@incollection{,
	
					
					
					1791EACF408EE25CFE3D112FE5FB183F
				,
	author={{Bayode, MichaelTosin}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Medical Research}},
	journal={{GJMR}}2249-46180975-588810.34257/GJMR,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}2112735
}

@incollection{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study}}
		,
	author={{
			NChen
		} and {
			MZhou
		} and {
			XDong
		} and {
			JQu
		} and {
			FGong
		} and {
			YHan
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet}}
		
			395
			
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship}}
		,
	author={{
			KMizumoto
		} and {
			KKagaya
		} and {
			AZarebski
		} and {
			GChowell
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Euro Surveill}}
		
			25
			2020
			,
	year={2020. 2000180}
		
	

}

@incollection{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples}}
		,
	author={{
			YWu
		} and {
			CGuo
		} and {
			LTang
		} and {
			ZHong
		} and {
			JZhou
		} and {
			XDong
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol}}
		
			5
			
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{The spread of bacterial infection. The problem of herd-immunity}}
		,
	author={{
			WwcTopley
		} and {
			GSWilson
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Epidemiol. Infect}}
		
			21
			
			,
	year={1923}
		
	

}

@incollection{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{Herd immunity: History, theory, practice}}
		,
	author={{
			PEFine
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Epidemiol. Rev}}
		
			15
			
			,
	year={1993}
		
	

}

@incollection{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{Vaccination and herd immunity: What more do we know?}}
		,
	author={{
			HRashid
		} and {
			GKhandaker
		} and {
			RBooy
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Curr. Opin. Infect Dis}}
		
			25
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{Herd immunity": A rough guide}}
		,
	author={{
			PFine
		} and {
			KEames
		} and {
			DLHeymann
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Clin. Infect. Dis}}
		
			52
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
		,
	author={{
			DRSmith
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Herd Immunity. Vet. Clin. Pract}}
		
			35
			
			,
	year={2019}
		
	

}

@incollection{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{Herd immunity: Recent uses in vaccine assessment}}
		,
	author={{
			GGoncalves
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Expert Rev. Vaccines}}
		
			7
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b9,
	
	
		,
	title={{Universal pneumococcal vaccination provides marked indirect beneficial effects through herd immunity}}
		,
	author={{
			MKorppi
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Acta Paediatr}}
		
			107
			
			,
	year={2018}
		
	

}

@incollection{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{Inclusion of the value of herd immunity in economic evaluations of vaccines. A systematic review of methods used}}
		,
	author={{
			LSNymark
		} and {
			TSharma
		} and {
			AMiller
		} and {
			UEnemark
		} and {
			UKGriffiths
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Vaccine}}
		
			35
			
			,
	year={2017}
		
	

}

@incollection{b11,
	
	
		,
	title={{Unmasking herd protection by an oral cholera vaccine in a cluster-randomized trial}}
		,
	author={{
			MAli
		} and {
			FQadri
		} and {
			DRKim
		} and {
			TIslam
		} and {
			JIm
		} and {
			FAhmmed
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int. J. Epidemol}}
		
			48
			
			,
	year={2019}
		
	

}

@incollection{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessing herd immunity against rubella in Japan: A retrospective seroepidemiological analysis of age-dependent transmission dynamics}}
		,
	author={{
			RKinoshita
		} and {
			HNishiura
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{BMJ Open}}
		
			6
			,
	year={2016}
		
	

}

@incollection{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{Chikungunya virus infection: Report of the first case diagnosed in Rio de Janeiro}}
		,
	author={{
			IgcdAlbuquerque
		} and {
			RMarandino
		} and {
			APMendonça
		} and {
			RmrNogueira
		} and {
			PfdcVasconcelos
		} and {
			LRGuerra
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop}}
		
			45
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Herd immunity-estimating the level required to halt the COVID-19 epidemics in affected countries}}
		,
	author={{
			KOKwok
		} and {
			FLai
		} and {
			WIWei
		} and {
			SysWong
		} and {
			JWTang
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J. Infect}}
		
			80
			
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b15,
	
	
		,
	title={{Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: an observational cohort study}}
		,
	author={{
			EMiller
		} and {
			NJAndrews
		} and {
			PAWaight
		} and {
			MSlack
		} and {
			RGeorge
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet Infect Dis}}
		
			11
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b16,
	
	
		,
	title={{Congenital and neonatal varicella: impact of the national varicella vaccination programme in Australia}}
		,
	author={{
			GKhandaker
		} and {
			HMarshall
		} and {
			EPeadon
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Arch Dis Child}}
		
			96
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{Effect of influenza vaccination of children on infection rates in Hutterite communities: a randomized trial}}
		,
	author={{
			MLoeb
		} and {
			MLRussell
		} and {
			LMoss
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{JAMA}}
		
			303
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{Post-licensure experience with rotavirus vaccination in high and middle income countries}}
		,
	author={{
			BALopman
		} and {
			DCPayne
		} and {
			JETate
		} and {
			MMPatel
		} and {
			MMCortese
		} and {
			UDParashar
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Curr Opin Virol}}
		
			2
			4
			
			,
	year={2006 to 2011. 2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b19,
	
	
		,
	title={{Herd immunity: Basic concept and relevance to public health immunization practices}}
		,
	author={{
			JPFox
		} and {
			LElveback
		} and {
			WScott
		} and {
			LGatewood
		} and {
			EAckerman
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Am. J. Epidemiol}}
		
			94
			
			,
	year={1971}
		
	

}

@incollection{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)}}
		,
	author={{
			TSinghal
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Indian J. Pediatr}}
		
			87
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b21,
	
	
		,
	title={{Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice}}
		,
	author={{
			XPeng
		} and {
			XXu
		} and {
			YLi
		} and {
			LCheng
		} and {
			XZhou
		} and {
			BRen
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int. J. Oral Sci}}
		
			12
			9
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b22,
	
	
		,
	title={{Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2}}
		,
	author={{
			GZhou
		} and {
			QZhao
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int. J. Biol. Sci}}
		
			16
			1718
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@book{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered 2 patient cohort and their implications}}
		,
	author={{
			JXun
		} and {
			LLu
		} and {
			SJiang
		} and {
			HLu
		} and {
			YWen
		} and {
			JHuang
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={Medrxiv 2020}
		
	

}

@book{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Herd immunity: Understanding COVID-19}}
		,
	author={{
			HRandolph
		} and {
			LBBarreiro
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2020}
			,
	publisher={Cell Press}
			
		
	

}

@book{b25,
	
	
		,
	title={{World Health Organization (WHO) guide for standardization of economic evaluations of immunization programmes}}
		
			,
	year={2008}
		
	
	,
	note={WHO/1VB/08.14. This publication is available on the internet at: www.who.int/vaccines-documents}

}

@incollection{b26,
	
	
		,
	title={{Herd immunity and herd effect: New insights and definitions}}
		,
	author={{
			TJJohn
		} and {
			RSamuel
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Eur. J. Epidemiol}}
		
			16
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@incollection{b27,
	
	
		,
	title={{Elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease from the Gambia after introduction of a Hib conjugate vaccine: A prospective study}}
		,
	author={{
			RAdegbola
		} and {
			OSecka
		} and {
			GLahai
		} and {
			NLloyd-Evans
		} and {
			ANjie
		} and {
			SUsen
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet}}
		
			366
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{Estimation of the indirect effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in an American Indian population}}
		,
	author={{
			LHMoulton
		} and {
			SChung
		} and {
			JCroll
		} and {
			RReid
		} and {
			RCWeatherholtz
		} and {
			MSantosham
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int. J. Epidemiol}}
		
			29
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@book{b29,
	
	
		,
	title={{Importance of suppression and mitigation measures in managing COVID-19 outbreaks. medRxiv}}
		,
	author={{
			MEHochberg
		}}
		
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b30,
	
	
		,
	title={{Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: Results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial}}
		,
	author={{
			PGautret
		} and {
			JCLagier
		} and {
			PParola
		} and {
			VTHoang
		} and {
			LMeddeb
		} and {
			MMailhe
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents}}
		
			105949
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{COVID-19: Combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments}}
		,
	author={{
			JStebbing
		} and {
			APhelan
		} and {
			IGrin
		} and {
			CTucker
		} and {
			OOechsle
		} and {
			DSmith
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet Infect. Dis}}
		
			20
			
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China}}
		,
	author={{
			YDong
		} and {
			XMo
		} and {
			YHu
		} and {
			XQi
		} and {
			FJiang
		} and {
			ZJiang
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pediatrics}}
		
			145
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b33,
	
	
		,
	title={{Super-spreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence}}
		,
	author={{
			JOLloyd-Smith
		} and {
			SJSchreiber
		} and {
			PEKopp
		} and {
			WMGetz
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Nature}}
		
			438
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b34,
	
	
		,
	title={{Secondary attack rate and superspreading events for SARS-CoV-2}}
		,
	author={{
			YLiu
		} and {
			RMEggo
		} and {
			AJKucharski
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet}}
		
			395
			e47
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019}}
		,
	author={{
			JZhao
		} and {
			QYuan
		} and {
			HWang
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Clin Infect Dis}}
		
			,
	year={March 28, 2020}
		
	
	,
	note={Published online}

}

@incollection{b36,
	
	
		,
	title={{Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019}}
		,
	author={{
			RWölfel
		} and {
			VMCorman
		} and {
			WGuggemos
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Nature. Published}}
		
			,
	year={online April 1, 2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b37,
	
	
		,
	title={{Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study}}
		,
	author={{
			KKTo
		} and {
			OTTsang
		} and {
			WSLeung
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet Infect Dis}}
		
			20
			5
			
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b38,
	
	
		,
	title={{A SEIR model for control of infectious diseases with constraints}}
		,
	author={{
			MhaBiswas
		} and {
			LTPaiva
		} and {
			DePinho
		} and {
			Mdr
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Math. Biosci. Eng}}
		
			11
			
			,
	year={2014}
		
	

}

@book{b39,
	
	
		,
	title={{Using network science to propose strategies for effectively dealing with pandemics: The COVID-19 example}}
		,
	author={{
			HAHerrmann
		} and {
			JMSchwartz
		}}
		
		medRxiv. 2020
		
	

}

@incollection{b40,
	
	
		,
	title={{Mathematical modelling of the propagation of infectious diseases: Where we came from, and where we are going}}
		,
	author={{
			MJFresnadillo-Martínez
		} and {
			EGarcia-Sanchez
		} and {
			EGarcia-Merino
		} and {
			JEGarcía-Sánchez
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Rev. Esp. Quim}}
		
			26
			
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b41,
	
	
		,
	title={{The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The experience of clinical immunologists from China}}
		,
	author={{
			WZhang
		} and {
			YZhao
		} and {
			FZhang
		} and {
			QWang
		} and {
			TLi
		} and {
			ZLiu
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Clin. Immunol}}
		
			214
			108393
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b42,
	
	
		,
	title={{Clinical and transmission dynamics characteristics of 406 children with coronavirus disease 2019 in China: a review}}
		,
	author={{
			YZhen-Dong
		} and {
			ZGao-Jun
		} and {
			JRun-Ming
		} and {
			LZhi-Sheng
		} and {
			DZong-Qi
		} and {
			XXiong
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J Infect}}
		
			,
	year={2020. April}
		
	

}

@incollection{b43,
	
	
		,
	title={{Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study}}
		,
	author={{
			QBi
		} and {
			YWu
		} and {
			SMei
		} and {
			CYe
		} and {
			XZou
		} and {
			ZZhang
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet Infect Dis}}
		
			,
	year={2020. April}
		
	

}

@incollection{b44,
	
	
		,
	title={{Individual variation in susceptibility or exposure to SARS-CoV-2 lowers the herd immunity threshold}}
		,
	author={{
			MGGomes
		} and {
			RMCorder
		} and {
			JGKing
		} and {
			KELangwig
		} and {
			CSouto-Maior
		} and {
			JCarneiro
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{medRxiv}}
		
			2020
			,
	year={2020. January}
		
	

}

@incollection{b45,
	
	
		,
	title={{Vaccine herd effect}}
		,
	author={{
			THKim
		} and {
			JJohnstone
		} and {
			MLoeb
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Scand J Infect Dis}}
		
			43
			9
			
			,
	year={2011. September}
		
	

}

@incollection{b46,
	
	
		,
	title={{Seasonal influenza and vaccine herd effect}}
		,
	author={{
			THKim
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Clin Exp Vaccine Res}}
		
			3
			2
			
			,
	year={2014}
		
	

}

@incollection{b47,
	
	
		,
	title={{Pneumococcal vaccines for children: a global public health priority}}
		,
	author={{
			LFPittet
		} and {
			KMPosfay-Barbe
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Clin Microbiol Infect}}
		
			18
			5
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b48,
	
	
		,
	title={{The potential effect of the African population age structure on COVID-19 mortality}}
		,
	author={{
			FMougeni
		} and {
			AMangaboula
		} and {
			BLell
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{medRxiv}}
		
			2020
			,
	year={2020. January}
		
	

}

@incollection{b49,
	
	
		,
	title={{A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19}}
		,
	author={{
			ACortegiani
		} and {
			GIngoglia
		} and {
			MIppolito
		} and {
			AGiarratano
		} and {
			SEinav
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J. Crit. Care}}
		
			57
			
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@book{b50,
	
	
		,
	title={{Reinfection Becoming an Issue in China, Strategist Says}}
		COVID-19
		
		
			,
	year={April 2020}
		
	
	,
	note={Available online}

}

@incollection{b51,
	
	
		,
	title={{A decade after SARS: Strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses}}
		,
	author={{
			RLGraham
		} and {
			EFDonaldson
		} and {
			RSBaric
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Nat. Rev. Microbiol}}
		
			11
			
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b52,
	
	
		,
	title={{Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: A reanalysis}}
		,
	author={{
			MAli
		} and {
			MEmch
		} and {
			VonSeidlein
		} and {
			LYunus
		} and {
			MSack
		} and {
			DARao
		} and {
			M
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Lancet}}
		
			366
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b53,
	
	
		,
	title={{Correlates of vaccine-induced immunity}}
		,
	author={{
			SAPlotkin
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Clin. Infect. Dis}}
		
			47
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b54,
	
	
		,
	title={{COVID-19 from veterinary medicine and one health perspectives: What animal coronaviruses have taught us}}
		,
	author={{
			DNicola
		} and {
			MVito
		} and {
			JSLinda
		} and {
			BCanio
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Res. Vet. Sci}}
		
			131
			
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b55,
	
	
		,
	title={{Fighting against a protean enemy: Immunosenescence, vaccines, and healthy aging}}
		,
	author={{
			GDel Giudice
		} and {
			JJGoronzy
		} and {
			BGrubeck-Loebenstein
		} and {
			PHLambert
		} and {
			TMrkvan
		} and {
			JJStoddard
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{NPJ Aging Mech. Dis}}
		
			4
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	year={2017}
		
	

}

@book{b56,
	
	
		,
	title={{Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on}}
		,
	author={{
			SFAhmed
		} and {
			AAQuadeer
		} and {
			MRMckay
		}}
		
		
		
	

}

@incollection{b57,
	
	
		,
	title={{SARS-CoV immunological studies}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Viruses}}
		
			12
			254
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}

@incollection{b58,
	
	
		,
	title={{Vaccine refusal revisited the limits of public health persuasion and coercion}}
		,
	author={{
			JColgrove
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{N. Eng. J. Med}}
		
			375
			
			,
	year={2016}
		
	

}

@incollection{b59,
	
	
		,
	title={{Understanding herd immunity}}
		,
	author={{
			CJMetcalf
		} and {
			MFerrari
		} and {
			ALGraham
		} and {
			BTGrenfell
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Trends Immunol}}
		
			36
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b60,
	
	
		,
	title={{The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19}}
		,
	author={{
			ACasadevall
		} and {
			LAPirofski
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J. Clin. Investig}}
		
			130
			
			,
	year={2020}
		
	

}