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\textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Weaam Mohammed Moslim} \affil[1]{ Babylon University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2019 Accepted: 3 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The objectives of this study were to test the effect of Nd: YAG Laser welding parameters (WP, PE, Ton and WS) on the HAZ of C.P Ti and T-6Al-7Nb alloys. The chosen Nd: YAG Laser welding parameters were three levels and CCD was selected to design the experiments. A 2nd regression equation relating to outputs and Nd: YAG Laser welding parameters was developed by using RSM. The result conducted that all the main effects of input parameters, i.e., WP, PE, Ton, and WS were found to be highly significant in affecting the HAZ. \end{abstract} \keywords{Nd: YAG laser welding, Cp. Ti alloy, Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, Heat affected zone(HAZ), RSM Technique.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \par Optimizing the Combination of Different Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Beam Welding Process Parameters to Attain Minimum HAZ for Thin Cp.Ti with Ti-6Al-7Nb Sheets using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Method \section[{Weaam Mohammed Moslim}]{Weaam Mohammed Moslim}\par Author: College of Materials Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq. e-mail: Weaammohammed73@yahoo.com Laser-beam welding has been emonstrated to be an effective technique for dental laboratory work \hyperref[b1]{[2,}\hyperref[b2]{3]}. In general, laser welding has some advantages compared with conventional dental soldering:\par 1. With the use of laser welding, it is easier and more simple to connect dental alloys because no further materials, such as investment or gas torches, are needed, and welding can be performed directly on the model \hyperref[b3]{[4,}\hyperref[b4]{5]}. 2. Laser-welded pieces may have higher corrosion resistance because laser welding can weld parent metals without solder or with solder consisting of the same metal. 3. Because laser energy can be concentrated in small area, there is a smaller heat-affected zone. 4. Oxidation on the area surrounding the spot is minimal, because laser welding is performed in argon atmosphere.\par Laser welding might be suitable for joining dental prostheses made of titanium because of its high reactivity to oxygen at high temperature \hyperref[b5]{[6]}\hyperref[b6]{[7]}\hyperref[b7]{[8]}.\par Pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding is one of the few techniques suitable for joining thin sheet metals. Small heat affected zone (HAZ), low heat input periuniti volume, high degree of automation and high welding speed are the merits of laser welding technology \hyperref[b8]{[9]}. Titanium alloys can be welded using a pulsed mode laser. In pulsed laser applications, a small molten pool is formed by each laser pulse and within a few milliseconds it resolidifies \hyperref[b9]{[10]}. But the control of the Nd: YAG laser welding parameters to attain small HAZ in the CP. Ti and/or Ti6Al7Nb welding process remain hugeI.\par Introductioni n the recent decade, commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and titanium alloys have expanded in their range of dental applications-dental implants, crowns, and fixed/removable partial dentures, due to its superior biocompatibility. However, disadvantages of CP. Ti have also been pointed out, such as lake of mechanical strength for some dental applications and poor wear resistance. There is also a concern about the cytotoxicity of vanadium in Ti6Al-4V alloy, With high mechanical properties and biocompatibility, Ti-6AI-7Nb alloy was consequently introduced to be an alternative to CP.Ti or Ti-6Al-4V alloy as a dental casting alloy.\par Soldering is a common method that joins dental alloy prostheses for clinical use although the corrosion resistance of the soldered materials is a concern. However, soldering is not suitable for joining CP.Ti or titanium alloys because of the decrease in corrosion resistance and biocompatibility due to the contact of different types of metal. Other methods for joining CP.Ti or titanium alloys have been introduced, such as plasma welding, tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding and infrared brazing, but the disadvantage of large heat affected zone created by plasma welding, TIG and infrared brazing was also reported, In addition, I these methods require filler metals that could potentially reduce corrosion resistance. Against these disadvantages, laser welding has become a preferred method to join metals in dentistry, especially for CP. Ti and titanium alloys. As most of the studies focused mainly on CP. Ti, laser welding on titanium alloys, especially Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, has not yet been sufficiently investigated \hyperref[b0]{[1]}.\par problem in relation to their microstructure. Depending on the method, the weld could result in a very narrow or fairly wide fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) due to the heat input experienced by the work piece \hyperref[b10]{[11]}. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par Experimental was carried out on commercial purity titanium (Ti) and Ti-6Al-7Nb with 100 × 50 mm and 1.5 mm thickness. The major chemical composition and mechanical/physical properties of this alloys are listed in Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}. In the present investigation, all the experiments were performed on Pulse Nd-YAG laser welding as a source of laser (model Haas HL3006D), accompanied with high speed imaging (HIS), this laser is able to radiate a continuous wave mode (this mode was actually used in the experiments) with upto 3KW and predetermined were recorded using a high speed imaging system. Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{1} is how the employed laser system. A coaxial nozzle is used purging pure argon gas (purity 99.998) with the laser beam. The pulsed Nd: YAG laser has adjustable pulse shape which offers high flexibility in optimizing the weld parameters to achieve defect free joints. \section[{Response Surface Methodology}]{Response Surface Methodology}\par Response surface methodology(RSM) is a combination of mathematical, statistical method and it can be used to develop the regression model and optimization of engineering problems \hyperref[b11]{[12]}. It is one of the design of experiments method used to approximate an unknown function for which only a few values are computed. These relations are then modeled by using least square error fitting of the response surface. A Central Composite Design (CCD) is used since it gives a comparatively accurate prediction of all response variable averages related to quantities measured during experimentation \hyperref[b13]{[13]}. CCD offers the advantage that certain level adjustments are acceptable and can be applied in the two-step chronological RSM. In these methods, there is a possibility that the experiments will stop with a few runs and decide that the prediction model is satisfactory. In CCD, the limits of the experimental domain to be explored are defined and are made as wide as possible to obtain a clear response from the model. The WP, PE, Ton, and WS are the welding variables selected for this investigation. The different levels taken for this study are depicted in Table2 Year 2020 Global Journal of Medical Research Volume XX Issue XIV Version I ( D D D D ) K 2.\par The arrangement to conduct the experiments using a CCD with four variables, the cardinal points used are sixteen cube points, eight axial points and six center point, in total of 30 runs in three blocks \hyperref[b14]{[14]}. The values of DOP and BW are shown in Table {\ref 3}. The second order model is normally used when the response function is not known or nonlinear. In the present study, a second order model has been utilize. The experimental values are analyzed and the mathematical model is then developed that illustrate the relationship between the process variable and response. The second order model in equation ( {\ref 1}) explains the behavior of the system \hyperref[b15]{[15]}.Yi = b oi + ? b i k i=1 x i i + ? b ii x i 2 k i=1 i + ? b ij x i x j ± ? 2 i