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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{1998-06 2012-03-15 (revised: June 1998 15 March 2012)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{1998-06 2012-03-15} \title{A Ten Year Study of Management of Ischemic Heart Disease in a Tertiary Hospital in South West Nigeria} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ 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\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Omole kayode} \affil[1]{ University of Ibadan.} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 8 February 2012 Accepted: 2 March 2012 Published: 15 March 2012} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The Pharmacotherapy of drugs used in the management of ischemic heart disease at the University College Hospital (UCH) in Ibadan between June 1998 and May 2007, was studied retrospectively. The objective was to assess the rational use of the prescribed drugs and to determine the tolerability and benefits of using nitrates, betablockers, calcium channel blockers and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). A total of 52 case files of patients with ischemic heart disease were randomly selected from the central medical record department and used for the study. Information extracted includes demographic data, the prescribed drugs and side effects. Results showed that males 27(51.9%) were more affected with ischemic heart disease than females 25(48.1%). Age range between 51- 60 years were 15(28.8%) and constituted the highest percentage with mean 54.1 years. Nitrates 36 (30.5%) were the highest prescribed drugs followed by acetylsalicylic acid 29 (24.5%), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 14 (11.9%), beta blockers 13(10.9%), sedatives 11(9.3%), calcium channel blockers 8 (6.7%), morphine sulphate 4 (3.3%) and dopamine 3 (2.5%). Side effects documented were headache 8(19.2%), dizziness 5(12.2%), flushing 5(12.2%), tachycardia 4(9.7%), bronchoconstriction 2(4.8%), and depression 7(17.0%). There is a need for proper education of patients on dietary pattern, smoking ceasation, moderate exercise and drug compliance. \end{abstract} \keywords{ischemic heart disease, pharmacotherapy, management, prescriptions, patients.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par oronary heart disease (CHD) also known as coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition in which the vascular supply to the heart is impeded by artheroma, thrombosis or spasm of coronary arteries. This may impair the supply of oxygenated blood to the cardiac tissue sufficiently to cause myocardial ischemia which if severe or prolonged may cause death resulting from myocardial infarction \hyperref[b0]{1} .\par Ischemic heart disease (IHD) or myocardial ischemia is a disease characterized by ischemia (red-Authur ? : Department of Clinical Pharmacy \& Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan. E-mail : kayodeomole06@yahoo.com Author ? : Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. uced blood supply) to the heart muscle usually due to coronary artery disease (CAD). Angina pectoris is one of the primary manifestations of ischemic heart disease. Other manifestations include myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. \hyperref[b0]{1} In 1977, Ladipo and colleagues 2 documented coronary artery disease to be nonexistent in Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Abengowe in 1979 also studied 4,456 medical admissions at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Kaduna Nigeria. These include 354 cardiovascular patients. He concluded that coronary heart disease occurred only among non-Africans. \hyperref[b2]{3} Sani MU et al (2006) in Kano studied the case notes of 1347 patients with CVD over a period of five (5) years. The study which showed 46 cases of IHD, with 41(89.1\%) of whom were Nigerians suggested a change of epidemiology of this disease over the last three decades \hyperref[b3]{4} . Several authors have alluded to the factors that contribute to the increase in the incidence of coronary artery disease in our environment \hyperref[b4]{5} . These factors include urbanization, low level of physical activities, acquisition of unhealthy habits and diets of westernized population. World heart federation reports that global burden of cardiovascular disease is on the increase especially in the developing world. It is estimated that CVD will claim 30 million lives by the year 2020, 18.5 million of whom will be in the developing countries \hyperref[b5]{6} .\par Anti-angina drugs provide prophylactic or symptomatic treatment for IHD patients with angina symptoms. Beta adrenergic receptor antagonist reduces mortality apparently by decreasing the incidence of sudden cardiac death associated with myocardial ischemia and infarction7. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) also called aspirin is used at a homeopathic dose of 75mg to 300mg daily to reduce or prevent platelet aggregation and myocardial ischemia. The treatment of cardiac risk factors by aspirin reduces the progression and regression of atherosclerosis \hyperref[b6]{7} .\par The rational use of drugs used in the patients with ischemic heart disease has not been documented. This led to this study which assessed the rational use of drugs in the management of ischemic heart disease over a period of 10 years at the University College Inpatients and outpatients from cardiology unit with symptoms of ischemic heart disease were included in the study while inpatients and outpatients without symptoms of ischemic heart disease were excluded. A total of all 52 patients who were treated for ischemic heart disease over a period of ten years were used for the study. The sample size was small because the whole population was used. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 15.0 software programme for frequency distribution and cross tabulation.\par The UI/UCH institutional review committee of the institute for advanced medical research and training (IMRAT) gave the ethical approval to conduct the study. The ethical approval was dated 31/03/2009 with IRC protocol no UI/EC/09/0049. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results}]{Results}\par Table {\ref 1} shows the age and sex distribution of patients with ischemic heart disease. Nine (17.3\%) patients aged between 31 and 40 years, 7 (13.5\%) aged between 41 and 50 years, while 15, 10 and 11 patients aged between 51 and 60 years, 61 and 70 years and 70 years and above respectively. There were 27 (51.9\%) males and 25 (48.1\%) females. Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2} shows that there was statistical significant association between the age and sex of patients with ischemic heart disease. P < 0.05.\par Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} indicates drugs prescribed for patients with ischemic heart disease. Nineteen (16.1\%) patients were prescribed sublingual glyceride trinitrate, 17 (14.4\%) were prescribed oral isosorbide dinitrate, 4 (3.3\%) on propranolol, 2 (1.7\%) on acebutol, 5 (4.2\%) on atenolol, 2(1.7\%) on metoprolol, 1 (2.8\%) on dilitiazem, 4(3.5\%) on nifedipine, 3 (2.5\%) on amlodipine, 29 (24.5\%) on aspirin, 11 (9.8\%) on sedatives, 4 (3.3\%) on morphine sulphate, while 14 (11.9\%) and 3 (2.5\%) were on angiotensine converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and dopamine respectively.\par Table \hyperref[tab_4]{4} shows that aspirin was used as a combination drug in patients with ischemic heart disease. Twenty (38.5\%) patients were on aspirin + sublingual nitroglycerine tablet, 8 (15.4\%) on aspirin + sublingual nitroglycerin + beta blockers, 4 (7.7\%) on aspirin + sublingual nitroglycerin + calcium channel blocker, 11 (21.1\%) on aspirin + sublingual nitroglycerin + ACEI, 1 (1.9\%) on aspirin + sublingual nitroglycerin + lipitol, while 8 (15.4\%) were on aspirin + glyceride trinitrate + ACEI + calcium channel blocker.\par Table \hyperref[tab_5]{5} shows side effect of prescribed drugs. Eight (19.2\%) patients had headache, 5 (12.1\%) had dizziness, 5 (12.1\%) had flushing, 4 (9.7\%) had tachycardia, 2 (4.8\%) had cough (bronchoconstriction), 7 (17.0\%) had depression while 10 (24.3\%) patients had hypoglycemia. In 11 (21.2\%) patients, there was no side effect documented. \section[{IV.}]{IV.} \section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par Table {\ref 1} show that males 27(51.2\%) were more prone to ischemic heart disease than females 25(48.1\%). This result was supported by the findings of Sani in Kano where incidence in males was found to be higher than in females \hyperref[b3]{4} . This high incidence may be attributed to hypertension which occurs more commonly in males than females as important risk factors for IHD \hyperref[b6]{7} . In addition males have been suggested to likely utilize healthcare services than females. \hyperref[b0]{1,}\hyperref[b6]{7,}\hyperref[b7]{8} .\par Table {\ref 1} also indicates that patients within the age range of 50-59 years constituted the highest percentage while those within the age range of 40-49 years constituted the least percentage of IHD. This agrees with the findings that risk of IHD increases with an advance age. It was stated that approximately half of all deaths of persons older than 65 years of age was as a result of IHD, and 80\% of all coronary deaths occur in this age group \hyperref[b7]{8,}\hyperref[b8]{9,}\hyperref[b9]{10} . Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2} shows that there is a correlation between age and sex of patients having IHD. This is in agreement with the study which shows that IHD is a major health issue in the elderly \hyperref[b7]{8,}\hyperref[b8]{9,}\hyperref[b9]{10} . Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} shows classes of drugs used in the management of IHD and their frequency of administration. Nitrates were the most commonly administered drugs for the symptomatic relief of chest pain and discomforts associated with angina \hyperref[b10]{11} . Thirty six (30.5\%) patients were on nitrates. Nitrates had been established to dilate both veins and arteries thereby reducing preload to the heart and filling pressure in the ventricles. This in turn reduces myocardial oxygen demand and increase myocardial oxygen supply thereby reducing angina \hyperref[b11]{12,}\hyperref[b12]{13} . Thirty six (30.5\%) were prescribed both short acting and long acting nitrates.\par The study showed that there was benefit in the use of the nitrates since low incidence of side effect had been reported with the use of nitrates and tolerability in the use of nitrate is high \hyperref[b10]{11,}\hyperref[b11]{12,}\hyperref[b12]{13} . Thirteen (10.9\%) patients were prescribed ?blockers. This is in agreement with current guidelines which recommend that beta-blockers should be administered before nitrates or calcium channel blockers when long term therapy is indicated \hyperref[b13]{14,}\hyperref[b14]{15} . ?adrenergic antagonists have been shown to prevent angina and also reduce mortality following myocardial infarction. Cardio selective beta-blockers are used for patients in order to minimize adverse effects such as bronchospasm in asthmatic or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, intermittent claudication and sexual dysfunction. It is rational to use bêta blockers to treat patients with angina pectoris to prevent acute myocardial infarction \hyperref[b13]{14,}\hyperref[b14]{15,}\hyperref[b15]{16} .\par Eight (6.7\%) were administered calcium channel blockers (CCBs). The documented side effects of the drugs showed that most of the patients tolerated CCBs which indicates the benefits of the drug. The benefits provided by calcium channel antagonists is related to reduced myocardial oxygen demand and improved oxygen supply \hyperref[b15]{16,}\hyperref[b16]{17,}\hyperref[b17]{18} .\par Acetylsalicylic acid 29(24.5\%), administered at homeopathic dose of 75-325mg are effective in the treatment of angina and post myocardial infarction. Studies have been conducted evaluating the efficacy of aspirin in cardiovascular disease in the second international study of infarction survival (ISIS-2) trials \hyperref[b18]{19} . The study randomized 1,718 patients with suspected MI to receive a double blind version IV SK (Streptokinase) for 1 month, both aspirin and SK for 1 month compared with placebo for 1 month. The use of aspirin for 35 days in the study was associated with a highly significant 23\% reduction in mortality rate. Therefore early administration of aspirin helps reduce the incidence of IHD and prevent myocardial infarction when used indefinitely \hyperref[b18]{19,}\hyperref[b19]{20,}\hyperref[b20]{21,}\hyperref[b21]{22} .\par Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} further explains the individual drugs used within each class. Nineteen (16.1\%) patients were prescribed sublingual glyceride trinitrate while 17(14.4\%) were on oral isosorbide dinitrates. In table 4, eleven (21.1\%) were administered a combination of Aspirin + Sublingual Nitrates + ACEI. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have a prominent role in the overall treatment of patients with CAD. It has demonstrated significant benefits in morbidity and mortality in a number of patients with heart failure (HF), acute MI and Diabetes mellitus \hyperref[b19]{20,}\hyperref[b20]{21,}\hyperref[b21]{22,}\hyperref[b22]{23} .\par Table \hyperref[tab_5]{5} shows the side effects documented when drugs in table 3 and 4 were administered in the management of ischemic heart disease. Adverse effects seen with the sublingual nitroglycerine include dizziness, tachycardia and head ache. Side effects seen in dihydropyridines calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine include head ache, bradycardia, flushing and dizziness. Bronchoconstriction (cough) is a major side effect of ACEI \hyperref[b21]{22} . Hypoglycemia can result from administration of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents when diabetes is treated in patients with ischemic heart disease \hyperref[b6]{7,}\hyperref[b23]{24,}\hyperref[b25]{25,}\hyperref[b26]{26} .\par V. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par The administration of both short acting and long acting nitrates for symptomatic relief of chest discomfort and angina symptoms have benefits and tolerability. This aids compliance because of few side effects. A combination therapy of beta-blockers or calcium channels blockers with nitrates and with daily aspirin dose have shown great improvement in angina patients. Administration of aspirin daily has been found to be of great benefit in the management of patients with ischemic heart disease and to prevent acute mycordial infraction. \section[{VI.}]{VI.}\par stable angina pectoris: executive summary. BMJ;3 Global Journal of \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.10414603960396039\textwidth}P{0.04102722772277228\textwidth}P{0.22512376237623763\textwidth}P{0.03155940594059406\textwidth}P{0.10309405940594059\textwidth}P{0.002103960396039604\textwidth}P{0.18935643564356436\textwidth}P{0.12623762376237624\textwidth}P{0.02735148514851485\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{SEX}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Female\tabcellsep Total\\ Agegrp\tabcellsep <40\tabcellsep Count\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 9\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{\% within Agegrp}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{55.6\%}\tabcellsep 44.4\%\tabcellsep 100.0\%\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{\% within SEX}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{18.5\%}\tabcellsep 16.0\%\tabcellsep 17.3\%\\ \tabcellsep 40-49\tabcellsep Count\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 7\\ \tabcellsep 50-59\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{\% within Agegrp \% within SEX Count}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{57.1\% 14.8\% 10}\tabcellsep 42.9\% 12.0\% 10\tabcellsep 100.0\% 13.5\% 20\tabcellsep ear 2012\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{\% within Agegrp}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{50.0\%}\tabcellsep 50.0\%\tabcellsep 100.0\%\tabcellsep Y\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{\% within SEX}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{37.0\%}\tabcellsep 40.0\%\tabcellsep 38.5\%\\ Total\tabcellsep 60-69 70+\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Count \% within Agegrp \% within SEX Count \% within Agegrp \% within SEX Count \% within Agegrp \% within SEX}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{5 50.0\% 18.5\% 3 50.0\% 11.1\% 27 51.9\% 100.0\%}\tabcellsep 5 50.0\% 20.0\% 3 50.0\% 12.0\% 25 48.1\% 100.0\% As ymp. Sig. 10 100.0\% 19.2\% 6 100.0\% 11.5\% 52 100.0\% 100.0\%\tabcellsep Medical Research Volume XII Issue XI Version I\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{Pearson C hi-S quare Lik elihood R atio Linear-by-Linear As soc iation}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{.177 a .178 .106 Value}\tabcellsep df\tabcellsep 4 4 1\tabcellsep .996 .996 .744 (2-sided)\tabcellsep Global Journal of\\ \multicolumn{3}{l}{N of V alid C ases}\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Males\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 51.9\\ \tabcellsep Females\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 48.1\\ \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} Chi-Square Tests\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.6060185185185185\textwidth}P{0.07608024691358024\textwidth}P{0.1679012345679012\textwidth}} Drugs\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage (\%)\\ Sublingual glyceride trinate\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 16.1\\ Oral isosorbide dinatrate\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 14.4\\ Propanol\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 3.3\\ Acebutolol\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1.7\\ Atenolol\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4.2\\ Metoprolol\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1.7\\ Diltiazem\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.8\\ Nifedipine\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 3.4\\ Amlodipine\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2.5\\ Aspirin\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 24.5\\ Sedatives\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 9.3\\ Morphine sulphate\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 3.3\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 14}\tabcellsep 11.9\\ Dopamine\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2.5\\ Total\tabcellsep 118\tabcellsep 100\\ *multiple responses\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.7036423841059603\textwidth}P{0.0478476821192053\textwidth}P{0.09850993377483443\textwidth}} 2 22\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Drugs\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage ( \%)\\ Aspirin + Sublingual tablets\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 38\\ Aspirin + Subl. Nitroglycerin + Beta\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 15\\ blockers\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Aspirin + ubl. Nitrates + Calcium\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 7.8\\ channel blockers\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Spirin + Subl. Nitrates + ACEI\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 21.1\\ Aspirin + Subl. Nitrates + Liptor\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1.92\\ Aspirin + glyceride trinitrate +\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 15.4\\ antihypertensive + others\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.545679012345679\textwidth}P{0.09969135802469135\textwidth}P{0.2046296296296296\textwidth}} Side effects\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage\\ Headache\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 19.2\\ Dizziness\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 12.1\\ Flushing\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 12.1\\ Tachycardia\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 9.7\\ Bronchoconstriction\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4.8\\ Depression\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 17.0\\ Making of hypoglycemia\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 24.3\\ Total\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) A Ten Year Study of Management of Ischemic Heart Disease in a Tertiary Hospital in South West Nigeria} \footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)} \footnote{Sex} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgement}]{Acknowledgement}\par We acknowledge the technical support and cooperation of staff in Cardiology unit Medical Outpatient (MOP) Department of the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Appleton and Lange]{b24}\label{b24} \textit{}, \& Appleton , Lange . p. . \bibitem[Fox ()]{b19}\label{b19} \textit{}, K Fox . 2006. p. . \bibitem[Anne and Liyoyd ()]{b14}\label{b14} \textit{Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical Use of Drugs Ninth edition}, Mary Anne , K K Liyoyd , VY . 2009. Lippincoth Williams. Ischemic Heart Disease. p. . \bibitem[Campbell ()]{b18}\label{b18} ‘Aspirin dose for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: A systemic review’. 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