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\title{Some Specific Features of Abbreviations using in Medical Terminology in English and Uzbek (On the Example of Dermatovenereological Vocabulary)}
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             \author[1]{Dilfuza  Sapaeva}

             \author[2]{Nilufar  Sadullaeva}

             \affil[1]{  National University of Uzbekistan}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2019 Accepted: 31 December 2019 Published: 15 January 2020}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Abbreviations are frequently used in medicine. They can be found in hospital documentation, medical papers and case reports. Abbreviations are short and serve to save time, but misunderstanding can cause serious outcomes.The article discusses the lexical and semantic features of medical terminology and medical abbreviations of the English language as a means of lexical objectification of the medical concept sphere.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{medical terminology, semantic, abbreviation, medical concept sphere, omoacronyms, synonymy, diagnostics.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
edicine is one of the most ancient areas of human knowledge. Medical terminology reflects the history of the development of world civilization: the terms that have come down to us through the ages are imprints of that culture, world view, professional medical concept sphere, within which they were a means of transmitting, perceiving and storing information about various medical phenomena.\par
The concepts that form the medical concept sphere, according to their individual attributes, enter into systemic relationships of similarity, difference and hierarchy with other concepts. All this is reflected in the language.\par
Establishing the full verbal richness of medicine seems to be a difficult task, because it is extremely impossible to clearly define the boundaries of its functioning, which is further expanded due to the "butt", borderline with medicine, areas and common vocabulary.\par
Medical terminology in a meaningful aspect is represented by concepts denoting the conditions and processes that occur in the human body, diseases and their manifestations, pathological conditions of a person, methods of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases and their symptoms, surgical operations, medical equipment, tools, drugs, etc.\par
Modern medical terminology is characterized by "precisely developed and internationally unified anatomical nomenclature" and "non-standardized terminology of individual clinical branches". \hyperref[b14]{[15]} The main reason for the terminological disorder in medicine is the fast pace of development of scientific knowledge and the need to promptly name new diseases, diagnostic and treatment methods, surgical operations, devices, equipment, etc.  {\ref [14:192]} Indeed, medical texts abound in terminology, and, being a specific layer of vocabulary that differs from commonly used words, terminological units present special difficulties in the process of translation from English into Uzbek and from Uzbek into English, in view of their specific features.\par
As noted earlier, medicine has an extended and very rich terminology, which has its own characteristic features. So, first of all, it should be noted that in the semantics of medical terms there is no expression and emotional coloring and stylistic neutrality is observed, this is confirmed by the fact that medical texts absolutely do not contain metaphors and other stylistic devices.  {\ref [19:256]} The term "abbreviation" we understand and use in our work in the broad sense, that is, like any abbreviation. In abbreviations, information is transmitted by fewer characters, so the "capacity" of each character is greater than in the corresponding original units, which gives reason to consider abbreviation as one of the types of optimization of voice communication. However, despite the "simplification of the formal structure of the linguistic unit", abbreviations are often the most difficult to understand and translate elements of oral and written language. Professional translation is in demand in all fields of activity, but literate translation is of particular importance in a field such as medicine. Inadequate translation of abbreviations found in medical documents, as well as in oral speech, can cost a person life, so the issue of education and streamlining of abbreviations is especially acute. As a result of studies conducted by American scientists, it was found that only half of all abbreviations used by doctors of one specialty are correctly understood by specialists in other branches of medicine1. About half of all medical errors that occurred in hospitals are associated with problems of communication, understanding and interaction.\par
Abbreviation is one of the indicators of language development. The source of the development of language lies in the confrontation between the changing picture of the world and the growing needs of society in a more adequate expression of thoughts, on the one hand, and the realization of the possibilities of language in this historical era, on the other hand. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
In the article was used such research methods as the method of component analysis of values based on vocabulary definitions, the method of contextual analysis of the values of abbreviations, revealing their situational relevance. Sample quantitative calculations were also used. The corpus of examples was revealed by a continuous selection of the studied units from scientific medical texts.\par
The material for the study was more than 20,000 English medical abbreviations. The units studied were selected from articles in the periodical literature on medicine and related branches of science, from explanatory, encyclopedic English-language dictionaries and rare dictionaries of medical abbreviations, as well as gleaned from the internet. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
First of all, the result should be clear to others. Each result should be written in a simple and understandable language, indicating what the student should be able to do -even a person unfamiliar with this area of knowledge and skills should understand what is required of the students. \hyperref[b20]{[21]} The obtained results point out to the modernity of studies in the field of clinical and experimental dermatology, which is due to the fact that this is the oldest terminology, by the example of which it is possible to trace the ways of formation, development and improvement of terms, the realization of semantic processes, certain trends, ways and means of word formation.\par
Medical terminology is very diverse and can be classified according to various criteria. In the framework of this study, the following classifications were selected to understand the features of English medical terminology.\par
In accordance with the stratification classification of Z. I. Komarova, on the basis of normativity, normativity, medical terms can be divided into two groups: normative and normative.\par
The normative layer of the language includes literary and colloquial vocabulary, corresponding to the norms of literary and colloquial speech accepted in society  {\ref [10:134]}, respectively, to the regulatory medical terms include: proper terms and subject terms.  {\ref [10:136]}.\par
Actually, terms are conceptual terms in which the sign comes to the fore (kidney failurebuyrakyetishmovchiligi, systolic-sistolik, respiratory distress -nafasqisishi) take first place in the number of words in medicine, since most of them describe the physical and mental human conditions, diseases, procedures.\par
Subject terms, or nomenclature, that is, those whose main component is a denotative value (for example, MRI-MRG, CT scan -kompyutertomografiyasi, colon -ichak, epiphyseal plate -epifizalplastinka, acyclovir -asiklovir), in most cases, indicate the subjects of study: human organs, equipment, drugs, pathogens and carriers of diseases, etc.\par
Profanity lexical units make up a large and heterogeneous layer of vocabulary; however, it is not included in the dictionaries. Non-normative medical terminology includes professionalism, as well as termoids and individually figurative expressions, which are rarely used in medicine.  {\ref [10:21]}.\par
According to Komarova professionalism is a special word with three characteristic features: "nonnormative use, stylistic marking (colloquial nature) and the presence of emotionally expressive coloring"  {\ref [10:18]}. In his work, S.P.Khizhnyak draws attention to the limited scope of the use of professionalism, which is closely related to colloquial speech of specialists in an informal setting and the presence of emotional coloring and expressive connotations. Medical professionalism is not found in official documents, but with oral communication it is quite appropriate (for example, baby catcher -obstetrician).  {\ref [11:36]} The classification of medical terminology according to the morphological and syntactic structure is based on the classification of R.Y.Kobrin and B.N.Golovin, which subdivide all terms into phrases and word terms, which are divided into derivatives, nonderivatives, complex and abbreviations.  {\ref [7:32]} Some linguists classify medical terms according to the method of word formation, among which are morphological (word production, word composition, abbreviation), syntactic (the formation of phrases and phrases from several words), semantic (as a narrowing or refinement of the meaning of common words, and metaphorical and metonymic transfer of the old meaning), and borrowing words from other languages.  {\ref [5:27]} In connection with the development of scientific research, medical discourse is constantly replenished with cognitive information, which makes it necessary to save language resources. The language tends to compression, to compression, i.e. It creates precisely those formations that transmit the greatest amount of information in a condensed and at the same time accessible form. The main methods of text compression are abbreviations. Abbreviation is a word-formation method aimed at creating shorter words compared to the original structures. As a result of abbreviation, the word consists of the names of the initial letters included in the original phrase. For example: ACTH -adrenocorticotropic hormone, EBM -evidence-based medicine, DNA -deoxyribonucleic acid, MAP -mean arterial pressure.\par
The essential components of the abbreviation can be characterized as follows: 1. Making the abbreviation graphic means. One way to manipulate the means of graphics in this way is to replace capital letters with lowercase. For example, SPECT-single-photon emission computed tomography. 2. Participation in the process of word formation as part of the word-formation type as an element. PDGF -platelet-derived growth factor;\par
The functioning of the abbreviation as part of a compound word also ensures its transition to another part of speech: PDGF -deficient; PDGF -deficiency; PDGF -lacking, part, etc. 3. Adaptation to the phonetic features of the language.\par
For example, CDC-The Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The greater the number of elements in the abbreviation, the more their shape is reduced.\par
As a result of lexicalization, the abbreviation acquires "its own formative paradigm and does not differ in this sense from the ordinary word". For example, OD -OD S "patients with over dosage of some drug".\par
The lexical abbreviation can serve as the basis for the following acts of word formation: FACP -Fellow of the American College of Physicians.\par
We must not forget about the mixed type of lexical abbreviations, which when translated become either semi-alphabets or semi-acronyms: DDSO [di: di: sou] "diamino-diphenyl-sulphoxide"; TRITC [tri: ti: si:] "tetramethylrhodamineisothiocyanate".\par
Another variety of the mixed type is the lexeme, where one component is initials, the other is the full word: H disease "Hart's disease"; L-dopa "levodopa".\par
It seems quite difficult for us to understand the class of truncations formed on the basis of a word combination. It can be like truncation of each component:\par
? bat fat -battle fatigue;\par
? pharm chem -pharmaceutical chemistry;\par
? dent chem -dental chemistry, As well as truncation of one of the components with complete omission of the second:\par
? hype -hypodermic syringe;\par
? duo -duodenal ulcer;\par
? rehab -rehabilitation center.\par
Obviously, the second case presents great difficulties, because a significant portion of information is omitted and there is only a hint of the term, that semantic clot that reflexively recalls the corresponding term in the recipient's memory.\par
Finally, a group of syntactic abbreviations is represented by elliptic abbreviations. Ellipsis is characterized by the omission of one of the components of the phrase, however, unlike the previous types of truncation, the remaining component does not undergo defective changes in its morphemic structure, but only "condenses the semantics of the whole phrase": Gastric -gastric ulcer;\par
Cord -spinal cord.\par
Ellipsis as a linguistic phenomenon is quite common in professional groups associated with social activities. This is easily explained by the stereotypical situations of production activities. Compared to other types of truncations, the ellipsis is stylistically fairly neutral. Elliptical formations can pass from informal, colloquial to official speech, if the word loses its narrow professional attachment. Attributive phrases (A + N) are usually exposed to an ellipse. However, there are two possible outcomes. In the first case, the noun is omitted and the adjective is substantiated. Moreover, the meaning of the whole phrase is condensed in the attribute: Abdominal (N) (-abdominal case) "disease (organ) of the abdominal cavity"; Attending (N) (-attending physician); Central (N) (-central emergency).\par
Proof of the adjective's transition to the category of nouns is the acquisition of all the attributes of a noun, for example, endings: Vitals -vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration).\par
The abbreviation process has certain laws, knowing which you can organize and regulate the spontaneous abbreviation of the terms. Such patterns are especially clearly seen in the structural classification (for example, the names of drugs are mainly formed by contraction). Moreover, these patterns are similar in both english and Uzbek. 
\section[{Bcc}]{Bcc}\par
(Basal Cell Carcinoma)-BHK (bazalhujayralikarsinoma) Hsv (Herpes Simplex Virus) -OVG (oddiyvirusligerpes) Aids (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) -OITS (orttirilganimmunitettanqisligisindromi) Omm (Oral Melanotic Macule) -OBMM (og'izbo'shlig'idagimelanotikmakula) Information about the field of reference of medical abbreviations is presented by us in the form of their thematic classification. It clearly shows how medical abbreviations objectify a fragment of the conceptosphere, relevant for English-speaking medical specialists. Using the data on medical abbreviations also in Uzbek, we conclude that the abbreviation as a means of verbalizing a medical concept-concept, as a way of reflecting a professional picture of the world, most fully realizes itself in English.\par
Medical abbreviations appear extremely quickly, as evidenced by the appendix, where we provide medical abbreviations that are not registered in dictionaries. We believe that our glossaries of English omoacronyms and English abbreviations that are not included in the dictionaries will be useful for revealing their subject meaning, and the glossary of Uzbek medical abbreviations will be the first step in streamlining and modeling Uzbek abbreviations in medicine.\par
The synonymy of English medical abbreviations has both positive aspects (brings wealth and diversity to the context of scientific speech, expresses the shades of the diversity of the world around us, reflects the development of a professional picture of the world), and negative aspects (increases the amount of "collapsed" information, reducing its availability due to simultaneous functioning several signifiers to indicate the same signified).\par
Based on the classification criterion, the level of coincidence of the volume and the qualitative side (semantics) of synonyms abbreviations, we distinguish two large classes of English medical synonyms: full synonyms (abbreviations with full semantic interchangeability) and incomplete synonyms (abbreviations that express different shades of one and the same concept or related concepts of different sizes). Incomplete synonyms enrich the medical discourse with new shades, fixing different signs of the same concept, due to which a more complete picture is formed about it. 
\section[{PUPPP -Pruritic Urticarial Papules Plaques of Pregnancy PV -Pemphigus Vulgaris}]{PUPPP -Pruritic Urticarial Papules Plaques of Pregnancy PV -Pemphigus Vulgaris}\par
Antonymy of the English medical abbreviation helps to balance the signs within the acronym system. Most often, antonyms form pairs, building the extreme points of a particular attribute on either side of a particular criterion. According to the semantic characteristics, the abbreviations antonyms can also be divided into full (characterizing opposite poles of one characteristic, they have an equal volume of values) and incomplete (differ in volume of values, overlapping only part of the value of their antagonist) IV. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The results of the research on the above mentioned sublanguage of clinical medicine at the level of linguistic observations of the functioning in dictionaries and scientific works will not only highlight the linguistic aspects of professional medical terms, but also will help the linguists to master the etymology of professional terms.\par
Streamlining abbreviations in the field of medicine can be achieved by means of a more thorough study of medical abbreviations, training of medical specialists in their competent use, as well as through modeling, fixing the most convenient, short and capacious structures in medical discourse.\par
These terms not only enrich the language, demonstrating the vitality and power of its expression, but also are associated with medicine, which basically have an influence in a person's life.\par
The results of the study can be used in the preparation of medical students studying English in higher educational institutions, as well as in the teaching of translation disciplines in the preparation of students of linguistic universities.\par
The materials of this study can also be used in compiling a special English-Uzbek dictionary of medical abbreviations. 			\footnote{© 2020 Global Journals} 			\footnote{Some Specific Features of Abbreviations using in Medical Terminology in English and Uzbek (On the Example of Dermatovenereological Vocabulary)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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