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\title{Chewing Questionnaire Survey Results and Chewing Ability Test Results of 118 People Who Participated in the University Festival}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Naomi  Katayama}

             \author[2]{Shyoko  Kondo}

             \affil[1]{  Nagoya Women?s University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2019 Accepted: 3 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Chewing well and eat slowly are good habits for maintaining good health. A slow rise in blood sugar after eating can keep people away from overeating, obesity, and diabetes. In this study, we conducted a subjective self-administered questionnaire survey on chewing and a chewing ability test using chewing ability chewing gum for 34 high school students, 55 university students, and 23 middle-aged people who participated in the university festival. The chewing ability test, a chewing gum manufactured by LOTTE used. As a result, most of the participants knew xylitol and some word, the 8020 campaign (holding 20 teeth at the age of 80). Also, although many participants could bite apples with skin, a few were confident in their teeth. Many participants replied they were chewing their meals well, but a few participants bite 30 times one bite of food. Participants chewed the chew-ability gum 60 times, and the inspector judged the gum color.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{chewing power, chewing ability gum, questionnaire survey, university festival.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
iting stimulates the brain, and the satiety center can stimulated to control food intake. In Japan, the 8020 campaign has widely publicized by the government. By the time you are 80 years old, you should have 20 teeth and chew your teeth to eat enough to maintain your nutrition and maintain your health. However, Japanese food is mainly rice, and soft food is the staple food. Opportunities to bit and eat hard food have been reducing from 50 years. As for meals, the chances of eating as a family together over time have decreased, and the number of people who eat alone in a short time for work and study is increasing. If we eat without chewing in a short time, we will eat more food than we need before the stimulation to the satiety center.\par
And our blood sugar level will rise sharply, and excess sugar will accumulate in our body as fat, resulting in obesity. The probability of getting diabetes increases. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to grasp the actual situation by grasping the subjective of the mastication of people of various ages and examining the chewing ability of the people. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} 
\section[{a) Participants}]{a) Participants}\par
Chewing questionnaire Survey and Chewing Ability Test conducted on 34 high school students, 55 university students, 23 Middle-age who participated in the university festival. Participants voluntarily participated in the chewing questionnaire and chewing ability test. 
\section[{b) Chewing questionnaire survey}]{b) Chewing questionnaire survey}\par
Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire about nine items related to chewing. Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} shows the contents of each item.  K chewing 60 times (about one minute) and judge the chewing ability by looking at the color of the gum. The mechanism that changes the color of this gum is that by chewing it, a new neutral/alkaline oral environment can created by mixing the citric acid and uncolored pigment mixed in the gum with the saliva. The uncolored pigments in the gum are usually colorless under acid. The salivary pH is neutral. By chewing the gum in the oral cavity, neutral saliva and citric acid in the chewing gum mix well, making it neutral and alkaline. This oral reaction changes the gum color from green to red. This phenomenon determines chewing ability. The gum is green (chewing ability 1) at first, then yellowish-green (chewing ability 2), beige (chewing ability 3), pink (chewing ability 4), and finally red (chewing ability 5). If chewable, the gum will turn red after 60 chewing times. 
\section[{d) Ethical review board}]{d) Ethical review board}\par
This study conducted with the approval of the Ethical Review Board (Nagoya women's university 'hito wo mochii ta kennkyuu ni kansuru iinnkai'). The approval number is 30-7 and 30-17. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results} 
\section[{a) Participant results}]{a) Participant results}\par
Participants were 34 high school students, and the average age± standard deviation was 17.03±0.67. Participants were 55 university students, and the average age ± standard deviation was 20.46±0.54. Participants were 23 Middle-age people, and the average age ± standard deviation was 47.14±2.61. 
\section[{b) Questionnaire survey results}]{b) Questionnaire survey results}\par
Table  {\ref 2} shows the results of a questionnaire survey on mastication conducted for high school students of participants. There are few high school students can chew gum everyday and know the word mutants. Everyone knew the name xylitol. High school students also could bite an apple with skin and thought they had firm teeth. Also, many high school students know the 8020 campaign, and they say that they often chew food. However, many high school students answered that they did not bit their bite 30 times when they ate the food.\par
Table  {\ref 2}: Questionnaire result about mastication for high school students (n=34) (\%) Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3} shows the results of a questionnaire survey on mastication conducted for university students of participants. There are few university students can chew gum everyday. Most university students knew the name xylitol. About half of the university students knew the name mutants. The university students also could bite an apple with skin. The University students were not very confident in their teeth, and about half of them thought their teeth were firm. Also, many university students know the 8020 campaign, but they say that they do not often chew food. And many university students answered that they did not bit their bite 30 times when they ate the food.  Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4} shows the results of a questionnaire survey on mastication conducted for the middle-age people of participants. There are few middle-age people can chew gum everyday. All of the middle-age people knew the name xylitol. About half of the middle-age people knew the name of mutants. Middle-age people also could bite an apple with skin. The middle-age people were not very confident in their teeth, and about half of them thought their teeth were firm. Also, many middle-age people know the 8020 campaign, but they say that they do not often chew food. And middle-age people answered that they did not bit their bite 30 times when they ate the food.  
\section[{c) Chewing Ability Test results}]{c) Chewing Ability Test results}\par
Participants chewed the chew-ability gum 60 times, and the inspector judged the gum color (see Table \hyperref[tab_6]{5 and 6}). As a result of chewing gum, the number of participants with sufficient chewing ability (gum color is red) was 2.9\% for high school students, 18.2\% of university students, and 13.0 \% of the middle-age peoples. Many participants had a chewing ability of 4 (gum color is pink) or 3 (gum color is beige). Those with the weak chewing ability (gum color is yellowish-green) were 8.8 \% for high school students, 1.8 \% for university students, and 8.7 \% for Middle-age peoples.  
\section[{Yes}]{Yes} 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
Most of the people who attended the university festival this time did not have a habit of chewing gum. However, almost everyone knew the word xylitol. But about half of the participants knew the word mutants.\par
Participants were able to bite the apple with the skin on but were less confident in the teeth. The 8020 campaign, most participants, knew. Participants replied that they chew food well, but did not chew 30 times. Participants chewed the chew ability test gum. Results chewing ability was 2 (gum color is beige) or 3 (gum color is pink) in all age groups. Few participants were chewing well (gum color is red). It turned out that many people couldn't bite enough. Past studies have shown that the time to spend eating are also working; for example, middle-age is6-10 minutes shorter than school students. Also, even for students who should have time, all the times to spend eating were within 30 minutes. People were not chewing enough food to eat. Overeating can prevented by eating the food bite little by little over time.\par
Furthermore, the blood glucose level after a mealcan moderated. Previous studies used device development and computational models to measure masticatory force \hyperref[b0]{1,}\hyperref[b1]{2)} . Also, there are many reports of studies that clarify the occlusal force \hyperref[b0]{1,}\hyperref[b1]{2,}\hyperref[b2]{3,}\hyperref[b3]{4)} . It has reported that the lack of teeth and the inability to shew sufficiently affect the brain \hyperref[b4]{5)} . The relationship between chewing and cognitive and dementia risk has also been reported \hyperref[b5]{6)} . I have reported that oral exercise with gum improves oral function in the elderly \hyperref[b6]{7)} . Chewing gum from a young age and getting into the habit of chewing may help preserve oral function and reduce cognitive and dementia risk in the future. From the results of this study, since there are many young people and middleaged people who do not chew sufficiently, we think that they are better to practice chewing by using chewing ability test gum. And we would like to increase the number of data and report the results in more detail.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
For 118 people who participated in the university festival, a subjective self-report questionnaire about chewing and chewing ability tests using chewing ability gam conducted. The participants were 34 high school students, 55 university students, and 23 middleaged peoples.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
c) Chewing Ability Test\\
The chewing ability test, a chewing gum\\
manufactured by LOTTE used. The gum made for\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3164502164502164\textwidth}P{0.2833333333333333\textwidth}P{0.1582251082251082\textwidth}P{0.09199134199134198\textwidth}}
Year 2020\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2 12\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume XX Issue IX Version I\tabcellsep Do you chew gum everyday? Do you know the word Xylitol?\tabcellsep Yes 6 (18\%) 26 (76\%) No 32 (94\%) 0 (0\%)\tabcellsep No answer 2 (6\%) 2 (6\%)\\
D D D D ) K\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
(\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Medical Research\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep © 2020 Global Journals\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Do you know the word Mutants? 9 (26\%) 25 (74\%) Can you bite an apple with skin? 29 (85\%) 5 (15\%) Are you confident in your teeth? 16 (47\%) 18 (53\%) Are your teeth strong? 24 (71\%) 10 (29\%) Do you know the 8020 campaign? 23 (68\%) 11 (32\%) Can you chew the food? 20 (59\%) 14 (41\%) Can you chew a bite of food 30 times? 6 (18\%) 28 (82\%)}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
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\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
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\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5093070652173913\textwidth}P{0.04735054347826086\textwidth}P{0.04850543478260869\textwidth}P{0.20326086956521738\textwidth}P{0.03233695652173913\textwidth}P{0.009239130434782607\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep No\tabcellsep \\
Do you chew gum everyday?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{11 (20\%) 44 (80\%)}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Do you know the word Xylitol?}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{52 (95\%) 3 (5\%)}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Do you know the word Mutants?}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{30 (55\%) 25 (45\%)}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Can you bite an apple with skin?}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{49 (89\%) 6 (11\%)}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Are you confident in your teeth?}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{18 (33\%) 37 (67\%)}\tabcellsep \\
Are your teeth strong?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{29 (53\%) 26 (47\%)}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Do you know the 8020 campaign?}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{45 (82\%) 10 (18\%)}\tabcellsep \\
Can you chew the food?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{22 (40\%) 33 (60\%)}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Can you chew a bite of food 30 times?}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{8 (15\%) 47 (85\%)}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{No answer}\\
Do you chew gum everyday?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{6 (26\%) 17 (74\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Do you know the word Xylitol?\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{23 (100\%) 0 (0\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Do you know the word Mutants?\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{15 (65\%) 8 (35\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep ?\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0 (0\%) 22 (96\%)}\tabcellsep 1 (4\%)\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Green Yellowish green Beige}\tabcellsep Pink\tabcellsep Red\\
High school students (n=34)\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 1\\
Female college student (n=55)\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 10\\
Middle age (n=23)\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 3\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Can you bite an apple with skin? 20 (87\%) 3 (13\%) Are you confident in your teeth? 8 (35\%) 15 (65\%) Are your teeth strong? 8 (35\%) 15 (65\%) Do you know the 8020 campaign? 15 (65\%) 8 (35\%) Can you chew the food? 3(13\%) 20 (87\%) Can you chew a bite of food 30 times}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
IV.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2020 Global Journals Do you chew gum everyday? Do you know the word Xylitol? Do you know the word Mutants? Can you bite an apple with skin? Are you confident in your teeth? Are your teeth strong? Do you know the 8020 campaign? Can you chew the food? Can you chew a bite of food 30 times?} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par
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