\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={A Correlational Model of Rape Myth Acceptance and Psychosocial Factors among Medical School Students},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2020-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2020)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2020-01-15}
\title{A Correlational Model of Rape Myth Acceptance and Psychosocial Factors among Medical School Students}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Danilo Antonio  Baltieri}

             \author[2]{Fatima Elisa D?Ippolito  Alcocer}

             \author[3]{Luiz Carlos de  Abreu}

             \affil[1]{  Sexual Disorders Outpatient Clinic (ABSex), Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2019 Accepted: 5 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


A substantial body of medical literature suggests that different types of persons blame rape victim for the fate. Although rape myth acceptance can be a product of personal psychosocial factors, it is also a response to messages from social, family, media, and groups that propagate the legitimacy of such myths. We aimed to evaluate whether personal variables such as depression, drug use, being non-heteronormative, and inconsistent condom use could act as supportive factors for rape myth acceptance. This cross-sectional study used questions and validated instruments assessing sociodemographic characteristics, depression, drug use, and rape myth acceptance to perform a correlational model. A total of 269 medical students aged 18 and above, from the first through the sixth year at a medical school, were randomly selected and recruited for the study. Being male and using drugs significantly supported myth rape acceptance; in contrast, higher depression levels, being non-heteronormative, and a history of being sexually abused in childhood did not support these rape myths. What holds promise for the future, however, is that although we still live in a patriarchal society, university students can be encouraged to question their personal and sexual roles, and recreate our culture.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{rape myth acceptance; biological sex; heteronormativity.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
substantial body of literature shows that some persons can support beliefs that rape victims are responsible for their own fate. Stereotyped and prejudicial beliefs about rape and the victims and perpetrators can contribute to sexual violence by shifting blame for the assault from the perpetrator to the victim (Jain, 2011; Kamdar, Kosambiya, Chawada, Verma, \& Kadia, 2017).Cultural, institutional, and personal aspects can further promote such equivocal judgment of the victims \hyperref[b40]{(Maddux \& Yuki, 2006)}. Although rape myth acceptance can be a product of psychosocial aspects, it is also a response to messages from social, family, media, and groups that propagate the legitimacy of such myths. This study tests a correlational model involving some factors possibly related to rape myth acceptance. If an individual holds stereotypical or false beliefs about rape and the victims and perpetrators, he or she will likely have a negative attitude toward sexual assault survivors.\par
Although institutional, cultural, and individual aspects are specific fields of knowledge and research, it is not possible to disentangle one from another. For example, culture is the umbrella under which both social behaviors and individual beliefs exist. The world is full of unexploited psychological variations that offer a broad scope to develop and better test different theories \hyperref[b32]{(Henrich, 2015)}. In Brazil, for example, "the cultural structure of the nature of the sexual realities and the interpretation of the meanings of the sexual practices have been based on the distinctions between masculinity and femininity, activity and passivity, domination and submission, and so on (?). These distinctive roles are gradually internalized through a complex process of socialization beginning in the earliest moments of childhood" \hyperref[b45]{(Parker, 1991)}. Also, "traditionally, men gain respect by performing the role of the 'macho', that is, those with a virile and brave status. Thus, a man should demonstrate his virility, measured by the number of sexual conquests" \hyperref[b31]{(Hayes, 2011)}. It should be noted that we performed this study in a culture held up by a patriarchal structure, where there is socially demarcated roles of men and women, as well as learned beliefs. However, individuals may choose to act or think in ways that are contrary to the current cultural expectancies \hyperref[b19]{(Dressler, Balieiro, \& Dos Santos, 1997)}.\par
Regarding rape myth acceptance, more men than women seem to blame the female victims for the assault \hyperref[b7]{(Basow \& Minieri, 2011;}\hyperref[b57]{Struckman-Johnson, 1992;} {\ref Walfield, 2018)}; no study has suggested that women engage in such beliefs more frequently than men \hyperref[b27]{(Gravelin, Biernat, \& Bucher, 2018)}. This is not surprising considering rape is mainly, if not exclusively, women's concern, and sexist cultural views still predominate in many different societies (Prado Cortez, Boer, \& Baltieri, 2011; Stoll, Lilley, \& Pinter, 2017). There are, however, studies that show that there were no significant differences between men and women about blaming the victim \hyperref[b1]{(Abrams, Viki, Masser, \& Bohner, 2003;}\hyperref[b48]{Persson, Dhingra, \& Grogan, 2018)}. Sexism, mainly the hostile kind that comprises negative attitudes toward individuals who violate traditional gender A stereotypes, seems to be a common denominator of rape myth acceptance \hyperref[b12]{(Chapleau, 2007)} and can be associated with risky sexual behaviors \hyperref[b26]{(Glick, 1996)}. On the contrary, being non-heteronormative has been negatively correlated with rape myth acceptance (Worthen, 2017).\par
More women are victims of sexual assault than men (World Health Organization, 2003), and they experience a wide range of emotions such as shame, guilt, depression, and denial as a response to the traumatic event. Some victims even blame themselves for it, confusing their participation in the assault \hyperref[b41]{(McLindon, 2011)}. In a male-dominated society, women may accept the blame for their own victimization "because they are the gatekeepers in sexual interactions" \hyperref[b10]{(Bridges, 1991)}. Although it is possible that previous victimization and cultural expectations can influence women' beliefs, this assertion cannot be generalized \hyperref[b11]{(Carmody, 2001)}. Highly educated women may not condone these sexist statements. Some studies show a significant correlation between depression symptoms and rape myth acceptance among female victims \hyperref[b4]{(Arata, 1999;}\hyperref[b21]{Feiring, Taska, \& Chen, 2002)}. Other ones have shown a correlation between depression and justice sensitivity. In reality, in situations where a justice-sensitive individual is simply an observer, he or she tends to wish compensation for the victims and punishment for the perpetrators.\par
Higher rape myth acceptance scores seem to be a factor in risky sexual behaviors \hyperref[b36]{(Kalichman et al., 2005)}. Also, some studies have demonstrated that male aggression against women and inconsistent condom use may be related and that some men can use sexual tactics to ensure unprotected sex (Davis, 2010; Davis \& Logan-Greene, 2012). Among men, high score on hostile sexism seems to be linked to lower condom use (Ramiro-Sanchez, Ramiro, Bermudez, \& Buela-Casal, 2018). Individuals engaging in inconsistent condom use could be solely focusing on the reward of sex than the consequences of such conduct . Furthermore, issues of power, control over interaction with sexual partners, and the use of psychoactive substances are factors associated with pernicious sexual practices (Parsons, Bimbi, Koken, \& \hyperref[b46]{Halkitis, 2005)}. Also, sensation-seeking, high impulsiveness, and risk-taking are linked to risky sexual practices \hyperref[b35]{(Kalichman, Heckman, \& Kelly, 1996)}. Thus, inconsistent condom use can be an indicator of impulsiveness and transgression \hyperref[b29]{(Halkitis \& Parsons, 2003)}.\par
Alcohol and drugs are common elements in rape cases, especially those that occur on university campuses \hyperref[b0]{(Abbey, 1996)}. Many studies have shown that intoxicated victims are blamed more often for the assault than those who were sober; in contrast, the drunker the perpetrator, the more excuses he gives for his behavior \hyperref[b51]{(Qi, 2016;}\hyperref[b53]{Richardson, 1992)}.\par
Although it is crucial to investigate how different segments of the population endorse rape myths, university students comprise a relevant group because they are at high risk of facing sexual assault \hyperref[b15]{(Daigle, 2013)}.\par
Considering this, we hypothesized the following: being a heterosexual male, using drugs and inconsistent condom use can act as supportive factors for rape myth acceptance; in contrast, considering a sample of welleducated participants, a history of being sexually abused in childhood, depression scores, and being non-heteronormative do not. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Method a) Procedure}]{Method a) Procedure}\par
We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate correlations between some psychosocial variables, mainly those potentially related to rape myths, such as biological sex, sexual orientation, drug use, and depression. The investigators were specially trained medical graduate and postgraduate medical students. The Ethics Committee of ABC Medical School, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil approved this study. 
\section[{b) Participants}]{b) Participants}\par
Between September 2016 and August 2019, a total of 280 medical students aged 18 and above, from the first through the sixth year at the medical school, were randomly selected and recruited to participate in this study. The researchers assured participants that only the researchers would see the data, that all data would be kept confidential, and that the partaking was voluntary. Brazilian law does not allow financial compensation for participants of any researches.\par
Participant-important outcomes were compared based on 13 variables: biological sex, age, race, marital status, lifetime alcohol use, lifetime drug use (mainly marijuana), family members with alcohol/drug use problems, sexual abuse history, inconsistent condom use, sexual orientation, and scores of depression symptoms, drug use severity, and rape myth acceptance. We codified sex as male, female, and intersex. We did not codify monthly income as our participants were pursuing a full-time course. 
\section[{c) Measures}]{c) Measures}\par
The participants provided information through a self-reported questionnaire, which included items assessing sociodemographic characteristics and the following: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST), and Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (IRMA). 
\section[{The Beck Depression Inventory}]{The Beck Depression Inventory}\par
This 21-item inventory measures behavioral responses related to depression among adults and adolescents. Scores above 10 (in the range 0-63) indicate the presence of a depressive syndrome  {\ref (}  
\section[{The Drug Abuse Screening Test}]{The Drug Abuse Screening Test}\par
The DAST is a quantitative self-report instrument used to detect drug misuse among a range of psychoactive drugs. The original version contains 28 yes/no questions; a cutoff score of ? 6 (total score range 0-28) indicates a probable drug-use problem \hyperref[b24]{(Gavin, Ross, \& Skinner, 1989)}. A cutoff score of 6 or 7 has a sensitivity of 0.96 and a specificity of 0.85. The DAST has been translated into Portuguese for administration to Brazilian adults \hyperref[b6]{(Baltieri \& Andrade, 2008)}. 
\section[{The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance}]{The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance}\par
Sgrillo Scarpati (2014) validated The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale -Short form (IRMA) \hyperref[b42]{(McMahon, 2011)}, an update of the 1999 version of the IRMA \hyperref[b47]{(Payne, 1999)},in a sample of university students in Brazil. This instrument consists of 22-item scale that includes statements on a woman and man's role in a sexual situation that may lead to assault; it addresses women as the victims and men as the perpetrators. Participants indicate how much they agree with each statement on a 5 point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Higher scores indicate more rejection of rape myths. This instrument has four factors: Factor 1 or "She asked for it" has statements such as "If a woman is raped while she is drunk, she is at least somewhat responsible for letting things get out of control" and "When women go around wearing low-cut or short skirts, they are just asking for trouble"; Factor 2 or "He did not have intention" has statements such as "When men rape, it is because of their strong desire for sex" and "Men did not usually intend to force sex on a woman, but sometimes they get too sexually carried away"; Factor 3 or "It was not really a rape" has statements such as "If a woman does not physically resist sex, it really cannot be considered rape" and "If the rapist does not have a weapon, you really cannot call it a rape"; and Factor 4 or "She lied" has statements such as: "Rape accusations are often used as a way of getting back at men" and "Women who are caught having an illicit affair sometimes claim that it was rape". The global internal consistency of this validated instrument was ? = 0.72, and the internal consistencies of the 4 factors were 0.74, 0.64, 0.68, and 0.71, respectively. The factor "He did not have intention" showed low internal consistency, which may mean a poor correlation between each item of this factor. 
\section[{d) Analysis}]{d) Analysis}\par
Univariate analyses were used to compare the sociodemographic and psychometric factors between the male and female participants. Categorical variables were compared using the ? 2 or Fisher's exact tests, following the Monte Carlo method. Continuous variables were compared using student's t-test.\par
To develop a correlational model, we performed structured equation modeling (SEM). Maximum likelihood estimation was used to estimate the fit of the model. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted GFI (AGFI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) were used to evaluate the model fit. Some recommendations regarding the values for global model fit were adopted ? specifically, CFI, TLI, GFI, and AGFI values greater than 0.90, and RMSEA and SRMR values lower than 0.08 were deemed indicative of an acceptable model fit \hyperref[b25]{(Gilson et al., 2013;}\hyperref[b33]{Hu \& Bentler, 1999)}. As the chi-square value is dependent on the sample size, we calculated the ratio of chi-square relative to the degrees of freedom (? 2 /df), where a value of 2 or lower is an acceptable ? 2 /df ratio \hyperref[b58]{(Tabachnick \& Fidell, 2007)}. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
Of the returned questionnaires, 11 (3.93\%) were discarded due to incomplete answers, leaving 269 participants. Of these, 175 (65.06\%) were female, and the mean age of the total sample was 21.35 (SD = 2.51) years. Our sample did not have intersex or transgender participants.\par
The global internal consistency of the IRMA for this sample was ? = 0.70, and the internal consistencies of the 4 factors were 0.72, 0.62, 0.72, and 0.73, respectively. Again, Factor 2 (He did not have intention) show low internal consistency, which is in line with the validated version in Brazil. 
\section[{Descriptive Analysis}]{Descriptive Analysis}\par
In Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1}, we decided to compare the male and female participants in terms of sociodemographic and psychosocial factors because a large number of studies have shown higher rape myth acceptance among men than women. In fact, the male participants did show significantly higher rape myth acceptance for all factors than their counterparts. With respect to other variables, there were no significant differences between the male and female participants in terms of mean age, race, marital status, inconsistent condom use, lifetime alcohol use, lifetime drug use, family history of alcohol/drug use problems, being non-heteronormative, and DAST scores. However, female participants had higher BDI scores as well as prevalence of sexual abuse history. Given that the variable "male" was strongly associated with all factors of the IRMA, and that there were significant differences between the male and female participants in two other variables, we decided not to include it in the SEM to avoid weakening the influence of the hypothesized variables on rape myth acceptance. 
\section[{SEM Analysis}]{SEM Analysis}\par
Items were loaded uniquely on their relevant factors, and the factor loadings were fixed at 1.0. Then, the sample was evaluated using bootstrapping (400 bootstrap samples) with the Bollen-Stine Bootstrap statistic being conducted to verify absolute fit. As it is shown in Figure 1, the model fitted the data well, with   
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
This study supports previous research that being male and using drugs are supportive factors for blaming the victim, while being non-heteronormative is not. However, holding up our initial hypotheses but somewhat disagreeing with other studies, depression levels and sexual abuse history did not support rape myth acceptance.\par
Each factor of the IRMA assesses a group of myths that function to neutralize the perpetrator's responsibility. However, the Factor "It wasn't really rape" does not properly include a victim-blaming or responsibility-denying component \hyperref[b44]{(Mouilso, 2013)}; it seems to be a subtle construct of victim-blaming. This factor simply presumes that a woman consented to a sexual relationship because she did not display any kind of a physical reaction against the act, neither presumably "instigated" male sexual instincts.\par
Participants with higher depression scores could have perceived this and reacted more strongly. In fact, some studies have shown that depressive individuals seem to react more intensely to injustice and threats of rejection \hyperref[b55]{(Schmitt, 2005)}. In addition, having a low threshold for injustice can make sensitive individuals recognize more cases of it than those who are insensitive.\par
The myths transferring responsibility onto the victims (Factors 1 and 4) positively correlated with higher drug use scores but negatively with being nonheteronormative. Youth substance users can attribute their own responsibilities to others. More recently, the perception of drug users as rational pleasure-seekers has legitimated management focused on individual responsibility; it has been important to transform young people into self-reflexive and responsible citizens \hyperref[b20]{(Ekendahl, 2020)}. Several people believe that intoxicated men can misinterpret different behaviors, including women's. Despite these beliefs, our study suggests that even sober drug users can maintain these misconceptions. Drug users may demonstrate interpersonal problems and impaired or distorted perceptions of emotions in others. In fact, deficits in social processing can persist even after long periods of abstinence \hyperref[b39]{(Kornreich et al., 2001;}\hyperref[b43]{Miller, Bershad, \& de Wit, 2015;}\hyperref[b50]{Preller et al., 2014)}.\par
Studies have also suggested that nonheteronormative individuals are less likely to support Although comparisons between the male and female participants in terms of depression symptoms and sexual abuse history were not the main goal of this study, the higher mean scores on depression in women than in men, mainly among young people  {\ref (Albert,}  Furthermore, as Figure 1 shows, where the statistically significant correlations are visualized, only higher DAST scores supported rape myth acceptance; sexual abuse history, being non-heteronormative, and higher depression scores did not. Inconsistent condom use did not correlate with rape myth acceptance but positively correlated with sexual abuse history. Factor 2 (He did not have intention) did not correlate with any variables included in SEM; therefore, it was visually suppressed with the aim of making the figure cleaner. rape myths than heterosexual men and women (Worthen, 2017); reasons presented to explain this finding include the former being raped more frequently \hyperref[b5]{(Balsam, Rothblum, \& Beauchaine, 2005)}, being less sexist, adhering less to patriarchal gender norms, and supporting feministic ideas more commonly than the latter. However, not all non-heteronormative individuals abandon patriarchal and cultural norms. For example, lesbians can have a certain animosity toward heterosexual women and support rape myths \hyperref[b9]{(Brewster, 2010)}; this can also be true to some extent vis-à-vis bisexuals and transsexuals.\par
Although individuals who have suffered sexual abuse can feel confused about their role in the assault, recent social movements, such as \#Me Too, have emphasized the need to raise awareness about the prevalence and harms of such acts; survivors have started rejecting more strongly the societal norms that previously demanded their silence or even acceptance (AcAdam, 1999). This system of false beliefs regarding victim-blaming where "victims have been denigrated for their role in the rape, even to the extent whereby the victim is held responsible for the assault" (Grubb, 2012; Tyson, 2019) has been vehemently challenged. Thus, the survivors have manifested their desire to give voice to their injuries. Therefore, it is important to listen to the victims because "they did not lie".\par
As the results show, inconsistent condom use did not correlate with any factors of the IRMA but did with sexual abuse history. Sexual or physical abuse during childhood \hyperref[b30]{(Hamburger et al., 2004)}, use of psychoactive drugs, and personality-related factors (such as reward dependence) have been associated with the inconsistent condom use \hyperref[b13]{(Cortez et al., 2011)}. Different researchers have already correlated unprotected sexual practices with search for higher physical stimulation, attempts to cope with emotional fatigue and stress, a chaotic lifestyle, and alcohol and drug abuse \hyperref[b35]{(Kalichman et al., 1996;}\hyperref[b38]{Kelly, Bimbi, Izienicki, \& Parsons, 2009)}.\par
Moreover, with the exception of being male, no other variable tested was correlated with the factor "He did not have intention". It is possible that the factor's low internal consistency in our sample affected its significant correlation with other variables. Nonetheless, this factor assumes that men have a great need for sex due to a presumable higher sexual impulsivity. We also believe that in a group of medical students who have the privilege of maintaining contact with different individuals on a university campus as well as with patients belonging to diverse cultural and social backgrounds, a reduction in prejudice and misunderstandings is possible and extremely positive \hyperref[b59]{(Taschler, 2017)}.\par
Rape myths are still supported mainly by men and drug users. What, however, can be considered as positive is that some variables that previously correlated with these myths, such as depression and sexual abuse history, did not in our study. Although we still live in a patriarchal society, university students can be encouraging to question their personal and sexual roles, and recreate our culture. To cultivate an inclusive and unbiased environment, it is important that no victim be pressured into taking responsibility for a sexual assault and reducing the blame on the perpetrator. Women combating sexual stereotypes represent freedom and dignity, which are important in a fair society. This study has several limitations that must be listed: a) The path model limits the interpretation of the results; although it shows directionality of the relationships, it is unable to establish causality between the variables b) Some individual (personal) variables are not evaluated in the correlational model, such as sex and race c) This study does not take into account institutional and situational factors possibly related to the rape myth acceptance \hyperref[b27]{(Gravelin et al., 2018)}; d) The IRMA entails a general tendency toward victimblaming, which may have affected the reliability of the findings (Dawtry, Cozzolino, \& Callan, 2019) e) An evaluation of social desirability is suitable to increase the reliability of these findings. 
\section[{Compliance with Ethical Standards}]{Compliance with Ethical Standards}\par
Potential conflicts of interest: None. Authors have not received any grants.\par
Ethical Approval: All procedures performed in the participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the ABC Medical School.\par
Informed Consent: All participants signed a consent form to partake in this study. Constraints on publishing: There are no any constraints.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}A}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
A Correlational Model of Rape Myth Acceptance and Psychosocial Factors among Medical School\\
Students\\
Rial, \& Rickels, 1974; Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, \& Romildo\\
Bueno, 2005). This test has a sensitivity of 100\% and a\\
specificity of 0.83 with a cut-off score of 9/10.\\
Volume XX Issue X Version I\\
D D D D ) K\\
(\\
Medical Research\\
© 2020 Global Journals\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.35110149488591663\textwidth}P{0.14044059795436664\textwidth}P{0.14712824547600314\textwidth}P{0.15782848151062154\textwidth}P{0.05350118017309205\textwidth}}
Variables\tabcellsep Male Students (n = 94)\tabcellsep Female Students (n = 175)\tabcellsep test\tabcellsep p\\
Age, mean (SD)\tabcellsep 21.46 (2.16)\tabcellsep 21.29 (2.67)\tabcellsep t = 0.54, 267df\tabcellsep 0.59\\
Race, n (\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
White\tabcellsep 82 (87.23)\tabcellsep 153 (87.43)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Non-White\tabcellsep 12 (12.77)\tabcellsep 22 (12.57)\tabcellsep ? 2 < 0.01, 1df\tabcellsep 0.93\\
Marital status, n (\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Single\tabcellsep 93 (98.94)\tabcellsep 174 (99.43)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Married/Common-law\tabcellsep 1 (1.06)\tabcellsep 1 (0.57)\tabcellsep ? 2 = 0.20, 1df\tabcellsep > 0.99\\
Sexual abuse in\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
childhood, n (\%)\tabcellsep 6 (6.38)\tabcellsep 26 (14.86)\tabcellsep ? 2 = 4.19, 1df\tabcellsep 0.04*\\
Preservative use, n (\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Consistent use\tabcellsep 62 (65.96)\tabcellsep 109 (62.28)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Inconsistent use\tabcellsep 32 (34.04)\tabcellsep 66 (37.72)\tabcellsep ? 2 = 0.36, 1 df\tabcellsep 0.55\\
Lifetime alcohol use,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
n (\%)\tabcellsep 83 (88.30)\tabcellsep 161 (92.00)\tabcellsep ? 2 = 0.99, 1df\tabcellsep 0.32\\
Lifetime illicit drug use, n\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
(\%)\tabcellsep 43 (45.74)\tabcellsep 81 (46.29)\tabcellsep ? 2 < 0.01, 1 df\tabcellsep > 0.99\\
Family members with\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
alcohol/drug use\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
problems, n (\%)\tabcellsep 53 (56.38)\tabcellsep 100 (57.14)\tabcellsep ? 2 = 0.01, 1df\tabcellsep 0.90\\
Non-heteronormativity,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
n (\%)\tabcellsep 13 (13.83)\tabcellsep 15 (8.57)\tabcellsep ? 2 = 1.81, 1df\tabcellsep 0.18\\
BDI, mean (SD)\tabcellsep 8.11 (8.54)\tabcellsep 10.42 (7.35)\tabcellsep t = -2.32, 267df\tabcellsep 0.02*\\
DAST, mean (SD)\tabcellsep 4.72 (3.69)\tabcellsep 5.18 (3.81)\tabcellsep t = -0.94, 267df\tabcellsep 0.35\\
IRMA, mean (SD)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Factor 1\tabcellsep 27.87 (2.49)\tabcellsep 29.05 (1.70)\tabcellsep t = -4.21, 267df\tabcellsep < 0.01**\\
Factor 2\tabcellsep 27.18 (3.86)\tabcellsep 28.14 (2.69)\tabcellsep t =-2.38, 267df\tabcellsep 0.02*\\
Factor 3\tabcellsep 24.31 (1.43)\tabcellsep 25.75 (0.71)\tabcellsep t = -3.28, 267df\tabcellsep < 0.01**\\
Factor 4\tabcellsep 22.02 (3.75)\tabcellsep 23.81 (2.11)\tabcellsep t = -4.99, 267df\tabcellsep < 0.01**\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Note: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; DAST, Drug Abuse Screening Test; IRMA, Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance; * p < 0.05; ** p}\\
< 0.01\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Prado Cortez et al. ()]{b49}\label{b49} 	 		‘A psychosocial study of male-to-female transgendered and male hustler sex workers in Sao Paulo’.  		 			F C Prado Cortez 		,  		 			D P Boer 		,  		 			D A Baltieri 		.  	 	 		\textit{Brazil. Archives of Sexual Behavior}  		2011. 40 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Struckman-Johnson and Struckman-Johnson ()]{b57}\label{b57} 	 		‘Acceptance of male in America: New data challenge old assumptions’.  		 			C Struckman-Johnson 		,  		 			D Struckman-Johnson 		.  	 	 		\textit{Sex Roles}  		1992. 27 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Sagrillo Scarpati et al. ()]{b54}\label{b54} 	 		‘Adaptação da escala de aceitação dos mitos do estupro: Evidências de validade’.  		 			A Sagrillo Scarpati 		,  		 			V Martins Guerra 		,  		 			C N B Duarte 		.  	 	 		\textit{Avaliação Psicológica}  		2014. 13 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Cyranowski et al. ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		‘Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model’.  		 			J M Cyranowski 		,  		 			E Frank 		,  		 			E Young 		,  		 			M K Shear 		.  	 	 		\textit{Archives of General Psychiatry}  		2000. 57 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Abbey et al. ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Alcohol and dating risk factors for sexual assault among college women’.  		 			A R Abbey 		,  		 			L T Mcduffie 		,  		 			D Mcauslan 		,  		 			P 		.  	 	 		\textit{Psychology of Women Quarterly}  		1996. 20 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Richardson and Campbell ()]{b53}\label{b53} 	 		‘Alcohol and rape: The effect of alcohol on atributions of blame for rape’.  		 			D C Richardson 		,  		 			L Campbell 		.  	 	 		\textit{Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin}  		1992. 8 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mcmahon and Farmer ()]{b42}\label{b42} 	 		‘An updated measure for assessing subtle rape myths’.  		 			S Mcmahon 		,  		 			G Farmer 		.  	 	 		\textit{Social Work Research}  		2011. 35  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Grubb and Emily ()]{b28}\label{b28} 	 		‘Attribution of blame in rape cases: A review of the impact of rape myth acceptance, gender role conformity and substance use on victim blaming’.  		 			A Grubb 		,  		 			T Emily 		.  	 	 		\textit{Aggression and Violent Behavior}  		2012. 17 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Qi et al. ()]{b51}\label{b51} 	 		‘Attributions of responsibility, blame and justifiability to a perpetrator and victim in an acquaintance rape scenario: The influence of Marijuana intoxication’.  		 			S J Qi 		,  		 			L C Starfelt 		,  		 			K M White 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Sexual Aggression}  		2016. 22 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Persson et al. ()]{b48}\label{b48} 	 		‘Attributions of victim blame in stranger and acquaintance rape: A quantitative study’.  		 			S Persson 		,  		 			K Dhingra 		,  		 			S Grogan 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Clinical Nursing}  		2018. 27 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Gravelin et al. ()]{b27}\label{b27} 	 		‘Blaming the victim of acquaintance rape: Individual, situational, and sociocultural factors’.  		 			C R Gravelin 		,  		 			M Biernat 		,  		 			C E Bucher 		.  	 	 		\textit{Frontiers in Psychology}  		2018. 9 p. 2422.  	 
\bibitem[Parker ()]{b45}\label{b45} 	 		\textit{Bodies, Pleasures, and Passions. Sexual Culture in Contemporary Brazil},  		 			R G Parker 		.  		1991. Boston: Beacon Press.  	 
\bibitem[Baltieri and Andrade ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Comparing serial and nonserial sexual offenders: Alcohol and street drug consumption, impulsiveness and history of sexual abuse’.  		 			D A Baltieri 		,  		 			A G Andrade 		.  	 	 		\textit{Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria}  		2008. 30 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Taschler and West ()]{b59}\label{b59} 	 		\textit{Contact with counter-stereotypical women predicts less sexism},  		 			M Taschler 		,  		 			K West 		.  		2017.  	 
\bibitem[Arata ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Coping with rape: The roles of prior sexual abuse and attitudes of blame’.  		 			C M Arata 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Interpersonal Violence}  		1999. 14 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Henrich ()]{b32}\label{b32} 	 		‘Culture and social behavior’.  		 			J Henrich 		.  	 	 		\textit{Behavioral Sciences}  		2015. 3 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Hu and Bentler ()]{b33}\label{b33} 	 		‘Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives’.  		 			L Hu 		,  		 			P M Bentler 		.  	 	 		\textit{Structural Equation Modeling}  		1999. 6 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kornreich et al. ()]{b39}\label{b39} 	 		‘Deficits in recognition of emotional facial expression are still present in alcoholics after mid-to long-term abstinence’.  		 			C Kornreich 		,  		 			S Blairy 		,  		 			P Philippot 		,  		 			U Hess 		,  		 			X Noel 		,  		 			E Streel 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Studies on Alcohol}  		2001. 62 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ford and Erlinger ()]{b22}\label{b22} 	 		‘Depression and C-reactive protein in US adults: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey’.  		 			D E Ford 		,  		 			T P Erlinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Archives of Internal Medice}  		2004. 164 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Gavin et al. ()]{b24}\label{b24} 	 		‘Diagnostic validity of the drug abuse screening test in the assessment of DSM-III drug disorders’.  		 			D R Gavin 		,  		 			H E Ross 		,  		 			H A Skinner 		.  	 	 		\textit{British Journal of Addiction}  		1989. 84 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Miller et al. ()]{b43}\label{b43} 	 		‘Drug effects on responses to emotional facial expressions: Recent findings’.  		 			M A Miller 		,  		 			A K Bershad 		,  		 			H De Wit 		.  	 	 		\textit{Behavioural Pharmacology}  		2015. 26 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Parsons et al. ()]{b46}\label{b46} 	 		‘Factors related to childhood sexual abuse among gay/bisexual male Internet escorts’.  		 			J T Parsons 		,  		 			D S Bimbi 		,  		 			J A Koken 		,  		 			P N Halkitis 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Child Sexuao Abuse}  		2005. 14 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Preller et al. ()]{b50}\label{b50} 	 		‘Functional changes of the reward system underlie blunted response to social gaze in cocaine users’.  		 			K H Preller 		,  		 			M Herdener 		,  		 			L Schilbach 		,  		 			P Stampfli 		,  		 			L M Hulka 		,  		 			M Vonmoos 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences},  				 (National Academy of Sciences)  		2014. 111 p. .  	 	 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't) 
\bibitem[Kalichman et al. ()]{b36}\label{b36} 	 		‘Gender attitudes, sexual violence, and HIV/AIDS risks among men and women in Cape Town’.  		 			S C Kalichman 		,  		 			L C Simbayi 		,  		 			M Kaufman 		,  		 			D Cain 		,  		 			C Cherry 		,  		 			S Jooste 		,  		 			V Mathiti 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Sex Research}  		2005. 42 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Stoll et al. ()]{b56}\label{b56} 	 		‘Gender-Blind sexism and rape myth acceptance’.  		 			L C Stoll 		,  		 			T G Lilley 		,  		 			K Pinter 		.  	 	 		\textit{Violence Against Women}  		2017. 23 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Hayes ()]{b31}\label{b31} 	 		\textit{Holy harlots: Femininity, sexuality, \& black magic in Brazil},  		 			K E Hayes 		.  		2011. London: California University Press.  	 
\bibitem[Chapleau et al. ()]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		‘How ambivalent sexism toward women and men support rape myth acceptance’.  		 			K M Chapleau 		,  		 			D Oswalds 		,  		 			B L Russel 		.  	 	 		\textit{Sex Roles}  		2007. 57 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Dawtry et al. ()]{b18}\label{b18} 	 		‘I blame therefore it was: Rape myth acceptance, victim blaming, and memory reconstruction’.  		 			R J Dawtry 		,  		 			P J Cozzolino 		,  		 			M J Callan 		.  	 	 		\textit{Personality and Social Psycholoy Bulletin}  		2019. 45 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Halkitis and Parsons ()]{b29}\label{b29} 	 		‘Intentional unsafe sex (barebacking) among HIV-positive gay men who seek sexual partners on the internet’.  		 			P N Halkitis 		,  		 			J T Parsons 		.  	 	 		\textit{AIDS Care}  		2003. 15 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Schmitt et al. ()]{b55}\label{b55} 	 		‘Justice sensitivity: Assessment and location in the personality space’.  		 			M Schmitt 		,  		 			M Gollwitzer 		,  		 			J Maes 		,  		 			D Arbach 		.  	 	 		\textit{European Journal of Psychological Assessment}  		2005. 21 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mclindon and Harms ()]{b41}\label{b41} 	 		‘Listening to mental health workers' experiences: Factors influencing their work with women who disclose sexual assault’.  		 			E Mclindon 		,  		 			L Harms 		.  	 	 		\textit{International Journal of Mental Health Nursing}  		2011. 20 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Brewster and Moradi ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘Perceived experiences of antibisexual prejudice: Instrument development and evaluation’.  		 			M Brewster 		,  		 			B Moradi 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Counseling Psychology}  		2010. 57 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Bridges ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		‘Perceptions of date and stranger rape: A difference in sex role expectations and rapesupportive beliefs’.  		 			J Bridges 		.  	 	 		\textit{Sex Roles}  		1991. 24 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Abrams et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity’.  		 			D Abrams 		,  		 			G T Viki 		,  		 			B Masser 		,  		 			G Bohner 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}  		2003. 84 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Hamburger et al. ()]{b30}\label{b30} 	 		‘Persistence of inconsistent condom use: Relation to abuse history and HIV serostatus’.  		 			M E Hamburger 		,  		 			J Moore 		,  		 			L J Koenig 		,  		 			D Vlahov 		,  		 			E E Schoenbaum 		,  		 			P Schuman 		,  		 			K Mayer 		.  	 	 		\textit{AIDS and Behavior}  		2004. 8 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Acadam ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Political process and the development of black insurgency 1930-1970},  		 			D Acadam 		.  		1999. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  	 
\bibitem[Cortez et al. ()]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		‘Psychosocial pathways to inconsistent condom use among male sex workers: Personality, drug misuse and criminality’.  		 			F C Cortez 		,  		 			D P Boer 		,  		 			D A Baltieri 		.  	 	 		\textit{Sexual Health}  		2011. 8 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Carmody and Washington ()]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		‘Rape myth acceptance among college women’.  		 			D C Carmody 		,  		 			L M Washington 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Interpersonal Violence}  		2001. 16 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Payne et al. ()]{b47}\label{b47} 	 		‘Rape myth acceptance: Exploration of its structure and its measurement using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale’.  		 			D A Payne 		,  		 			K A Lonsway 		,  		 			L F Fitzgerald 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Research in Personality}  		1999. 33 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kamdar et al. ()]{b37}\label{b37} 	 		‘Rape: Is it a lifestyle or behavioral problem?’.  		 			Z N Kamdar 		,  		 			J K Kosambiya 		,  		 			B L Chawada 		,  		 			M Verma 		,  		 			A Kadia 		.  	 	 		\textit{Indian Journal of Psychiatry}  		2017. 59 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ekendahl et al. ()]{b20}\label{b20} 	 		‘Risk and responsibilization: Resistance and compliance in Swedish treatment for youth cannabis use’.  		 			M Ekendahl 		,  		 			J Mânsson 		,  		 			P Karlsson 		.  	 	 		\textit{Drugs: Educational, Prevention and Policy}  		2020. 27 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kalichman et al. ()]{b35}\label{b35} 	 		‘Sensation seeking as an explanation for the association between substance use and HIV-related risky sexual behavior’.  		 			S C Kalichman 		,  		 			T Heckman 		,  		 			J A Kelly 		.  	 	 		\textit{Archives of Sexual Behavior}  		1996. 25 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ramiro-Sanchez et al. ()]{b52}\label{b52} 	 		‘Sexism and sexual risk behavior in adolescents: Gender differences’.  		 			T Ramiro-Sanchez 		,  		 			M T Ramiro 		,  		 			M P Bermudez 		,  		 			G Buela-Casal 		.  	 	 		\textit{International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology}  		2018. 18 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Jain et al. ()]{b34}\label{b34} 	 		‘Sexual attitudes and myths among medical and non medical students: An exploratory study’.  		 			D Jain 		,  		 			G D Koolwal 		,  		 			S Gehlot 		,  		 			A Awasthi 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour}  		2011. 2 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Beck et al. ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘Short form of depression inventory: Cross-validation’.  		 			A T Beck 		,  		 			W Y Rial 		,  		 			K Rickels 		.  	 	 		\textit{Psychological Reports}  		1974. 34 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kelly et al. ()]{b38}\label{b38} 	 		‘Stress and coping among HIV-positive barebackers’.  		 			B C Kelly 		,  		 			D S Bimbi 		,  		 			H Izienicki 		,  		 			J T Parsons 		.  	 	 		\textit{AIDS and Behavior}  		2009. 13 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Maddux and Yuki ()]{b40}\label{b40} 	 		‘The "ripple effect": Cultural differences in perceptions of the consequences of events’.  		 			W W Maddux 		,  		 			M Yuki 		.  	 	 		\textit{Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin}  		2006. 32 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Glick and Fiske ()]{b26}\label{b26} 	 		‘The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism’.  		 			P Glick 		,  		 			S T Fiske 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}  		1996. 70 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Dressler et al. ()]{b19}\label{b19} 	 		‘The cultural construction of social support in Brazil: associations with health outcomes’.  		 			W W Dressler 		,  		 			M C Balieiro 		,  		 			J E Santos 		.  	 	 		\textit{Medicine, and Psychiatry}  		1997. 21 p. .  	 	 (Culture) 
\bibitem[Davis ()]{b16}\label{b16} 	 		‘The influence of alcohol expectancies and intoxication on men's aggressive unprotected sexual intentions’.  		 			K C Davis 		.  	 	 		\textit{Experimental Clinical Psychopharmacology}  		2010. 18 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mouilso and Calhoun ()]{b44}\label{b44} 	 		‘The role of rape myth acceptance and psychopathy in sexual assault perpetration’.  		 			E R Mouilso 		,  		 			K S Calhoun 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Agression, Maltreatment \& Trauma}  		2013. 22 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Furlanetto et al. ()]{b23}\label{b23} 	 		‘The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form as a screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe depression in medical inpatients’.  		 			L M Furlanetto 		,  		 			M V Mendlowicz 		,  		 			J Bueno 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Affective Disorders}  		2005. 86 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Feiring et al. ()]{b21}\label{b21} 	 		‘Trying to understand why horrible things happen: Attribution, shame, and symptom development following sexual abuse’.  		 			C Feiring 		,  		 			L Taska 		,  		 			K Chen 		.  	 	 		\textit{Child Maltreatment}  		2002. 7 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Tabachnick and Fidell ()]{b58}\label{b58} 	 		\textit{Using Multivariate Statistics},  		 			B G Tabachnick 		,  		 			L S Fidell 		.  		2007. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.  	 
\bibitem[Gilson et al. ()]{b25}\label{b25} 	 		‘Validation of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) in older adults’.  		 			K M Gilson 		,  		 			C Bryant 		,  		 			B Bei 		,  		 			A Komiti 		,  		 			H Jackson 		,  		 			F Judd 		.  	 	 		\textit{Addictive Behaviors}  		2013. 38 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Balsam et al. ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘Victimization over the life span: A comparison of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings’.  		 			K F Balsam 		,  		 			E D Rothblum 		,  		 			T P Beauchaine 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology}  		2005. 73 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Daigle ()]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		\textit{Victimology: The essentials},  		 			L E Daigle 		.  		2013. Thousand Oaks; Sage.  	 
\bibitem[Albert ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘Why is depression more prevalent in women’.  		 			P R Albert 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Psychiatry \& Neurosciences}  		2015. 40 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Basow and Minieri ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘You owe me": Effects of date cost, who pays, participant gender, and rape myth beliefs on perceptions of rape’.  		 			S A Basow 		,  		 			A Minieri 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Interpersonal Violence}  		2011. 26 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Davis and Logan-Greene ()]{b17}\label{b17} 	 		‘Young men's use of aggressive tactics to avoid condom use: A test of a theoretical model’.  		 			K C Davis 		,  		 			P Logan-Greene 		.  	 	 		\textit{Social Work Research}  		2012. 36 p. .  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}