging free radicals in DPPH (Barzegar and # c) Antibacterial Potential The antimicrobial potential of the seed extract of A. cinerea investigated in this study were tested against eleven clinically isolated multi-drug resistant Gramnegative (seven isolates) and Gram-positive (four isolates) strains of bacteria were investigated using the agar well diffusion method. The extracts investigated in this study demonstrated a broad-spectrum of activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested in this study. Table 3 and figure 1 summarize the zones of microbial growth inhibition and antibacterial index by the seed extract of A. cinerea, which showed good antibacterial activities against all the clinically isolated organisms. The result of the antimicrobial activity showed that the seed extract have high bactericidal activities from sensitive to ultra-sensitive as compared to cefuroxime (CRX) the synthetic antibiotic used in this study. Based on the value of zone of inhibition, the antibacterial activity potential was dependent on the concentrations of the extract used. Among the tested bacteria, the extract had a zone of inhibition of 30 mm on P. mirabilis which indicated that P. mirabilis was highly susceptible compared to the other tested bacteria within the concentration of 1000 ?gml -1 of seed extract of methanol/ethyl acetate of A. cinerea in this study. As depicted in Table 3, other high susceptible bacteria at 1000 ?gml -1 were Bacillus sp (25 mm), P. stuartii (25 mm), S. typhimurium (25 mm), E. faecalis (20 mm), S. marcescens (20 mm). At the concentration of 500 ?gml -1 of the seed extract, the bacteria inhibition activities were very high in S. typhimurium (25 mm), Bacillus sp (22 mm), E. faecalis (20 mm), P. mirabilis (20 mm), P. stuartii (20 mm). The zone of inhibition of the extract at the concentration of 250 ?gml -1 was significantly different when compared to 1000 and 500 ?gml-1 of the extract for the tested bacteria. At a lower concentration of 250 ?gml -1 of the extract, E. faecalis (20 mm) and P. mirabilis (20 mm) were more susceptible to the synergic activities of the secondary metabolites in the seed extract, most especially the phenolic compound and the terpenoids. The antibacterial index (AI) ranged between 0.5-25. Comparatively, the antibacterial properties of the extracts investigated in this study have similar antibacterial activities comparable to the leaf essential oil of A. cherimola from Egypt which was investigated for its in vitro antimicrobial properties against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus with the zones of inhibition of 30, 26, 28 and 35 mm, respectively at 50 ?l (Mohammed et al., 2016). The differences in the zones of inhibition of the extract could be due to the difference in the levels of their major and minor phytochemical in the seed extract evaluated in this study and the synergetic effect between all the components. The differences in the susceptibility of the tested microorganisms to the extract may also be attributed to IV. # Conclusions This study provides insight into the phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the seed extract of A. cinerea. The study showed that the phytochemicals present in the extract have potential to be used to treat reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced and bacteria health related diseases by inhibiting the free radicals initiating associated with health problems. Further studies into the isolation and identification of phytochemicals that are responsible for the therapeutic potential and their in vivo mechanisms of action are necessary for the better understanding of their ability to control diseases that have a significant impact on quality of life. The present finding would be useful for future research directions on the application of the seed from A. cinerea in the development of safe drug and preservative for human and animals. ![a) Chemical Constituent of the Seed Extract of Annona cinereaCompositional Analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Seed Extract of Annona cinerea Dunal Grown in Nigeria](image-2.png "") results than antimicrobials from combinatorial chemistryand other synthetic procedures (Rossiter et al., 2017;Armas et al., 2019;MMedicinal plants have been used globally to meet healthcareneedsof human and animals.Recently,medicinal plants have witnessed a glut of researchgeared towards validating the quality, quantity,protective roles as well as therapeutic effectiveness of 1Year 202019C© 2020 Global Journals 2Dunal Grown in Nigeria AI2525201719200.630.72.141.60.5Figure 2: AI of the Extract against the Bacteria Isolates 3ZI of the Seed ExtractCrxOrganismsConc. (µgml -1 )100050025030 µgBacillus sp (+)252219-E . faecalis(+)202020-K.pneumoniae(-)171717-M.varians (+)19141430P. aeruginosa(-)17131325P. mirabilis (-)30202014P. stuartii(-)25201516S. agalactiae(+)191919-S. dysenteriae(-)10101020S.marcescens (-)2014--S. typhimurium(-)252518-C© 2020 Global Journals Compositional Analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Seed Extract of Annona cinerea Dunal Grown in Nigeria ## Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of research reported. * Antibacterial Potency of Honey NAAlbaridi International Journal of Microbiology 19 2019 * UAnand NJacobo-Herrera AAltemimi NLakhssassi A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Plants as Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Potential Avenues of Biocompatible Drug Discovery, Metabolites 2019 * Antioxidant Activity/Capacity Measurement. 1. Classification, Physicochemical Principles, Mechanisms, and Electron Transfer (ET)-Based Assays RApak MOzyurek KGuclu ECapanoglu Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64 2016 * Pharmacology of Free Radicals and the Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species on the Testis JSAprioku Journal of Reproduction and Infertility 14 4 2013 * Design, antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of Arg-rich ultra-short cationic lipopeptides FArmas SPacor EFerrari FGuida TAPertinhez AARomani MScocchi MBenincasa PLOS ONE 14 2 2019 * Role of Antioxidants and Natural Products in Inflammation PArulselvan MTFard WSTan SGothai SFakurazi MENorhaizan SSKumar Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 16 2016 * Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Potential of Wild Vegetables from Western Nepal, Plants SAryal MKBaniya KDanekhu PKunwar RGurung NKoirala 2019 8 * Phytochemicals for human disease: An update on plant-derived compounds antibacterial activity RBarbieri ECoppoa AMarchese MDaglia ESobarzo-Sanchez SFNabavi SMNabavi Microbiological Research 196 2017 * Intracellular ROS Protection Efficiency and Free Radical-Scavenging Activity of Curcumin ABarzegar AAMoosavi-Movahedi PLoS ONE 6 10 2011 * The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems ZBharucha JPretty Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society B 365 2010 * MBourhia FELaasri SIMoussa RUllah ABari SSAli AKaoutar AA HSaid MEl-Mzibri GSaid NKhlil LBenbacer Phytochemistry, Antioxidant Activity, Antiproliferative Effect, and Acute Toxicity Testing of Two Moroccan Aristolochia Species 2019 19 * Roots and Tuber Crops as Functional Foods: A Review on Phytochemical Constituents and Their Potential Health Benefits AChandrasekara TJKumar International Journal of Food Science 16 2016 * Developing New Antimicrobial Therapies: Are Synergistic Combinations of Plant Extracts/ Compounds with Conventional Antibiotics the Solution? MJCheesman AIlanko BBlonk IECock Pharmacognosy reviews 11 22 2017 * Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects SLChen HYu HMLuo QWu CFLi ASteinmetz Chinese Medicine 11 2016 * General overview of medicinal plants: A review RADar MShahnawaz PHQazi The Journal of Phytopharmacology 6 6 2017 * Assessments of Antibacterial Effects of Aqueous-Ethanolic Extracts of Sida rhombifolia's Aerial Part DDebalke MBirhan AKinubeh MYayeh The Scientific World Journal 18 2018 * Reviews on challenges, opportunities and future prospects of antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants: alternative solutions tocombat antimicrobial resistance TDilbato FBegna RKJoshi International Journal of Herbal Medicine 7 4 2019 * Diversifying Food Systems in the Pursuit of Sustainable Food Production and Healthy Diets SLDwivedi ET L VBueren SCeccarelli SGrando HDUpadhyaya ROrtiz Trends in Plant Science 22 10 2017 * Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Methanol, Ethyl acetate SAEmmanuel OOOlajide SAbubakar IDIdowu ATOrishadipe SAThomas 2014 and Aqueous Extracts * Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Seed Extract of Annona cinerea Dunal Grown in Nigeria Moringa oleifera Seeds Compositional Analysis 1 * Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century RJFair YTor Perspectives in medicinal chemistry 6 2014 * Beneficial Role of Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases CForni FFacchiano MBartoli SPieretti AFacchiano DD'arcangelo SNorelli GValle RNisini SBeninati CTabolacci RNJadeja BioMed Research International 19 2019 * CForni FFacchiano MBartoli SPieretti AFacchiano DD'arcangelo SNorelli GValle RNisini SBeninati CTabolacci RNJadeja Beneficial of Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases 2019 19 * Plant derived substances with anti-cancer activity: from folklore to practice MFridlender YKapulnik HKoltai Frontiers in Plant Science 6 2015 * GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals Present in Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Annona muricata: A Further Evidence for Its Medicinal Diversity YGavamukulya FAbou-Elella FWamunyokoli HAEl-Shemy Pharmacognosy Journal 7 5 2015 * Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of the Ayurvedic Formulation I.E. Iso-Oxitine SGoyal RChauhan World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 8 7 2019 * Chemical Composition, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils of the Leaves and Fruit Pulp of Annona muricata L. (Soursop) from Ghana JNGyesi ROpoku LSBorquaye Biochemistry Research International 19 2019 * Antioxidants Maintain Cellular Redox Homeostasis by Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species LHe THe SFarrar LJi TLiu XMa Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 44 2017 * The Use of Plant Antimicrobial Compounds for Food Preservation THintz KKMatthews RDi BioMed research international 15 2015 * First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid OMIghodaro OAAkinloye Alexandria Journal of Medicine 54 2018 * Bioactivity of Secondary Metabolites of Various Plants: A Review CJain SKhatana RVijayvergia International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 10 2 2019 * Analysis and Applications of Custard Apple AP NJammala AA SAl-Shibli EH ZAl-Shuraiqi SS AAlrahbi AlQassabi Elixir Applied Chemistry 127 2019 * Medicinal plants: past history and future perspective FJamshidi-Kia ZLorigooini HAmini-Khoei Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 7 1 2018 * Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint BKhameneh MIranshahy VSoheili BS FBazzaz Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 8 2019 * Synthesis, Physical Properties, and Reactivity of Stable, ? -Conjugated TKubo Carbon-Centered Radicals 24 2019 Molecules * The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state EBKurutas Nutrition Journal 15 2016 * African natural products with potential antioxidants and hepatoprotectives properties: a review BLawal OKShittu FIOibiokpa EBBerinyuy HMohammed Clinical Phytoscience 2 2016 * Lactic Acid Bacteria With Antioxidant Activities Alleviating Oxidized Oil Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice XLin YXia GWang YYang ZXiong FLv WZhou AiL Frontiers in Microbiology 9 2018 * Role of ROS and Nutritional Antioxidants in Human Diseases ZLiu ZRen JZhang CCChuang EKandaswamy TZhou LZuo Frontiers in physiology 9 2018 * Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health VLobo APatil APhatak NChandra Pharmacognosy reviews 4 8 2010 * Antioxidants of Natural Plant Origins: From Sources to Food Industry Applications SCLourenco MMoldao-Martins VDAlves Molecules 24 2019 * Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems JMLu PHLin QYao CChen Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 14 4 2010 * Food applications of natural antimicrobial compounds ALucera CCosta AConte MADel Nobile Frontiers in microbiology 3 2012 * Antioxidant Activities in vitro of Water and Liposoluble Extracts Obtained by Different Species of Edible Insects and Invertebrates CDMattia NBattista GSacchetti MSerafini Frontiers in Nutrition 6 2019 * Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of different Annona species cultivated in Egypt MAMohammed SEEl-Gengaihi AM AEnein EMHassan OKAhmed MSAsker APhaniendra DBJestadi LPeriyasamy Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 48 1 2016. 2015 Journal * Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health GPizzino NIrrera MCucinotta GPallio FMannino VArcoraci FSquadrito DAltavilla ABitto Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 17 2017 * EJQuinto ICaro LHVillalobos-Delgado JMateo BDe-Mateo-Silleras MPRedondo-Del-Rio Food Safety through Natural Antimicrobials 8 2019 Antibiotics * Natural Products as Platforms to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance SERossiter MHFletcher WMWuest Chemical reviews 117 19 2017 * Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety AShaito DT BThuan HTPhu TH DNguyen HHasan SHalabi SAbdelhady GKNasrallah AHEid GPintus Frontiers in Pharmacology 11 2020 * Contribution of minor fruits crops to household nutritional security and health for rural population BSharma JPatidar DRPachauri STripathy International Journal of Chemical Studies 7 3 2019 * A review on insight of immense nutraceutical and medicinal potential of custard apple (Annona squamosa Linn YSingh PBhatnagar NThakur International Journal of Chemical Studies 7 2 2019 * Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases BLTan MENorhaizan WP PLiew RHSulaiman Frontiers in Pharmacology 9 2018 * Drug combinations: a strategy to extend the life of antibiotics in the 21st century MTyers GDWright Nature Reviews Microbiology 17 2019 * High dietary total antioxidant capacity is associated with a reduced risk of hypertension in French women PVillaverde MLajous CJMacdonald GFagherazzi FBonnet MCBoutron-Ruault Nutrition Journal 18 2019 * The Role of Food Antioxidants, Benefits of Functional Foods, and Influence of Feeding Habits on the Health of the Older Person: An Overview DWWilson PNash HSButtar KGriffiths RSingh FDMeester RHoriuchi TTakahashi Antioxidants 6 2017 * Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants LYang CYang CLi QZhao LLiu XFang XYChen Science Bulletin 61 1 2016 * The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products HYuan QMa LYe GPiao Molecules 2016 * Custard Apple): An Aromatic Medicinal Plant Fruit with Immense Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Potentials MZahid MMujahid PKSingh SFarooqui KSingh SParveen MArif International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 9 5 2017 Annona Squamosa Linn.