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\title{Correlates of Risk Perception to Hiv Infection, Abstinence and Condom use among Madawalabu University Students, Southeast Ethiopia: Using Health Belief Model (HBM)}
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             \author[1]{Tesfaye  Setegn}

             \author[2]{Abulie  Takele}

             \author[3]{Nagasa  Dida}

             \affil[1]{  Madawalabu University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 February 2013 Accepted: 1 March 2013 Published: 15 March 2013}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Background: People living in sub-Saharan African countries have been more vulnerable for HIV infection. Youths and adolescents including university students are among the risk group to acquire HIV infection due their risk behaviors. Many vulnerable young adults do not yet recognize their susceptibility, seriousness of the HIV infection, and are not motivated to alter their risky behavior. Therefore, this study is designed to assess HIV infection risk perception and abstinence and condom use among regular Madawalabu University students.Methodology: Institution based cross sectional study design was conducted among randomly selected 390 students in Madawalabu University, Southeast Ethiopia from May to June 2012. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with perceived behavioral controls.

\end{abstract}


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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
Correlates of Risk Perception to Hiv Infection, Abstinence and Condom use among Madawalabu University Students, Southeast Ethiopia: Using Health Belief Model (HBM) Tesfaye Setegn ? , Abulie Takele ? , Nagasa Dida ? \& Begna Tulu ? Abstract-Background : People living in sub-Saharan African countries have been more vulnerable for HIV infection. Youths and adolescents including university students are among the risk group to acquire HIV infection due their risk behaviors. Many vulnerable young adults do not yet recognize their susceptibility, seriousness of the HIV infection, and are not motivated to alter their risky behavior. Therefore, this study is designed to assess HIV infection risk perception and abstinence and condom use among regular Madawalabu University students.\par
Methodology : Institution based cross sectional study design was conducted among randomly selected 390 students in Madawalabu University, Southeast Ethiopia from May to June 2012. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with perceived behavioral controls.\par
Result : Forty two percent of the respondents were sexually active and 60.6\% of them had used condom in their last sexual intercourse. Forty five percent (45.4\%) of the respondents have low risk perception HIV towards infection. Perceived self-efficacy and abstinence for sexual intercourse were statistically significant (OR=0.38[CI (95.0\%):0.24-0.59]) and perceived benefits of HIV infection risk prevention and control method utilization showed significant association with perceived behavioral control among sexually active students (OR=0.46[CI (95.0\%):0.27 -0.83]).\par
Conclusion : Nearly half of study participants have low risk perception to HIV infection. Perceived behavioral controls (abstinence for sexual intercourse and condom use) were statistically associated with perceived barriers and benefits of HIV infection risk prevention and control measures utilization. Perceived self-efficacy is the important predictor of perceived behavioral control utilization. Therefore, university based HIV risk reduction intervention should be geared towards the identified factors. 
\section[{I.}]{I.} 
\section[{BACKGROUND}]{BACKGROUND}\par
illions of young people around the world face a high risk of HIV infection and other negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes as a result of behaviors that they adopt, or are forced to Authors ? ? ?: Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madawalabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia. e-mails : tesfayesetegn@yahoo.com , abuletakele@yahoo.com, nadibefe@yahoo.com, begnaeticha@yahoo.com adopt. Those who have sex with someone who is or is likely to be HIV-infected are at risk of acquiring HIV if they do not use a condom. Using condoms consistently reduces the risk of HIV infection among exposed groups. But the young people who most need such protection often have difficulty of accessing appropriate services and adopting behaviors that protect them from HIV infection. The behaviors that put them at risk are usually heavily stigmatized and take place secretly, often illegally \hyperref[b0]{[1,}\hyperref[b1]{2]}. Two-thirds of the world's total number of people living with HIV resides in Sub-Saharan Africa of which 60\% of all AIDS cases and majority of the new infections are seen among youth (15-24 years) population both nationally and internationally. Since, majority of tertiary level (university) students belong to this age group and they have been among the high risk groups to HIV infection \hyperref[b1]{[2]}\hyperref[b2]{[3]}\hyperref[b3]{[4]}\hyperref[b4]{[5]}\hyperref[b5]{[6]}.\par
Despite this fact, many young adults undermine their level of risk and susceptibility for HIV infection. Youths do not perceive the seriousness of the pandemic and are not motivated to alter their risky behavior. Experimental behaviors, the need to get social and peers approval and sense of non-vulnerability have been enumerated as reasons for youths to stay with their risky behaviors. People need to have recommended level of HIV risk perception and preventive activities. Because, the actual risk perception matters the decision making process to stay risk free. Individuals or groups who do not understand that they are at high risk of HIV infection would take less protective measures. On the contrary, those who perceived that they are at risk for HIV infection were more likely to comply with HIV infection prevention actions. \hyperref[b6]{[7,}\hyperref[b7]{8,}\hyperref[b8]{9,}\hyperref[b9]{10]}.\par
Ethiopia is one of the most heavily affected countries by HIV epidemic. Young people are at the center of the HIV/ AIDS epidemic. An estimated 10 million young people aged 15-24 years are living with HIV/AIDS and more than 6000 contract the virus every day. The college environment offers great chance ( D 
\section[{D D D ) F}]{D D D ) F}\par
A study conducted in Addis Ababa indicated that (23.6\%) of youth participants did not perceive that they are at risk of HIV infection, (43.3 \%) claimed to have low risk, (6.7\%) medium and only (2.4\%) perceived that they have high chance of acquiring the virus \hyperref[b13]{[14]}.\par
Realizing the socio-economic and development impacts of HIV/AIDS, the government of Ethiopia committed itself to strengthen prevention and control activities for many years through designing a road map for accelerated access to HIV prevention, treatment and care (2007-2010), plan of action for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, strategic plan for intensified multi-sectoral response and instituting workplace and school-based IEC/BCC activities \hyperref[b19]{(20,}\hyperref[b21]{21)}. Special intervention strategies are in place to ensure equal access for different subpopulation groups including youths. Creating awareness to increase risk perception among youth through information and communication is an important strategy. But university youths evidenced while practicing risky behaviors which probably indicate that interventions might have been done without adequate research on perceived behavioral control of university youths \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. This suggest that there is a need for more sustained effort and designing targeted and innovative approaches to increase risk perception, especially among in school youths \hyperref[b19]{(20)}.\par
Therefore, this study has assessed factors associated with perceived behavioral control among Madawalabu University students using Health Believe Model (HBM). 
\section[{II.}]{II.}\par
Health Belief Model (HBM)   The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed in the 1950's to explain the public's failure to participate in screening programs to detect tuberculosis in many setups. But few individuals actually took advantage of these opportunities. The HBM was the resulting theory that helped explain this lack of participation in preventive behaviors. The public's reaction to the TB health crisis during the 1950's is alarming in its resemblance to the HIV/AIDS epidemic today. Individuals who were at risk for TB were able to explain lack of participation in prevention via perceptions about the disease and personal susceptibility, time constraints, finances, fear of the procedure, or other barriers to the behavior. Today, there are many opportunities for individuals to participate in HIV preventive behaviors, specifically abstinence and condom use.\par
Consequently, the creed of HBM is well suited to assess HIV infection preventive. The HBM theorizes that in order for a behavior change to occur, three factors regarding health related action must be present. An individual must feel threatened by his/her current behavior, believe that a specific change in behavior will be beneficial by resulting in a valued outcome at an acceptable cost, and must feel that she or he is competent to implement the recommended change. These components are particularly salient when dealing with HIV infection. Specifically, a person must feel that there is a realistic, not just statistical, probability of contracting HIV infection as a result of his or her current behavior.\par
Thus, the HBM takes an individual's past experience and characteristics into account as a preexisting component of the model. An individual's perceptions of a specific disease are founded in an individual's background and allow for assessment of issues salient to an individual (Fig \hyperref[fig_0]{1)}.  The total sample size was determined using single population proportion formula assuming 50\% expected prevalence of perceived behavioral control from HIV infection and 10\% non-response rate making the final sample size 422 students. Stratified sampling technique was used using health and non-health students as strata. Six (6) non-health schools and a college (College of Medicine and health sciences) totally seven faculties were selected using simple random sampling technique. The total sample size 422 was allocated proportionally to each of the randomly selected schools/college and then to each department. Finally, simple random sampling was employed to select students from each department. 
\section[{b) Instrument and Measurement}]{b) Instrument and Measurement}\par
The study instrument was originally prepared English language then translated to the local language and then translated back into English to check its consistency. The questionnaire contains variables like socio-demographic variables, sexual history and risks to HIV infection, perception (perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barrier, perceived self-efficacy and cues to action), abstinence for sexual intercourse and condom use. The internal consistency of items to measure perception was checked by Cronbach's alpha and it was in the range 0.61 to 0.79. Then the data were collected by selfadministered questionnaire.\par
IV. 
\section[{Data Analysis}]{Data Analysis}\par
The data were entered into SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive and binary logistic regressions analyses were carried out to characterize the study participants and identify factors associated with risk perception for HIV infection. Finally multivariable logistic regression was modeled to identify the independent associated factors and a corresponding p-value <0.05(two tailed) was considered to decide statistical significance.\par
Letter of Ethical approval was received from Madawalabu University, Research and Community service directorate office ethical clearance committee. Official letter of co-operation was also obtained from research and community service directorate office. Informed verbal consent was secured from study participants in their own language explaining the purpose of the study, potential risk and benefits of participating in the study and the right to refuse filling the questionnaire. The participants were also assured about the confidentiality of the information they provided and it will kept anonymously.\par
V. 
\section[{RESULT a) Socio-demographic characteristics}]{RESULT a) Socio-demographic characteristics}\par
Of the total of 422 study participants, 390of them making response rate 92.4\%. The mean (SD) age of the respondents was 21.3(±1.5) years with the range of 18-28 years. The most of the respondents were males by sex with 4:1 male to female ratio. Majority (63.7\%) of the respondents were Oromo by ethnic group. More than half of the respondents were Orthodox Christian and 2.2\% of the respondents were married currently In our study, 42.3\% of students were sexually active. The mean (+SD) age at first sexual debut was 18.6(±2.2) years. Sixty five percent (65.3\%) of sexually active students have initiated sex before they joined university. Participants reported that fall in love (47.5\%), had sexual desire (33.8\%), marriage (5.6\%), to get money and other gifts (8.1\%), peer pressure (12.5\%) and alcohol (7.5\%) were the provided reasons to be engaged in their first sexual intercourse. Thirty percent (30\%) of sexually active students practiced casual sexual (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2}).  
\section[{c) Perceptions and Behavioral Control to HIV Infection}]{c) Perceptions and Behavioral Control to HIV Infection}\par
Of the total study participants, 177 (45.4\%) of them reported low perceived risk to contract HIV infection while the rest 213 (54.6\%) of the respondents reported high perceived risk to acquire HIV infection. Forty four percent 173 (44.4\%) of the respondents perceived that complications related to HIV infection are serious. Majority, 267(68.5\%) of the respondents have high perceived benefit towards the prevention and control methods of HIV infection. On the contrary, 123 (31.5\%) of the students have reported low perceived benefits of the recommended HIV infection prevention and control methods. Fifty percent, 197 (50.5\%) of the respondents reported high perceived barriers to use HIV infection prevention and control methods mainly abstinence, be faithful for one sexual friend and condom use. One hundred fifty two (39.0)of the respondents had reported low rated self-efficacy to use recommended HIV infection prevention and control methods. Only 157 (39.2\%) of the respondents were knowledgeable on the mode of transmission and preventive methods while the rest 237 (60.8\%) of them had poor knowledge on the mode of transmission and preventive measures of HIV infection (Table  {\ref 3}).\par
Table  {\ref 3} : Reliability of perception and knowledge items used to assess students' perception toward risks for HIV infection; Madawalabu University, Southeast Ethiopia, 2012 
\section[{d) FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROLS}]{d) FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROLS}\par
The statistical association of knowledge of students and risk perception to HIV infection and abstinence was checked by Binary logistic regression analysis. In this analysis, perceived severity of HIV infection was statistically associated with abstinence for sexual intercourse (OR=0.61, CI [95.0\%):0.40 -0.92]).\par
Perceived benefits (OR=0.60, [CI (95.0\%):0.38 -0.94]) and perceived barriers (OR=0.53, [CI (95.0\%):0.35 -0.80]) to HIV infection prevention and control measures, showed statistically significant association with abstinence for sexual intercourse Similarly perceived self-efficacy showed statistically significant association with abstinence from sexual intercourse (OR=0.38, [CI (95.0\%):0.24 -0.59]) (Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}). From the health belief model (HBM) constructs perceived benefits of HIV infection prevention and control measures by sexually active students showed statistical significant association with condom use (OR=0.46,[CI (95.0\%):0.27 -0.83]). Similarly, there was statistically significant association between perceived self-efficacy and condom use among sexually active students (OR=0.38, [CI (95.0\%):0.17 -0.82]) (Table \hyperref[tab_4]{5}). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the independently associated factors with condom use among sexually active students during their sexual intercourse. Perceived benefits (OR=0.47, [CI (95.0\%):0.25-0.89]) and thinking that condom can prevent HIV transmission (OR=6.3, [CI (95.0\%):2.26-13.68]) remained the independent factors for condom use (Table \hyperref[tab_4]{5}). 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
In this study, Health Belief Model was used to assess perception toward HIV infection and utilization of HIV infection prevention and control methods (abstinence and condom use). Therefore, in this study 177 (45.4\%) of the respondents have reported low perceived risk of contracting HIV infection. Similarly, a study conducted in African American commuter urban university, USA showed that 57.9\% of students aged <19 years and 48.1\% of students aged 20-19 years have reported no perceived chances of getting HIV infection \hyperref[b11]{[12]}. A study done in Tanzania showed that only 25\% of students felt that they had a very low risk to HIV, while 53.1\% felt that they were not at risk at all \hyperref[b17]{[18,}\hyperref[b18]{19]}. A similar study done in Cape Town, South Africa showed that only 24\% of youths involved in concurrent sexual relationships consider themselves to be at risk of HIV \hyperref[b15]{[16]}. On the other hand, a study conducted on Black African American University students, 79 \% of students perceived to be at low risk for HIV infection \hyperref[b22]{[22]}.\par
Forty four percent (44.4\%) of the respondents perceived complications related to HIV infection are severe. But 160 (41\%) of the respondents were sexually active and 39.4\% of them did not use condom for their past sexual intercourse. Study done on Black American University students showed that 64\% of those who had at least two or more sex partners had not used a condom at last sex encounter \hyperref[b22]{[22]}. A study done in Nigerian students did not use HIV infection preventive measures during their sexual intercourse \hyperref[b9]{[10,}\hyperref[b16]{17]}.\par
In this study, perceived severity of contracting HIV infection, perceived benefits of behavioral control, perceived barriers to HIV infection prevention, control measures and selfefficacy to use HIV infection prevention measures were statistically significant with abstinence. Perceived barriers to HIV infection prevention and control method utilization and perceived selfefficacy were the independent predictors of sexual abstinence. Those individuals who have low perceived barriers were less likely to practice sexual intercourse (OR=0.53, [CI (95.0\%):0.34 -0.81]) when compared with those who have high perceived barriers. Similarly those of students who had low perceived selfefficacy were also less likely to practice sexual intercourse (OR=0.38, [CI (95.0\%):0. 24 -0.59]).\par
This study also revealed that perceived benefits of HIV/AIDS prevention and control method utilization showed significant association with past condom use among sexually active students. Students who had low perceived benefits were less likely to utilize condom during sexual intercourse when compared with those who had high perceived benefits of using condom (OR=0.46, [CI (95.0\%):0.27 -0.83]).\par
Perceived self-efficacy and condom utilization among sexually active students were found to have statistically significant association. Students who had low perceived selfefficacy were less likely to use condom in their last sexual practice (OR=0.38, [CI (95.0\%):0.17 -0.82]). Other study also showed statistically significant association between perceived selfefficacy of HIV/AIDS prevention and control method and past condom usage \hyperref[b2]{[3,}\hyperref[b7]{8,}\hyperref[b13]{14]}.\par
This study is based on the health belief model (HBM) along with perceived behavioral control; these variables which would provide a better specific gaps and strength and quality information for intervention. But this study is limited to establish temporal relationship because of its cross-sectional nature.\par
VII. 
\section[{CONCLUSIONS}]{CONCLUSIONS}\par
In this study, two out of every five students were sexually active. The knowledge of students towards the mode of transmission of HIV infection found to be unsatisfactory. Significant proportion of students reported low risk perception to HIV infection. Although majority of the respondents have high perceived benefit of HIV infection prevention and control measures, more than half of the students reported high perceived barriers to use behavioral controls. Students have reported low rated selfefficacy to use recommended HIV infection behavioral controls measures. Participants with low perceived barriers and low perceived selfefficacy were less likely to practice sexual intercourse. Similarly, students with low perceived benefits and low perceived self-efficacy of condoms were less likely to use condom. In this study, perceived severity of HIV infection showed statistically significant association with sexual abstinence and condom use. Similarly, perceived benefits of behavioral controls, perceived barriers to HIV infection prevention and perceived self-efficacy were statistically associated with sexual abstinence and condom use. But perceived benefit of condom remained the independent factors for condom use. Therefore, university based HIV risk reduction intervention should be geared towards the identified factors. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3485\textwidth}P{0.269875\textwidth}P{0.0074375000000000005\textwidth}P{0.22418749999999998\textwidth}}
Background\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Perceptions}\tabcellsep Action\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Cues to action:\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -Media\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -Personal influence\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -Reminders\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -Personal symptoms\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep -Illness of family member\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep or friend\\
\tabcellsep Threat\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{? Perceived susceptibility of}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{acquiring HIV}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{? Perceived severity of}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{HIV/AIDS}\tabcellsep ? Perceived behavioral\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep control -Behavior to\\
Socio-demographic\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep reduce threats based on\\
factors\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep expectation (Condom use\\
Age, sex, ethnicity,\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Expectation}\tabcellsep and abstinence)\\
class year, where he/she lives, etc\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-Perceived benefit of abstinence and condom use (-) -Perceived barrier of use}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{condom \& abstinence}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{-Perceived self-efficacy of}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{condom use and abstinence}\\
Figure 1.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep III.\tabcellsep METHODS\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{a) Study Settings and Sample}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{A cross sectional study design was conducted}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{in Madawalabu University located in Bale Zone, 430 KM}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{from Addis Ababa, to Southeast of Ethiopia. Madaw-}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{alabu University is one of the newly established public}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Schematic representation of the components of the Health Belief Model (HBM), Southeast Ethiopia, 2012 higher}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.630108695652174\textwidth}P{0.09054347826086956\textwidth}P{0.12934782608695652\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Correlates of Risk Perception to Hiv Infection, Abstinence and Condom Use Among Madawalabu University}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Students, Southeast Ethiopia: Using Health Belief Model (HBM)}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep D D D D ) F\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\\
Variables\tabcellsep Number\tabcellsep Percent\\
Age\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
15-19\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 5.9\\
20-24\tabcellsep 352\tabcellsep 90.3\\
25-29\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 3.8\\
Mean age (±SD) years\tabcellsep (21.3±1.5)\tabcellsep \\
Class year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
II\tabcellsep 279\tabcellsep 71.5\\
III\tabcellsep 111\tabcellsep 28.5\\
Ethnicity\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Oromo\tabcellsep 230\tabcellsep 63.7\\
Amhara\tabcellsep 74\tabcellsep 20.5\\
Tigre\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 8.6\\
Others\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 7.2\\
Religion\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Orthodox Christian\tabcellsep 185\tabcellsep 52.6\\
Muslim\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 22.7\\
Protestant Christian\tabcellsep 87\tabcellsep 24.7\\
Marital Status\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Never married\tabcellsep 307\tabcellsep 95.3\\
Married\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 2.2\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6669616519174041\textwidth}P{0.07020648967551622\textwidth}P{0.11283185840707965\textwidth}}
Variables\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Perc}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep enta\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ge\\
Place for first sexual activity\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Before joining campus\tabcellsep 94\tabcellsep 65.3\\
After joining campus\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 34.7\\
Relation with first sexual partner\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Casual\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 27.6\\
Permanent sexual partner\tabcellsep 84\tabcellsep 57.9\\
Benefit based relationship\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 9.7\\
Spouse\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 4.8\\
Number of life time sexual partners\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
One\tabcellsep 84\tabcellsep 52.5\\
Two\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 11.2\\
Three\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 13.1\\
More than three\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 23.1\\
Condom use for firs sexual activity\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Yes\tabcellsep 63\tabcellsep 43.8\\
No\tabcellsep 81\tabcellsep 56.2\\
Number of sexual partners in the last 12months\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
One\tabcellsep 94\tabcellsep 69.6\\
Two\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 14.8\\
Three\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 8.9\\
Four and above\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 6.7\\
Condom use for last sexual activity\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Yes\tabcellsep 75\tabcellsep 56.0\\
No\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 44.0\\
History of sex with CSW*\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Yes\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 24.0\\
No\tabcellsep 95\tabcellsep 76.0\\
Knowledge level of respondent (mean score =\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
7.56)**\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Poor knowledge (below mean score)\tabcellsep 92\tabcellsep 57.5\\
Knowledgeable(above mean score)\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 42.5\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: *Commercial sex worker (assessed for only male students), ** Cronbach's alpha 61.6\% (internal consistency measure for knowledge items)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.18449612403100774\textwidth}P{0.0702842377260982\textwidth}P{0.2174418604651163\textwidth}P{0.0417312661498708\textwidth}P{0.29431524547803617\textwidth}P{0.0417312661498708\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Southeast Ethiopia, 2012}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{History of}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{sexual}\tabcellsep \\
Variables\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{intercoure COR (95\% CI) Ye No}\tabcellsep AOR (95\% CI)\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Knowledge\tabcellsep Poor\tabcellsep 92\tabcellsep 138\tabcellsep 1.28(0.84 -1.94)\\
\tabcellsep Goo\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 1.0\\
\tabcellsep d\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Perceived\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep 69\tabcellsep 105\tabcellsep 1.22(0.84-1.81)\\
susceptibility\tabcellsep High\tabcellsep 91\tabcellsep 113\tabcellsep 1.0\\
Perceived\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep 60\tabcellsep 108\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.61(0.40-0.92)* 0.85(0.54-1.33)}\\
severity\tabcellsep High\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{100 110}\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 1.0\\
Perceived\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 78\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.60(0.38-0.94)* 0.97(0.58-1.61)}\\
benefits\tabcellsep High\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{120 140}\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 1.0\\
Perceived\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 124\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.53(0.35-0.80)* 0.53(0.34-}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3664262820512821\textwidth}P{0.06129807692307691\textwidth}P{0.06402243589743589\textwidth}P{0.06947115384615385\textwidth}P{0.23020833333333332\textwidth}P{0.05857371794871795\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Ethiopia, 2012}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Ever use}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Variables\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{condom}\tabcellsep COR (95\% CI)\tabcellsep AOR(95\%CI)\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Yes No}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Condom can\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep 90\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 8.05(3.08-\tabcellsep 6.3(2.26-13.7)*\\
prevent HIV\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 21.04)*\tabcellsep \\
transmission\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 1\\
?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Knowledge\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 1.22(0.61-2.44)\tabcellsep -\\
\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep -\\
Perceived\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 0.7(0.35-1.38)\tabcellsep -\\
susceptibility\tabcellsep High\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep -\\
Perceived\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 0.74(0.36-1.50)\tabcellsep -\\
severity\tabcellsep High\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep -\\
Perceived\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.46(0.27-0.83)* 0.47(0.25-}\\
benefits\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.9)**\\
\tabcellsep High\tabcellsep 77\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 1\\
Perceived\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 1.61(0.79-3.27)\tabcellsep -\\
barriers\tabcellsep High\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep -\\
Perceived\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.38(0.17-0.82)* 0.72(0.35-1.47)}\\
self-efficacy\tabcellsep High\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 1\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{*Statistically significant at p<0.01, **Significant at p<0.05 and adjusted for variables that are significant under crude}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{odd ratio}\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)Volume XIII Issue V Version I} 			\footnote{   ( )   } 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{   ( )   } 			\footnote{   ( )   } 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS}]{ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS}\par
We would like to thank Madawalabu University for its financial support and Madawalabu University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS) for its technical support .We are also grateful to data collectors and study participants who shared their priceless time. 			  			 
\subsection[{COMPETING INTERESTS}]{COMPETING INTERESTS}\par
None of the authors and other organizations has competing interest. 
\subsection[{IX.}]{IX.} 
\subsection[{AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS}]{AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS}\par
TS and AT conceptualized and designed the study. ND and BT assisted in designing the study. ND conceptualized and refined the concept, analyzed and interpreted the data, drafted the manuscript. TS assisted preparation and critically reviewed the manuscript. AT \& BT critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors have re in data analysis and interpretation, manuscript ad and approved the final manuscript.\par
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