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\title{Results of Salt Cognition Test using SALSAVE since 67 Female University Students}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Naomi Katayama, Akemi Ito, Mayumi  Hirabayashi}

             \affil[1]{  Nagoya Women?s University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 16 December 2019 Accepted: 31 December 2019 Published: 15 January 2020}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


In Japan, salt reduction is encouraged to prevent high blood pressure. However, it is difficult to reduce salt, and good salt intake per day did not fail to the target value. In this study, we report a saltiness cognitive threshold test using female university students. The participant is 67 female university students. Participants were subjected to a salty cognitive threshold test using SALSAVE (manufactured by Advantech). The saltiness test started from a light taste and tried a strong taste in order. The salt concentration is 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%. We also conducted a questionnaire survey on eating habits. As a result, 62 out of 67 female university students who felt salty at a concentration of 0.6% were92% of all participants. However, two female university students did not feel taste even with a salt concentration of 1.6%.They are3% of all participants. As a result of the questionnaire survey, female university students answered that they had a good taste and secreted saliva well, and they usually had a rather light diet. In the future, we would like to increase the number of participants and compare more detailed dietary habits with SALSAVE results.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{saltiness test, cognition, threshold, salsave, university student.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
apanese Dietary Intake Standards in the 2020 version, the daily intake of salt for females in recommended to be 6.5g or less. Salt intake is decreasing with each revision of dietary standards. In the near future, it is expected that salt intake in Japannese dietary intake standards will lower to the international standard of 6.0g. By reducing salt, it expected to prevent illness from various diseases (high blood pressure, kidney disease, heart disease, etc.). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a salt concentration cognition test on Japanese people to understand the actual condition of the cognitive threshold for salt, and to use it as future data. To begin with, we report that a healthy female university student underwent a salt concentration recognition test. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} 
\section[{a) Participants}]{a) Participants}\par
The participant is 67 female university students. Their average age ± standard deviation(SD) was 29.6±0.6, average height ±SD was 158.9 ± 5.7cm, and average weight ± SD was 50.3 ± 4.5 kg (Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}). This study conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee (Nagoya women's university 'hitowo mochiita kennkyuuni kansuru iinnkai'). The approval number is 30-14. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results} 
\section[{a) Saltiness recognition test result}]{a) Saltiness recognition test result}\par
Sixty-seven female university students underwent a saltiness cognitive threshold test using SALSAVE. As a result, 62 out of 67 female university students who felt salty at a concentration of 0.6\% were 92\% of all participants. And, three female university students felt a salt concentration of 0.8\%, were 4.5\% of all participants. However, two female university students did not feel taste even with a salt concentration of 1.6\%. This is 3\% of all participants (Table3). Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4} shows the results of the questionnaire survey. When asked if they had enough saliva, most female university students replied that they had enough or normal secretions. None of the female university students answered that they had none or poorsaliva. In response to the question of feeling the taste, most female university students answered that they could well or understand the taste. None of the female university students answered that they didn't understand the question of whether they would feel the teste. When asked about the frequency of use of restaurants and groceries, female university students answered that they would use 2-3 times a week or once a week. When asked if the usual seasoning for food was salty or not too much salty, female university students answered that they were the lightly salted.  
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
Many researchers have reported the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure \hyperref[b0]{1)} and the relationship between hypertension \hyperref[b1]{2,}\hyperref[b2]{3,}\hyperref[b3]{4)} . There are also reports on diet and salt intake in the younger generation \hyperref[b4]{5)} . We also reported the results of the saltiness cognition threshold test conducted by Yakumo Study on the elderly \hyperref[b5]{6,}\hyperref[b6]{7)} . There are also reports on the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure overseas \hyperref[b7]{8,}\hyperref[b8]{9)} , as well as educational effects on salt intekae \hyperref[b9]{10,}\hyperref[b10]{11)} . Currently, many new drugs for lowering blood pressure have developed for people with high blood pressure \hyperref[b11]{12)} , but dietary food habits also desirable can be improved their blood pressure. The drug also has side effects and that costs a lot to keep taking it. In Alzheimer's dementia, the taste is not known, and the value of the salty cognitive threshold teat also deteriorates  {\ref 13)} . Therefore, it is highly likely that the dietary intake will be high, which may raise blood pressure. A low saltiness recognition threshold means that the saltiness of the meal can reduced. Keeping the salty cognitive threshold low makes sense for a healthy diet. We conducted a saltiness cognition threshold test on 67 young female university students. As a result, they recognized 0.6\% saltiness, and with included 0.8\% recognized students, the total number of recognized was 96.5\%.The result of the dietary habit questionnaire showed that saliva was well secreted, the taste of the meal was well understood, and the dietary intake was light. However, two female university students did not feel taste even with a salt concentration of 1.6\%. This is 3\% of all participants.\par
In the future, we would like to conduct a more detailed questionnaire survey on dietary intake and compare it with the salty cognitive threshold test results.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
The results of this test show that most female university students (92\%) feel salty at 0.6\%. Also, female university students were eating a light taste in their daily life. Moreover, the use of restaurants and the use of commercially available foods were once or 2-3 times a week. The effect of the salt reduction awareness campaign in Japan, which has continued for over 20 years, is good for the younger generation. However, on the other hand, among the female university students who participated in this study, two students could not recognize 1.6\% saltiness, so it is necessary to investigate the dietary habits of the participants is more detail.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
b) Assessment of salt taste identification\\
Participants were subjected to a salty cognitive\\
threshold test using SOLSAVE (manufactured by\\
Advantech). The saltiness test started from a light taste\\
and tried a strong taste in order. The saltiness test starts\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
c) Ethical review board\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: b) Questionnaire results]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2020\\
2\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2833333333333333\textwidth}P{0.14166666666666666\textwidth}P{0.14166666666666666\textwidth}P{0.14166666666666666\textwidth}P{0.14166666666666666\textwidth}}
Average\tabcellsep 1.3\tabcellsep 1.5\tabcellsep 3.8\tabcellsep 2.3\\
??\tabcellsep 0.7\tabcellsep 0.5\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 0.7\\
IV.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Saliva secretion Taste perception Use of restaurants and commercial food Favorite food salt taste}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par
This study was supported by the research aid of Choju-iryo-kenkyu-kaihatsuhi 30-14 and the Japanese Society of Taste Technology, 2019. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
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