\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter \IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}% {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}% {\RequirePackage{color}} \usepackage{colortbl} \usepackage{wrapfig} \usepackage{ifxetex} \ifxetex \usepackage{fontspec} \usepackage{xunicode} \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash} \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{} \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}} \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}} \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}} \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}} \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono} \else \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}% {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} \PrerenderUnicode{–} }% {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{float} \usepackage[]{ucs} \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash } \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{} \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}} \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}} \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,} \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ } \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>} \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}} \def\textJapanese{} \def\textChinese{} \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{} \fi \def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small} \DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25} \usepackage{relsize} \RequirePackage{array} \def\@testpach{\@chclass \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@ \else \z@ \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}% \@chnum \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else \z@ \@chclass \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else \if \@nextchar !6 \else \if \@nextchar @7 \else \if \@nextchar (8 \else \if \@nextchar )9 \else 10 \@chnum \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else \if \@nextchar p4 \else \if \@nextchar b5 \else \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi} \gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr} \def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}} \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \def\abbr{} \def\corr{} \def\expan{} \def\gap{} \def\orig{} \def\reg{} \def\ref{} \def\sic{} \def\persName{}\def\name{} \def\placeName{} \def\orgName{} \def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}} \def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}} \def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}} \def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}} \def\textquoted#1{‘#1’} \def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}} \def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}} \def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}} \def\titlem{\itshape} \newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{bibl}{}{} \newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{rubric}{}{} \newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par } \newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}} \newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}} \definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75} \def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}} \DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@} \def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}} \begingroup \catcode`\_=\active \gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}} \endgroup \mathcode`\_=\string"8000 \catcode`\_=12\relax \usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry} \usepackage{framed} \definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} \usepackage{fancyvrb} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{marginnote} \renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1} \renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize} \def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif} \pagestyle{fancy} \usepackage[pdftitle={Compositional Analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Seed Extract of Annona cinerea Dunal Grown in Nigeria}, pdfauthor={}]{hyperref} \hyperbaseurl{} \paperwidth210mm \paperheight297mm \def\@pnumwidth{1.55em} \def\@tocrmarg {2.55em} \def\@dotsep{4.5} \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} \clubpenalty=8000 \emergencystretch 3em \hbadness=4000 \hyphenpenalty=400 \pretolerance=750 \tolerance=2000 \vbadness=4000 \widowpenalty=10000 \renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large}} \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\large}} \renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\normalsize}} \renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}% {-1em}% {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}} \def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt} \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par \endgroup} \def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} \def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}} \def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}} \def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}} \@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{} \@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{} \newif\if@mainmatter \@mainmattertrue \def\chaptername{Chapter} \def\frontmatter{% \pagenumbering{roman} \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section} \def\theHsection{\roman{section}} \def\@chapapp{}% } \def\mainmatter{% \cleardoublepage \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter} \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \pagenumbering{arabic} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6} \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}% \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section} \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}} } \def\backmatter{% \cleardoublepage \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}% \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}} \appendix } \newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% \leftmargin\labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep \@openbib@code \usecounter{enumiv}% \let\p@enumiv\@empty \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% }% \sloppy \clubpenalty4000 \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty \widowpenalty4000% \sfcode`\.\@m}% {\def\@noitemerr {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}% \endlist} \def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}} \parskip0pt \parindent1em \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \newenvironment{reflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{sansreflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2020 2020-01-15 (revised: 17 Year 2020 15 January 2020)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2020 2020-01-15} \title{Compositional Analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Seed Extract of Annona cinerea Dunal Grown in Nigeria} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Ololade, Zacchaeus S} \author[2]{nuoluwa, Iyadunni A} \affil[1]{ University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2019 Accepted: 1 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Seed of Annona cinerea grown in Nigeria was investigated for its secondary metabolites and antioxidant potential using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), 2,2?- dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-[(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-?1- oxidanylphenyl)methylidene] cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one (Galvinoxyl), respectively. The antibacterial activity of the seed extract was evaluated on eleven (11) pathogenic bacteria using agar well diffusion method at different concentrations of the extract. Twenty-seven (27) therapeutically active secondary metabolites were identified in the seed extract using GC-MS and the principal constituents identified were 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (52.14%), ?-sitosterol (11.79%), desulphosinigrin (6.16%) and ?-tocopherol (5.84%). The extract also displayed high DPPH and galvinoxyl radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 5.0 and 100 ?gml-1. The zones of inhibition ranged from 10-30 mm against all tested bacteria. The antibacterial index (AI) ranged between 0.5-25. This study demonstrated that the seed of A. cinerea could be a potential source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. \end{abstract} \keywords{Annona cinerea, phytochemical, free radical scavenging, antimicrobial activities.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par Corresponding Author ?: Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria. e-mails: sololade@unimed.edu.ng, zacchsnatpdt@gmail.com Author ?: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria.\par these natural antioxidants in medicinal plants against oxidative stress induced diseases and disorders \hyperref[b36]{(Lawal et al., 2016;}\hyperref[b10]{Bourhia et al., 2019;}\hyperref[b48]{Shaito et al., 2020)}. Presence of scientific literature on antioxidants and antimicrobial activity of phytochemicals to a great extent validates the traditional claims about the usefulness of these medicinal plants to treat reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced health related disorder \hyperref[b38]{(Liu et al., 2018;}\hyperref[b33]{Khameneh et al., 2019)}. Free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are usually produced as a result of an organism's normal use of oxygen. An imbalance between formation and removal of these free radicals can lead to a pathological condition called oxidative stress resulting in many physiological processes like aging and chronic diseases \hyperref[b3]{(Aprioku, 2013;}\hyperref[b44]{Phaniendra et al., 2015)}. However, the human body employs antioxidants to counteract these free radicals thus repairing free radical damage by initiating cell regeneration or cell repair \hyperref[b39]{(Lobo et al., 2010;}\hyperref[b27]{He et al., 2017;}\hyperref[b45]{Pizzino et al., 2017)}. Daily consumption of natural products that are rich in antioxidants, such as vegetables and fruits play an important role in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as cancer, arthritis, liver injury, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular problems, neurodegenerative disorders, and various inflammatory illnesses \hyperref[b51]{(Tan et al., 2018;}\hyperref[b43]{Mattia et al., 2019)}. Incorporation of antioxidant compounds by consuming natural products in the daily diet can be a suitable solution to solving human health issues. These natural antioxidant sources can be used as a preventive medicine. Recent researches showed that there is an inverse link between the dietary consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and prevalence of human illness \hyperref[b5]{(Arulselvan et al., 2016;}\hyperref[b54]{Wilson et al., 2017;}\hyperref[b38]{Liu et al., 2018;}\hyperref[b40]{Lourenco et al., 2019;}\hyperref[b53]{Villaverde et al., 2019)}. Moreover, the use of natural products as antibiotic agents is been given more attention due to the various side effects and increasing antibiotic resistance to synthetic antibiotics observed in some pathogens responsible for food borne and other illnesses \hyperref[b20]{(Fair and Tor, 2014;}\hyperref[b7]{Barbieri et al., 2017;}\hyperref[b12]{Cheesman et al., 2017;}\hyperref[b0]{Albaridi, 2019;}\hyperref[b16]{Dilbato et al., 2019)}. Natural antimicrobials seems to be the most promising solution to many of the increasing concerns regarding antibiotic resistance and could yield better method at different concentrations of the extract. Twentyseven \hyperref[b27]{(27)} therapeutically active secondary metabolites were identified in the seed extract using GC-MS and the principal constituents identified were 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (52.14\%), ?sitosterol (11.79\%), desulphosinigrin (6.16\%) and ?-tocopherol (5.84\%). The extract also displayed high DPPH and galvinoxyl radical scavenging activity with IC 50 values of 5.0 and 100 ?gml -1 . The zones of inhibition ranged from 10-30 mm against all tested bacteria. The antibacterial index (AI) ranged between 0.5-25. This study demonstrated that the seed of A. cinerea could be a potential source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. edicinal plants are of great importance to the health of humans. The medicinal value of green plants lies in the ability of some secondary metabolites to produce a definite physiological action in the human body {\ref (Dwivedi et al.,} \hyperref[b52]{Tyers and Wright, 2019)}. Therefore, novel types of effective and healthy antimicrobial compounds that could protect food against contamination and consumer against infection is in high demand. Compounds derived from natural sources have the potential to be used for food safety due to their antimicrobial properties against a broad range of foodborne pathogens \hyperref[b42]{(Lucera et al., 2012;}\hyperref[b28]{Hintz et al., 2015;}\hyperref[b46]{Quinto et al., 2019)}.\par To the best of our knowledge, there is no enough scientific information on the chemical composition and medicinal properties of seed of A. cinerea grown in Nigeria so far. Therefore, the present research was undertaken to screen extract of the seed of A. cinerea grown in Nigeria for its chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} \section[{a) Collection of Plant Sample}]{a) Collection of Plant Sample}\par The plant material was collected in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria and it was identified as Annona cinerea Dunal. \section[{b) Preparation and Extraction of the Plant Sample}]{b) Preparation and Extraction of the Plant Sample}\par Air-dried and pulverised seed were soaked in a mixture of methanol/ethyl acetate (2:1). The mixture was left for at least three days. The filtrate was concentrated using a water bath. The concentrated extract was put into a vial and stored in a refrigerator to prevent contamination pending subsequent analysis \hyperref[b18]{(Emmanuel et al., 2014)}. \section[{c) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of the Extract for Various Secondary Metabolites}]{c) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of the Extract for Various Secondary Metabolites}\par The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the secondary metabolites in the extract was carried out using GC-MS QP2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) system at the Shimadzu Training Centre for Analytical Instruments (STC) Lagos, Nigeria. The analytical specifications of the GC-MS were done as described in \section[{d) In vitro Antioxidant Activities}]{d) In vitro Antioxidant Activities}\par The antioxidant capacity of the seed extract of A. cinerea was tested using two different methods. \section[{i. In vitro 2,2?-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl Assay}]{i. In vitro 2,2?-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl Assay}\par The antioxidant and free radical scavenging of the extract of A. cinerea were measured by using 2, 2?diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl according to the method decribed by \hyperref[b37]{Lin et al., (2018)} with minor modification. Briefly, the reaction mixture (2.0 ml) consists of 2.0 ml of 0.1 mM DPPH prepared by dissolving 4 mg of DPPH in 100ml of methanol and then 1.0 ml of various concentrations of the extract. It was incubated for 30 min. in the dark, and the absorbance was measured at 517 nm using SM 7504 UV Spectrophotometer. The blank contained a preparation of DPPH and methanol in place of extract. In this assay, the positive control was ascorbic acid. The percentage of the radical inhibition activity was evaluated based on the following expression:\par Where: A blank and A ext are the absorbance value for the blank and extract solution, respectively. The doseresponse curve was plotted and IC 50 value for the extract and the standard were calculated. \section[{ii. In vitro 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-[(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-?1-oxidanylphenyl)methylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one (Galvinoxyl), respectively.}]{ii. In vitro 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-[(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-?1-oxidanylphenyl)methylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one (Galvinoxyl), respectively.}\par The antioxidant and free radical scavenging of the seed extract of A. cinerea were also evaluated using galvinoxyl according to the method previously described by Amira et al., (2012) with slight modification. Briefly, the reaction mixture with a total volume of 2.0 ml consists of 1.0 ml of 0.1mM Galvinoxyl which was prepared by dissolving 4.2 mg of Galvinoxyl in 100 ml of methanol and then 1.0 ml of various concentrations of the extract, was incubated for at least 30 min. in the dark, and then the absorbance was measured at 429 nm using SM 7504 UV Spectrophotometer. The blank was prepared by galvinoxyl and methanol in place of sample. In this assay, the positive control was ascorbic acid. The percentage of the radical inhibition activity was calculated based on the following expression: an earlier study (Ololade et al., 2014).\par A blank and A ext are the absorbance value for the blank and extract solutions, respectively. The dose-response curve was plotted and IC 50 value for the extract and the standard were calculated. Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI): The AAI was calculated as: AAI was classified as weak; when AAI < 0.5; moderate, when AAI ranged between 0.5-1.0; strong; when AAI ranged between 1.0-2.0; and very strong; when AAI > 2.0. \section[{e) In vitro Screening of Antibacterial Potential}]{e) In vitro Screening of Antibacterial Potential}\par Antibacterial assay of the extract at different concentrations was performed using agar well diffusion assay on sterilized Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) using streak plate method according to the method previously used by \hyperref[b15]{Debalke et al., (2018)}. Gram-positive bacteria used for the antibacterial test were Bacillus sp, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus varians and Streptococcus agalactiae while the Gram-negative bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia stuartii, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Shigella dysenteriae. Cefuroxime (CRX) 30 ?g/disc was used as positive control. After incubation for 18-24 hr at 37 o C, plates were observed for the formation of a clear zone around the well which corresponds to the antimicrobial activity of tested compounds. The zone of inhibition (ZI) was observed and measured in millimetre (mm) using transparent ruler. \section[{f) Determination of the Antibacterial Activity Index (AI)}]{f) Determination of the Antibacterial Activity Index (AI)}\par The AI of the test seed extract with respect to the positive control was done according to the method previously used by Ololade et al., 2020. The total ion chromatogram (TIC) of the methanol/ethyl acetate seed extract, showing the GC-MS profile of the compounds identified is as shown in Figure 1. The peaks in the chromatogram were integrated and compared with the database of spectrum of known components stored in the GC-MS NIST library. Phytochemical screening by GC-MS analysis of the seed extract of A. cinerea revealed the presence of different classes of organic compounds. A total of twenty-seven ( {\ref 27}) phytochemicals were identified in the seed extract accounting for 99.45\% of the extract (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1}), and the main constituents identified were 3-Omethyl-d-glucose (52.14\%), ?-sitosterol (11.79\%), desulphosinigrin (6.16\%) and ?-tocopherol (5.84\%). Previous studies on the chemical composition of leaf extract of A. muricata from Uganda showed the presence of Z-7-tetradecenal (9.39\%), n-hexadecanoic acid (7.12\%), oleryl alcohol (6.15\%), phytol (5.61\%) as its main constituents \hyperref[b24]{(Gavamukulya et al., 2015)}. 3-Omethyl-d-glucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion} \section[{Compound}]{Compound}\par Retention Index \begin{quote} Percentage\end{quote} \section[{) Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Capacity}]{) Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Capacity}\par For the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity, different assays were used to obtain valid results, this is due to the fact that antioxidant compounds present different mechanisms of reactions with the possibility of having synergistic interactions depending on the type of assay used. In this study, the antioxidant potential of the seed extract of A. cinerea was evaluated using the DPPH and the galvinoxyl assays (Table \hyperref[tab_3]{2}). \section[{i. In vitro DPPH Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Potentials}]{i. In vitro DPPH Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Potentials}\par The results of DPPH radical scavenging assay of seed of A. cinerea grown in Nigeria is as shown in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{2}. The seed extract showed concentrationdependent increases in radical scavenging potential. The extract was evaluated at the concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 100 ?gml -1 and with percentage free radical scavenging of 90, 89, 88, 88 and 87\%, respectively. The seed exhibited low inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) of 5.0 ?gml -1 and antioxidant activity index (AAI) of 8.0. The IC 50 values represent the concentration at which 50\% of DPPH is reduced. A low IC 50 value indicates a potent antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid showed the inhibition concentration of IC 50 to be 9 ?gml -1 . The extract showed a similar antioxidant properties compared to the synthetic antioxidant (ascorbic acid). The seed extract of A. cinerea In vitro galvinoxyl Free Radical and Antioxidant Potential Galvinoxyl is a stable phenoxy radical that exhibits characteristic UV absorption at 429 nm in methanol solution. The radical have strong absorption in the visible region, while its absorption decreases proportionally upon receiving an electron or hydrogen from the antioxidants. The free radical scavenging potential of the phytochemicals in seed extract was \hyperref[b41]{(Lu et al., 2010)}. The result of galvinoxyl radical scavenging assay of the seed extract of A. cinerea grown in Nigeria is shown in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{2}. The extract was evaluated at the concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 100 ?gml -1 and with percentage free radical scavenging of 47, 42, 46, 20 and 19\%, respectively. The seed exhibited the low inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) of 100.0 ?gml -1 and antioxidant activity index (AAI) of 0.4. The seed extract of A. cinerea investigated in this study had a lower galvinoxyl free radical scavenging and antioxidant compared to ascorbic acid (the reference compound), which had IC 50 and AAI values of 15.0 ?gml -1 and 2.8. The seed extract of A. cinerea investigated in this study gave a promising free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity comparable with the rhizome methanolic extract of Curcuma longa from Nigeria with galvinoxyl IC 50 and AAI values of 25 ?gml -1 and 1.68, respectively (Ololade et al., 2020). Generally, the extract investigated showed good antioxidant potential even at very low concentrations. Percentage radical scavenging activity was very low in galvinoxyl assay compared to DPPH assay. The results showed that the steric hindrance among adjacent bulky groups within a galvinoxyl molecule limited the extract to scavenge galvinoxyl radicals effectively unlike DPPH, while extracts showed a powerful capacity for scavenging free radicals in DPPH {\ref (Barzegar and} \section[{c) Antibacterial Potential}]{c) Antibacterial Potential}\par The antimicrobial potential of the seed extract of A. cinerea investigated in this study were tested against eleven clinically isolated multi-drug resistant Gramnegative (seven isolates) and Gram-positive (four isolates) strains of bacteria were investigated using the agar well diffusion method. The extracts investigated in this study demonstrated a broad-spectrum of activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested in this study. Table \hyperref[tab_5]{3} and figure 1 summarize the zones of microbial growth inhibition and antibacterial index by the seed extract of A. cinerea, which showed good antibacterial activities against all the clinically isolated organisms. The result of the antimicrobial activity showed that the seed extract have high bactericidal activities from sensitive to ultra-sensitive as compared to cefuroxime (CRX) the synthetic antibiotic used in this study. Based on the value of zone of inhibition, the antibacterial activity potential was dependent on the concentrations of the extract used. Among the tested bacteria, the extract had a zone of inhibition of 30 mm on P. mirabilis which indicated that P. mirabilis was highly susceptible compared to the other tested bacteria within the concentration of 1000 ?gml -1 of seed extract of methanol/ethyl acetate of A. cinerea in this study. As depicted in Table \hyperref[tab_5]{3}, other high susceptible bacteria at 1000 ?gml -1 were Bacillus sp (25 mm), P. stuartii (25 mm), S. typhimurium (25 mm), E. faecalis (20 mm), S. marcescens (20 mm). At the concentration of 500 ?gml -1 of the seed extract, the bacteria inhibition activities were very high in S. typhimurium (25 mm), Bacillus sp (22 mm), E. faecalis (20 mm), P. mirabilis (20 mm), P. stuartii (20 mm). The zone of inhibition of the extract at the concentration of 250 ?gml -1 was significantly different when compared to 1000 and 500 ?gml-1 of the extract for the tested bacteria. At a lower concentration of 250 ?gml -1 of the extract, E. faecalis (20 mm) and P. mirabilis (20 mm) were more susceptible to the synergic activities of the secondary metabolites in the seed extract, most especially the phenolic compound and the terpenoids. The antibacterial index (AI) ranged between 0.5-25. Comparatively, the antibacterial properties of the extracts investigated in this study have similar antibacterial activities comparable to the leaf essential oil of A. cherimola from Egypt which was investigated for its in vitro antimicrobial properties against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus with the zones of inhibition of 30, 26, 28 and 35 mm, respectively at 50 ?l \hyperref[b44]{(Mohammed et al., 2016)}. The differences in the zones of inhibition of the extract could be due to the difference in the levels of their major and minor phytochemical in the seed extract evaluated in this study and the synergetic effect between all the components. The differences in the susceptibility of the tested microorganisms to the extract may also be attributed to IV. \section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par This study provides insight into the phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the seed extract of A. cinerea. The study showed that the phytochemicals present in the extract have potential to be used to treat reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced and bacteria health related diseases by inhibiting the free radicals initiating associated with health problems. Further studies into the isolation and identification of phytochemicals that are responsible for the therapeutic potential and their in vivo mechanisms of action are necessary for the better understanding of their ability to control diseases that have a significant impact on quality of life. The present finding would be useful for future research directions on the application of the seed from A. cinerea in the development of safe drug and preservative for human and animals. \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.7712962962962963\textwidth}P{0.011243386243386243\textwidth}P{0.04722222222222222\textwidth}P{0.020238095238095236\textwidth}} \multicolumn{4}{l}{results than antimicrobials from combinatorial chemistry}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{and other synthetic procedures (Rossiter et al., 2017;}\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Armas et al., 2019;}\tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{M}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Medicinal plants have been used globally to meet health}\\ care\tabcellsep needs\tabcellsep of human and animals.\tabcellsep Recently,\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{medicinal plants have witnessed a glut of research}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{geared towards validating the quality, quantity,}\\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{protective roles as well as therapeutic effectiveness of}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} Year 2020\\ 19\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: C© 2020 Global Journals]} \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} Dunal Grown in Nigeria\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.038636363636363635\textwidth}P{0.6085227272727273\textwidth}P{0.028977272727272723\textwidth}P{0.057954545454545446\textwidth}P{0.048295454545454544\textwidth}P{0.06761363636363636\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep AI\tabcellsep \\ 25\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25\\ 20\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 20\\ \tabcellsep 0.63\tabcellsep 0.7\tabcellsep 2.14\tabcellsep 1.6\tabcellsep 0.5\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Figure 2: AI of the Extract against the Bacteria Isolates}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}22}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.4814873417721519\textwidth}P{0.10221518987341772\textwidth}P{0.06993670886075949\textwidth}P{0.06724683544303797\textwidth}P{0.06455696202531645\textwidth}P{0.06455696202531645\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{ZI of the Seed Extract}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Crx\\ Organisms\tabcellsep Conc. (µgml -1 )\tabcellsep 1000\tabcellsep 500\tabcellsep 250\tabcellsep 30 µg\\ Bacillus sp (+)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep -\\ E . faecalis(+)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep -\\ K.pneumoniae(-)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep -\\ M.varians (+)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 30\\ P. aeruginosa(-)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 25\\ P. mirabilis (-)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 14\\ P. stuartii(-)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 16\\ S. agalactiae(+)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep -\\ S. dysenteriae(-)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 20\\ S.marcescens (-)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\ S. typhimurium(-)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep -\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: C© 2020 Global Journals]} \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_6}}\end{figure} \footnote{Compositional Analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Seed Extract of Annona cinerea Dunal Grown in Nigeria} \backmatter \subsection[{Conflict of Interest Statement:}]{Conflict of Interest Statement:}\par The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of research reported. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Anand et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} \textit{}, U Anand , N Jacobo-Herrera , A Altemimi , N Lakhssassi . \textit{A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Plants as Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Potential Avenues of Biocompatible Drug Discovery, Metabolites} 2019. p. . \bibitem[Quinto et al. ()]{b46}\label{b46} \textit{}, E J Quinto , I Caro , L H Villalobos-Delgado , J Mateo , B De-Mateo-Silleras , M P Redondo-Del-Rio . \textit{Food Safety through Natural Antimicrobials} 2019. 8 p. . (Antibiotics) \bibitem[Singh et al. ()]{b50}\label{b50} ‘A review on insight of immense nutraceutical and medicinal potential of custard apple (Annona squamosa Linn’. Y Singh , P Bhatnagar , N Thakur . \textit{International Journal of Chemical Studies} 2019. 7 (2) p. . \bibitem[Lawal et al. ()]{b36}\label{b36} ‘African natural products with potential antioxidants and hepatoprotectives properties: a review’. B Lawal , O K Shittu , F I Oibiokpa , E B Berinyuy , H Mohammed . \textit{Clinical Phytoscience} 2016. 2 p. . \bibitem[Jammala et al. ()]{b31}\label{b31} ‘Analysis and Applications of Custard Apple’. A P N Jammala , A A S Al-Shibli , E H Z Al-Shuraiqi , S S A Alrahbi , Al Qassabi . \textit{Elixir Applied Chemistry} 2019. 127 p. . \bibitem[Albaridi ()]{b0}\label{b0} ‘Antibacterial Potency of Honey’. N A Albaridi . \textit{International Journal of Microbiology} 2019. 19 p. . \bibitem[Fair and Tor ()]{b20}\label{b20} ‘Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century’. R J Fair , Y Tor . \textit{Perspectives in medicinal chemistry} 2014. 6 p. . \bibitem[Mattia et al. ()]{b43}\label{b43} ‘Antioxidant Activities in vitro of Water and Liposoluble Extracts Obtained by Different Species of Edible Insects and Invertebrates’. C D Mattia , N Battista , G Sacchetti , M Serafini . \textit{Frontiers in Nutrition} 2019. 6 p. . \bibitem[Apak et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} ‘Antioxidant Activity/Capacity Measurement. 1. Classification, Physicochemical Principles, Mechanisms, and Electron Transfer (ET)-Based Assays’. R Apak , M Ozyurek , K Guclu , E Capanoglu . \textit{Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry} 2016. 64 p. . \bibitem[Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Seed Extract of Annona cinerea Dunal Grown in Nigeria Moringa oleifera Seeds Compositional Analysis]{b19}\label{b19} ‘Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Seed Extract of Annona cinerea Dunal Grown in Nigeria Moringa oleifera Seeds’. \textit{Compositional Analysis}, 1 p. . \bibitem[Tan et al. ()]{b51}\label{b51} ‘Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases’. B L Tan , M E Norhaizan , W P P Liew , R H Sulaiman . \textit{Frontiers in Pharmacology} 2018. 9 p. . \bibitem[He et al. ()]{b27}\label{b27} ‘Antioxidants Maintain Cellular Redox Homeostasis by Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species’. L He , T He , S Farrar , L Ji , T Liu , X Ma . \textit{Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry} 2017. 44 p. . \bibitem[Lourenco et al. ()]{b40}\label{b40} ‘Antioxidants of Natural Plant Origins: From Sources to Food Industry Applications’. S C Lourenco , M Moldao-Martins , V D Alves . \textit{Molecules} 2019. 24 p. . \bibitem[Debalke et al. ()]{b15}\label{b15} ‘Assessments of Antibacterial Effects of Aqueous-Ethanolic Extracts of Sida rhombifolia's Aerial Part’. D Debalke , M Birhan , A Kinubeh , M Yayeh . \textit{The Scientific World Journal} 2018. 18 p. . \bibitem[Forni et al. ()]{b21}\label{b21} ‘Beneficial Role of Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases’. C Forni , F Facchiano , M Bartoli , S Pieretti , A Facchiano , D D'arcangelo , S Norelli , G Valle , R Nisini , S Beninati , C Tabolacci , R N Jadeja . \textit{BioMed Research International} 2019. 19 p. . \bibitem[Jain et al. ()]{b30}\label{b30} ‘Bioactivity of Secondary Metabolites of Various Plants: A Review’. C Jain , S Khatana , R Vijayvergia . \textit{International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research} 2019. 10 (2) p. . \bibitem[Bourhia et al. ()]{b10}\label{b10} M Bourhia , F E Laasri , S I Moussa , R Ullah , A Bari , S S Ali , A Kaoutar , A A H Said , M El-Mzibri , G Said , N Khlil , L Benbacer . \textit{Phytochemistry, Antioxidant Activity, Antiproliferative Effect, and Acute Toxicity Testing of Two Moroccan Aristolochia Species}, 2019. 19 p. . \bibitem[Lu et al. ()]{b41}\label{b41} ‘Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems’. J M Lu , P H Lin , Q Yao , C Chen . \textit{Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine} 2010. 14 (4) p. . \bibitem[Gyesi et al. ()]{b26}\label{b26} ‘Chemical Composition, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils of the Leaves and Fruit Pulp of Annona muricata L. (Soursop) from Ghana’. J N Gyesi , R Opoku , L S Borquaye . \textit{Biochemistry Research International} 2019. 19 p. . \bibitem[Mohammed et al. ()]{b44}\label{b44} ‘Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of different Annona species cultivated in Egypt’. M A Mohammed , S E El-Gengaihi , A M A Enein , E M Hassan , O K Ahmed , M S Asker , A Phaniendra , D B Jestadi , L Periyasamy . \textit{Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry} 2016. 2015. 48 (1) p. . (Journal) \bibitem[Chen et al. ()]{b13}\label{b13} ‘Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects’. S L Chen , H Yu , H M Luo , Q Wu , C F Li , A Steinmetz . \textit{Chinese Medicine} 2016. 11 p. . \bibitem[Sharma et al. ()]{b49}\label{b49} ‘Contribution of minor fruits crops to household nutritional security and health for rural population’. B Sharma , J Patidar , D R Pachauri , S Tripathy . \textit{International Journal of Chemical Studies} 2019. 7 (3) p. . \bibitem[Zahid et al. ()]{b57}\label{b57} ‘Custard Apple): An Aromatic Medicinal Plant Fruit with Immense Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Potentials’. M Zahid , M Mujahid , P K Singh , S Farooqui , K Singh , S Parveen , M Arif . \textit{International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research} 2017. 9 (5) p. . (Annona Squamosa Linn.) \bibitem[Armas et al. ()]{b4}\label{b4} ‘Design, antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of Arg-rich ultra-short cationic lipopeptides’. F Armas , S Pacor , E Ferrari , F Guida , T A Pertinhez , A A Romani , M Scocchi , M Benincasa . \textit{PLOS ONE} 2019. 14 (2) p. . \bibitem[Cheesman et al. ()]{b12}\label{b12} ‘Developing New Antimicrobial Therapies: Are Synergistic Combinations of Plant Extracts/ Compounds with Conventional Antibiotics the Solution?’. M J Cheesman , A Ilanko , B Blonk , I E Cock . \textit{Pharmacognosy reviews} 2017. 11 (22) p. . \bibitem[Dwivedi et al. ()]{b17}\label{b17} ‘Diversifying Food Systems in the Pursuit of Sustainable Food Production and Healthy Diets’. S L Dwivedi , E T L V Bueren , S Ceccarelli , S Grando , H D Upadhyaya , R Ortiz . \textit{Trends in Plant Science} 2017. 22 (10) p. . \bibitem[Tyers and Wright ()]{b52}\label{b52} ‘Drug combinations: a strategy to extend the life of antibiotics in the 21st century’. M Tyers , G D Wright . \textit{Nature Reviews Microbiology} 2019. 17 p. . \bibitem[Goyal and Chauhan ()]{b25}\label{b25} ‘Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of the Ayurvedic Formulation I.E. Iso-Oxitine’. S Goyal , R Chauhan . \textit{World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research} 2019. 8 (7) p. . \bibitem[Ighodaro and Akinloye ()]{b29}\label{b29} ‘First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid’. O M Ighodaro , O A Akinloye . \textit{Alexandria Journal of Medicine} 2018. 54 p. . \bibitem[Lucera et al. ()]{b42}\label{b42} ‘Food applications of natural antimicrobial compounds’. A Lucera , C Costa , A Conte , M A Del Nobile . \textit{Frontiers in microbiology} 2012. 3 p. . \bibitem[Forni et al. ()]{b22}\label{b22} C Forni , F Facchiano , M Bartoli , S Pieretti , A Facchiano , D D'arcangelo , S Norelli , G Valle , R Nisini , S Beninati , C Tabolacci , R N Jadeja . \textit{Beneficial of Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases}, 2019. 19 p. . \bibitem[Lobo et al. ()]{b39}\label{b39} ‘Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health’. V Lobo , A Patil , A Phatak , N Chandra . \textit{Pharmacognosy reviews} 2010. 4 (8) p. . \bibitem[Gavamukulya et al. ()]{b24}\label{b24} ‘GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals Present in Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Annona muricata: A Further Evidence for Its Medicinal Diversity’. Y Gavamukulya , F Abou-Elella , F Wamunyokoli , H A El-Shemy . \textit{Pharmacognosy Journal} 2015. 7 (5) p. . \bibitem[Dar et al. ()]{b14}\label{b14} ‘General overview of medicinal plants: A review’. R A Dar , M Shahnawaz , P H Qazi . \textit{The Journal of Phytopharmacology} 2017. 6 (6) p. . \bibitem[Shaito et al. ()]{b48}\label{b48} ‘Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety’. A Shaito , D T B Thuan , H T Phu , T H D Nguyen , H Hasan , S Halabi , S Abdelhady , G K Nasrallah , A H Eid , G Pintus . \textit{Frontiers in Pharmacology} 2020. 11 p. . \bibitem[Villaverde et al. ()]{b53}\label{b53} ‘High dietary total antioxidant capacity is associated with a reduced risk of hypertension in French women’. P Villaverde , M Lajous , C J Macdonald , G Fagherazzi , F Bonnet , M C Boutron-Ruault . \textit{Nutrition Journal} 2019. 18 p. . \bibitem[Barzegar and Moosavi-Movahedi ()]{b8}\label{b8} ‘Intracellular ROS Protection Efficiency and Free Radical-Scavenging Activity of Curcumin’. A Barzegar , A A Moosavi-Movahedi . \textit{PLoS ONE} 2011. 6 (10) p. . \bibitem[Lin et al. ()]{b37}\label{b37} ‘Lactic Acid Bacteria With Antioxidant Activities Alleviating Oxidized Oil Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice’. X Lin , Y Xia , G Wang , Y Yang , Z Xiong , F Lv , W Zhou , AiL . \textit{Frontiers in Microbiology} 2018. 9 p. . \bibitem[Jamshidi-Kia et al. ()]{b32}\label{b32} ‘Medicinal plants: past history and future perspective’. F Jamshidi-Kia , Z Lorigooini , H Amini-Khoei . \textit{Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology} 2018. 7 (1) p. . \bibitem[Rossiter et al. ()]{b47}\label{b47} ‘Natural Products as Platforms to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance’. S E Rossiter , M H Fletcher , W M Wuest . \textit{Chemical reviews} 2017. 117 (19) p. . \bibitem[Pizzino et al. ()]{b45}\label{b45} ‘Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health’. G Pizzino , N Irrera , M Cucinotta , G Pallio , F Mannino , V Arcoraci , F Squadrito , D Altavilla , A Bitto . \textit{Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity} 2017. 17 p. . \bibitem[Aprioku ()]{b3}\label{b3} ‘Pharmacology of Free Radicals and the Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species on the Testis’. J S Aprioku . \textit{Journal of Reproduction and Infertility} 2013. 14 (4) p. . \bibitem[Emmanuel et al. ()]{b18}\label{b18} \textit{Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Methanol, Ethyl acetate}, S A Emmanuel , O O Olajide , S Abubakar , I D Idowu , A T Orishadipe , S A Thomas . 2014. (and Aqueous Extracts) \bibitem[Barbieri et al. ()]{b7}\label{b7} ‘Phytochemicals for human disease: An update on plant-derived compounds antibacterial activity’. R Barbieri , E Coppoa , A Marchese , M Daglia , E Sobarzo-Sanchez , S F Nabavi , S M Nabavi . \textit{Microbiological Research} 2017. 196 p. . \bibitem[Fridlender et al. ()]{b23}\label{b23} ‘Plant derived substances with anti-cancer activity: from folklore to practice’. M Fridlender , Y Kapulnik , H Koltai . \textit{Frontiers in Plant Science} 2015. 6 p. . \bibitem[Yang et al. ()]{b55}\label{b55} ‘Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants’. L Yang , C Yang , C Li , Q Zhao , L Liu , X Fang , X Y Chen . \textit{Science Bulletin} 2016. 61 (1) p. . \bibitem[Khameneh et al. ()]{b33}\label{b33} ‘Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint’. B Khameneh , M Iranshahy , V Soheili , B S F Bazzaz . \textit{Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control} 2019. 8 p. . \bibitem[Dilbato et al. ()]{b16}\label{b16} ‘Reviews on challenges, opportunities and future prospects of antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants: alternative solutions tocombat antimicrobial resistance’. T Dilbato , F Begna , R K Joshi . \textit{International Journal of Herbal Medicine} 2019. 7 (4) p. . \bibitem[Arulselvan et al. ()]{b5}\label{b5} ‘Role of Antioxidants and Natural Products in Inflammation’. P Arulselvan , M T Fard , W S Tan , S Gothai , S Fakurazi , M E Norhaizan , S S Kumar . \textit{Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity} 2016. 16 p. . \bibitem[Liu et al. ()]{b38}\label{b38} ‘Role of ROS and Nutritional Antioxidants in Human Diseases’. Z Liu , Z Ren , J Zhang , C C Chuang , E Kandaswamy , T Zhou , L Zuo . \textit{Frontiers in physiology} 2018. 9 p. . \bibitem[Chandrasekara and Kumar ()]{b11}\label{b11} ‘Roots and Tuber Crops as Functional Foods: A Review on Phytochemical Constituents and Their Potential Health Benefits’. A Chandrasekara , T J Kumar . \textit{International Journal of Food Science} 2016. 16 p. . \bibitem[Kubo ()]{b34}\label{b34} ‘Synthesis, Physical Properties, and Reactivity of Stable, ? -Conjugated’. T Kubo . \textit{Carbon-Centered Radicals} 2019. 24 p. . (Molecules) \bibitem[Kurutas ()]{b35}\label{b35} ‘The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state’. E B Kurutas . \textit{Nutrition Journal} 2016. 15 p. . \bibitem[Wilson et al. ()]{b54}\label{b54} ‘The Role of Food Antioxidants, Benefits of Functional Foods, and Influence of Feeding Habits on the Health of the Older Person: An Overview’. D W Wilson , P Nash , H S Buttar , K Griffiths , R Singh , F D Meester , R Horiuchi , T Takahashi . \textit{Antioxidants} 2017. 6 p. . \bibitem[Bharucha and Pretty ()]{b9}\label{b9} ‘The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems’. Z Bharucha , J Pretty . \textit{Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society B} 2010. 365 p. . \bibitem[Yuan et al. ()]{b56}\label{b56} ‘The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products’. H Yuan , Q Ma , L Ye , G Piao . \textit{Molecules} 2016. p. . \bibitem[Hintz et al. ()]{b28}\label{b28} ‘The Use of Plant Antimicrobial Compounds for Food Preservation’. T Hintz , K K Matthews , R Di . \textit{BioMed research international} 2015. 15 p. . \bibitem[Aryal et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} \textit{Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Potential of Wild Vegetables from Western Nepal, Plants}, S Aryal , M K Baniya , K Danekhu , P Kunwar , R Gurung , N Koirala . 2019. 8 p. . \end{bibitemlist} \end{document}