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\title{Effectiveness of an Awareness Programme on Drug Compliance among People with Selected Chronic Diseases}
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             \author[1]{Navaneetha.  M}

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\date{\small \em Received: 13 June 2021 Accepted: 1 July 2021 Published: 15 July 2021}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The compliance to drug treatment leads to the prevention of deaths from the disease. Nurses play a very important role in the adherence to treatment by patients. The study aims at exploring the level of drug compliance among people with chronic illness (hypertension and diabetes mellitus), factors that influence the decision of the person and evaluates an awareness programme on the identified issues. The study used a Survey and Evaluative Approach with survey and quasiexperimental design. Purposive sampling was used to collect data from Marne, Athrady, Herebettu which are rural areas and Malpe area of Manipal which is an urban area. Among 23535 population surveyed a total of 1286 (602 urban and 684 rural) samples with the disease and undergoing treatment were identified. 328(184 urban and 144 rural) people who were not complying to drugs were given awareness programme. The tools used were Demographic performa, Morisky scale, Srivastava Socioeconomic scale, scale for Health status (SF-36) and a scale to assess factors. The study was based on the Rosentoch?s, Becker and Maiman?s Health Belief model.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{drug compliance, moriskyscale, srivastava socioeconomic scale, scale for health status (SF-36), health belief model, awareness programme.}

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\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
edication compliance is defined as the extent to which a patient takes the medication as prescribed. There are multiple studies in the literature that report non compliance rates of 30\% to 50\% or higher based on the class of agents and population studies, when medication was to be taken over a long period, compliance rates dropped dramatically to approximately 50\% for either prevention or cure. The compliance to drug treatment leads to the prevention of deaths from the disease. In India studies of this nature are very few and hence the problem has to be explored.\par
A cross-sectional study was conducted by Cesar I. Fernandez-Lazaro etal, in primary healthcare centers of Spain which included 299 adult patients with ?1 chronic condition(s) and prescribed medication. The study used Morisky-Green-Levine questionnaire to assess medication adherence by interviews. 55.5\% were the proportion of adherent patients to treatment. The independent factors assessed were Older age, lower number of pharmacies used for medication refills (0.65, 95\% CI 0.47-0.90), having received complete treatment information (3.89, 95\% CI 2.09-7.21), having adequate knowledge about medication regimen (4.17, 95\% CI 2.23-7.80), and self-perception of a good quality of life (2.17, 95\% CI 1.18-4.02). To achieve appropriate levels of adherence tailored multifaceted interventions are required on the multidimensional factors found in this study, particularly those related to patients' education and their information needs.\par
The scope of the study developing a generic, individualized adhernce programme for chronic medication users was to describe the background for and content of an adherence counseling programme with a specific focus on an individualized, multidimensional adherence model for patients with a potential adherence problem (a so-called individualized systems model).\par
An intervention programme based on WHOs systems model for adherence was developed for implementation in primary health care and tested in a development project in Danish pharmacies in 2004-2005 by 27 patients in three pharmacies and 4 GP practices. Data were collected from the participants by registration forms, questionnaires, and focus groups.   tubers, sweets and fruits. The foods were specially included for the management of disorder by majority of diabetics (72\%). The food which was specially included was green leafy vegetables, bitter gourd, salads, ragi and spices. The habits practiced by men were smoking (14\%), drinking alcohol (48\%) and tobacco chewing was seen in very few men and women. Exercise was done by half of the diabetics (56\%) and half of the exercising subjects had started exercise only about a year back. About 30 and 16\% diabetics had poor knowledge of diabetes practices. Thus, the diabetics need education to improve the knowledge and practices for the proper management of disorder. The EAPACUM-HTA study in Spain at 40 primary care centres conducted for 6 months with newly diagnosed or uncontrolled hypertension included 250 patients. They were given an electronic monitor for measuring compliance (monitoring events medication system).Compliance observed was 74\% and 92\% in control group and intervention group.(95\% CI 81.2-94 and 80.7-98.3;P=0.0001). The number need to treat to avoid one case of noncompliance was 5.6 patients. The programme was found effective in improving compliance in arterial hypertension.\par
Nurses play a very important role in the adherence to treatment by patients. In the paper Nursing Care Management and Responsibility it is stated that: Improving patient compliance with treatment orders through health education and extending care to all patients, education will help patients to improve drug compliance.\par
The study aims at exploring the factors that influence the decision of the person suffering from chronic diseases, to comply with the regular drug regimen prescribed for them. The study also recommends means to organize an awareness programme on the identified issues. Thus ultimately contributing to one of the goal set by WHO i.e. to reduce death rates in chronic diseases. The objectives of the study are to:\par
1. Assess the level of drug compliance and identify the factors influencing it 2. Plan and evaluate the effect of an awareness programme on drug compliance II. 
\section[{Methodolgy}]{Methodolgy}\par
Research Among this a total of 1286 (602 urban and 684 rural) samples with the disease and undergoing treatment were identified. 328(184 urban and 144 rural) people who were not complying to drugs were given awareness programme. 
\section[{b) Procedure for Data Collection}]{b) Procedure for Data Collection}\par
House to house survey was done and people with either of the diseases taking any system of medicine were given the questionnaire. Those identified with drug non compliance was given teaching and there\par
Effectiveness of an Awareness Programme on Drug Compliance among People with Selected Chronic Diseases level of compliance and knowledge was assessed after 15 days. Data analysis was done based on the objectives and hypotheses stated in the study by using descriptive and inferential statistics 
\section[{c) Description of tool}]{c) Description of tool}\par
The following tools were used Demographic performa, Morisky scale, Srivastava Socioeconomic scale, scale for Health status (SF-36) and a scale to assess factors.\par
The Demographic performa consisted of variables including age, sex, education, occupation, place of residence, socio economic status, nature of disease and nature of treatment.\par
Morisky scale was used to assess the level of drug compliance which is a self administered tool. It includes 4 statements with Yes/no. It is measured as 0sure high adherence, 1-2-Medium adherence, 3-4-low adherence.\par
The Srivastava Socioeconomic scale was used in the study.\par
The factors were assessed with scales for Health status (SF-36) which is a scale with 36 questions to assess a person's health status and one prepared with statements on knowledge of patient, medical complexity, social support and patient-provider interaction. Each statement consists of 3 optionsalways, sometimes, never. This tool was purchased from author. The content validity index was 0.86.\par
The reliability of the tools was found to be ?=0.8231 by Cronbach alpha method. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Conceptual Framework}]{Conceptual Framework}\par
The study was based on the Rosentoch's, Becker and Maiman's Health Belief model. This model was developed to provide a framework for understanding why some people take specific actions to avoid illness, whereas others fail to protect themselves. The model was designed to predict which people would and would not use preventive measures and suggest interventions that might reduce client's reluctance to assess health care. There are three major components of the health belief model: individual perceptions, modifying factors and likelihood of action. In addition uses of cues to action such as mass media campaigns, advice from others, illness of family members or friends and newspaper and magazine article may help to motivate clients to take action.\par
The health belief model is beneficial in assessing health protection or disease prevention behaviours. It is also useful in organizing information about clients' views of their state of health and what factors may influence them to change their behavior. The model, when used appropriately provides organized assessment data about client's abilities and motivation to change their health status. Health education programs can be developed to fit the clients.\par
In this study the first component was individual perception which is the non compliance to drugs of hypertension and diabetes mellitus.\par
The second component was modifying factors which include the demographic variables and structural variables. The demographic variables include age, sex, socioeconomic status and nature of treatment. The structural variables are the factors which will influence the drug compliance.\par
The third component is likelihood of action, which includes perceived benefits minus perceived barriers for preventive action. In this study the benefit will be the gain in knowledge by the client which will lead to change in behavior. The barriers may be the number of drugs taken and socioeconomic status, etc. In addition to this the components on cues to action is the health awareness programme which can motivate the client to take action. 
\section[{Individual Modifying Factors}]{Individual Modifying Factors}\par
Likelihood of Perceptions Action  
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
Table Both tables show that there is a significant difference between level of drug compliance after the teaching and counseling programme. Further the knowledge aspect which was relating to the need for medicine intake was also assessed in pre and posttest The data in Table-2 describes the sample in terms of their level of drug compliance. In rural area 540(78.95\%) were adhering to drugs were as in urban area only 418(69.44\%) were adhering to the drugs.\par
There was a significant association between area and level of drug compliance. (? 2 =19.087, p<0.001) Among the factors identified that is Knowledge, Medical complexity, Social relations (Husband/wife, Family member, Friends) and Patient provider interaction system of medicine, medication prescribed. , SF 36 only factors of knowledge (? 2 =113.081, p<0.001), medical complexity (? 2 =90.814, p<0.001) and relation of husband or wife (? 2 =7.831, p=0.02) were significant. It was also found that there was a significant relationship between the area and factors for knowledge of medicines taken (Z=-2.708, p=0.007), relationship between sample and family member and friends to motivate to take medicines (Z=-4.668, p<0.001, Z=-4.527, p<0.001) and the health status score SF-36(Z=-2.117, p=0.034).\par
Further a regression analysis was done with the factors associated and it is concluded that there is a relationship between knowledge (OR= 1.28, CI-1.20-1.35, p<0.001), medical complexity (OR= 1.14, CI-1.10-1.19, p<0.001) and the people getting drug metformin (OR=0.278, CI-0.08-0.88, p<0.03) with sure complying of drugs. In medium compliance there was a relation with hypertension (OR=2.70, CI-1.39-5.24, p=0.003), diabetes (OR=2.84, CI-1.42-5.68, p=0.003), knowledge (OR=1.14, CI-1.07-1.22, p<0.001) and medical complexity (OR=1.05, CI-1.01-1.10, p=0.16). Hence it is concluded that knowledge and medical complexity were the two factors affecting drug compliance. of experimental group, Wilcoxin's sign rank test gave a significant relationship. (Z=-11.810, p=<0.001).\par
There was also a significant difference between the posttest knowledge of experimental and control group (Z=-7.540, p=<0.001) With all the above it is concluded there was a difference in the level of compliance between pretest and posttest V. 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
The study on Self-Reported Morisky Score for Identifying Nonadherence with Cardiovascular Medications reports that the Morisky medication adherence scale is a commonly used adherence screening tool. It is composed of 4 yes/no questions on past medication use patterns. Forty-nine of 377 (13\%) patients were categorized as non adherent; however, only 12 (3\%) patients had Morisky scores suggesting a high likelihood of non adherence  {\ref (3 or 4)}. The present study has identified 114(13.64\%) medium and 98(11.72\%) low out of 836 hypertensive patients.\par
In a study conducted by glycemic control and medication compliance in diabetic patients in a pharmacist managed clinic in Hong Kong; non compliant patients were assessed by nurses and sent to the pharmacist. The clients had to visit the clinic three times. Out of 95 patients, 91 gave complete data. The compliance rate at the beginning and at the end of third visit was 41.3±25.6 and 97.8±1.6, p<0.005. In the current study the diabetes with level of compliance and low were 116. The reasons for non compliance stated in the study is similar to the study findings with Forgetfulness 61.5\%, Adverse effects 25.3\%, Wrong belief about treatment 8.8\%, Not realizing that the treatment had been changed 6.6\% and others 2.2\% which are the points assessed under knowledge and medication complexity. These concepts had a scale score of mean 14.55±3.541 standard deviation in rural and 15.27±4.323 in the urban area and for medication complexity20.31±5.859 in rural and 20±6.433 in urban. equation model analysis showed that the following are negatively impacting adherence to medications: higher negative beliefs toward medications (beta = -0.46), marital status (being unmarried; beta = -0.14), nationality (being Kuwaiti; beta = 0.15), lower education level (beta = -0.14), and higher illness severity (beta = 0.15.\par
A study on Compliance and knowledge of hypertensive patients attending PHC centres in AL-Khobar, Saudi Arabia was a cross-sectional study of all hypertensive patients (190) attending four primary health centres. The mean age was 49.9±11.7 years, the overall compliance rate was 34.2\% which was lower in those aged <55 years than older patients (26.2\% versus 48.5\%, p< 0.001) and among educated than illiterate (30.4\% and 38.1\% respectively, p<0.001). The knowledge level regarding the disease was very minimal as 41.6\% of the patients thought that hypertension could have a permanent cure and 43.7\% that medication could be stopped once control was achieved. As to the etiology 66.3\% thought as emotional stress and 1.6\% as heredity. Hence an education on hypertension is essential among these patients. Among the people who did not comply to medicine most of them were hypertensives ie a total of 160 and most of them where in the age group of 51-60 years in both rural and urban area. In rural the level of compliance was 63(43.75\%) and urban 56(30.43\%). The females did not comply to drugs in both groups and they belonged to medium socioeconomic status.\par
In the study the multilevel compliance challenge; it is stated that compliance is a complex behavioural pattern strongly influenced by the environments in which the patients live, healthcare providers practice and health care systems delivery of care. The health care providers including pharmacists, nurses, psychologists etc who are involved in primary and secondary prevention play a role in enhancing compliance by interpreting recommendations, educating and motivating patients, monitoring responses to recommended behaviours and providing feedback. Maximum use of these services should be made by patients to overcome non compliance to drugs. Multilevel approach of education and behaviour change is important like consumer health education, provider education, etc.\par
In a study on assessment of impact of medication counseling on patients' medication knowledge and compliance in an outpatient clinic in B Another supporting study related to negative medication belief conducted in Kuwait as a prospective cross-sectional study for patients treated for chronic illnesses in the Ministry of Health primary care clinics was to identify self-reported adherence to medications, beliefs, and perceived sensitivity toward medications. Of the response rate of 68.1\%. 56.7\% were male, 73.7\% were married, 53.3\% were non-Kuwaitis, and 49.4\% had low income and had a mean of two comorbid illnesses. They had indicated taking an average of four prescription medicines to treat them. A structural There was a relationship between the knowledge and level of drug compliance in posttest of experimental group (? 2 =66.728, p<0.001).\par
11.78±3.5037). The current study also shows a significant difference in patient's level of compliance after an awareness programme (? 2 =282.14, p<0.001), the study also reveals a significant difference in knowledge levels(Z= -7.540, p<0.001). 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The study concludes that medication compliance differs in urban and rural populations, reasons mainly being knowledge and medical complexity. It also found appropriate awareness programme conducted can bring a change in the compliance.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{-} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.17554347826086955\textwidth}P{0.3695652173913043\textwidth}P{0.08315217391304348\textwidth}P{0.04619565217391304\textwidth}P{0.08315217391304348\textwidth}P{0.027717391304347826\textwidth}P{0.06467391304347826\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Level of drug compliance Posttest}\tabcellsep ? 2\tabcellsep df\tabcellsep p\\
\tabcellsep Sure\tabcellsep Medium\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Post test knowledge\tabcellsep 158\tabcellsep 128\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 66.728\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep <0.001\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table - 5}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2021 Global Journals} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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