\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter \IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}% {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}% {\RequirePackage{color}} \usepackage{colortbl} \usepackage{wrapfig} \usepackage{ifxetex} \ifxetex \usepackage{fontspec} \usepackage{xunicode} \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash} \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{} \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}} \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}} \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}} \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}} \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono} \else \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}% {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} \PrerenderUnicode{–} }% {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{float} \usepackage[]{ucs} \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash } \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{} \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}} \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}} \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,} \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ } \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>} \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}} \def\textJapanese{} \def\textChinese{} \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{} \fi \def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small} \DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25} \usepackage{relsize} \RequirePackage{array} \def\@testpach{\@chclass \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@ \else \z@ \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}% \@chnum \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else \z@ \@chclass \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else \if \@nextchar !6 \else \if \@nextchar @7 \else \if \@nextchar (8 \else \if \@nextchar )9 \else 10 \@chnum \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else \if \@nextchar p4 \else \if \@nextchar b5 \else \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi} \gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr} \def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}} \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \def\abbr{} \def\corr{} \def\expan{} \def\gap{} \def\orig{} \def\reg{} \def\ref{} \def\sic{} \def\persName{}\def\name{} \def\placeName{} \def\orgName{} \def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}} \def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}} \def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}} \def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}} \def\textquoted#1{‘#1’} \def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}} \def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}} \def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}} \def\titlem{\itshape} \newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{bibl}{}{} \newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{rubric}{}{} \newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par } \newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}} \newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}} \definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75} \def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}} \DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@} \def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}} \begingroup \catcode`\_=\active \gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}} \endgroup \mathcode`\_=\string"8000 \catcode`\_=12\relax \usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry} \usepackage{framed} \definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} \usepackage{fancyvrb} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{marginnote} \renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1} \renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize} \def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif} \pagestyle{fancy} \usepackage[pdftitle={Knowledge and Epidemiological Risk Factors of Japanese Encephalitis in Community Members of Rupandehi District, Nepal}, pdfauthor={}]{hyperref} \hyperbaseurl{} \paperwidth210mm \paperheight297mm \def\@pnumwidth{1.55em} \def\@tocrmarg {2.55em} \def\@dotsep{4.5} \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} \clubpenalty=8000 \emergencystretch 3em \hbadness=4000 \hyphenpenalty=400 \pretolerance=750 \tolerance=2000 \vbadness=4000 \widowpenalty=10000 \renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large}} \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\large}} \renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\normalsize}} \renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}% {-1em}% {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}} \def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt} \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par \endgroup} \def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} \def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}} \def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}} \def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}} \@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{} \@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{} \newif\if@mainmatter \@mainmattertrue \def\chaptername{Chapter} \def\frontmatter{% \pagenumbering{roman} \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section} \def\theHsection{\roman{section}} \def\@chapapp{}% } \def\mainmatter{% \cleardoublepage \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter} \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \pagenumbering{arabic} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6} \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}% \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section} \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}} } \def\backmatter{% \cleardoublepage \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}% \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}} \appendix } \newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% \leftmargin\labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep \@openbib@code \usecounter{enumiv}% \let\p@enumiv\@empty \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% }% \sloppy \clubpenalty4000 \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty \widowpenalty4000% \sfcode`\.\@m}% {\def\@noitemerr {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}% \endlist} \def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}} \parskip0pt \parindent1em \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \newenvironment{reflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{sansreflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2013-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2013)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2013-01-15} \title{Knowledge and Epidemiological Risk Factors of Japanese Encephalitis in Community Members of Rupandehi District, Nepal} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Khanal Tanka} \affil[1]{ Agriculture and Forestry University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2012 Accepted: 4 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013} \maketitle \begin{abstract} To study knowledge, attitude and risk factors of Japanese Encephalitis (JE), a research was conducted from May to November 2012 in Rupandehi district Nepal including household (HH) survey, pig survey and swine sero survey. Questionnaire survey on One hundred HH (50 pig raisers and 50 pig non raisers) to compare JE risk factors; 100 pig farmers to study roles of pig as risk factor for JE in human was conducted. Altogether 54% of respondents heard about JE with 60% (30/50) in pig raisers and 48% (24/50) in pig non raisers, which was not significantly different (p> 0.05). The media like Radio, TV, were found the most important source of information. The knowledge of JE was found significantly higher (p<0.01) in younger people (16-40 yr). The important predictors for knowledge of JE were education (?1 = 0.195), access to media (?1 = 0.357), and age (?1 = 0.165) of respondents. In next 100 pig farmer?s survey, 84.5% of pig farmers had seen mosquitoes in pig shed and 52% had seen mosquitoes biting pigs. \end{abstract} \keywords{knowledge, risk factors, vaccination, je, rupandehi.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par apanese Encephalitis (JE) was first clinically identified in 1871 in Japan and known as "summer encephalitis" {\ref (Mechenzie et al., 2007)}. In 1933, the virus responsible for Japanese Encephalitis B (JEB) was re-isolated and ultimately characterized in 1934, when it was experimentally inoculated into monkey brain and successfully reproduced the disease \hyperref[b9]{(Jani, 2009)}. JE appeared endemic within the Indochinese Peninsula including Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, and further on to Malaysia, Burma, Singapore (rare cases), Brunei \hyperref[b8]{(Erlanger et al., 2009)}. Then, within the following four decades, JE occupied subsequently most of the Asian continent from Pakistan to Sri Lanka on the east of its range {\ref (Solomon et al., 2000)} and then Bangladesh, Nepal. Ardeid wading birds are the primary maintenance hosts, pigs are the main amplifying hosts, and Culex mosquitoes are the primary mosquito vectors {\ref (Igarashi, 2002)}. The disease was first recorded in Nepal in 1978 as an epidemic in Rupandehi \& Morang District. The major objective of this research was to study knowledge, attitude of community members towards JE, to assess its risk factors which includes the Swine sero prevalence of JE. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par Rupandehi was chosen a study site because it is an endemic district for JE (DHS, 2007), many community members have frequent mobility to India (DDC, 2010) and live pigs are imported from Indian endemic region to Nepal (DLS, 2010). Two study communities named Charange and Majuwa were selected as per the information on risk factors relating to JE from District Livestock Stock Office, District Hospital and Zonal hospital. The Charange and Majuwa were dense pig populated area of Rupandehi (DLSO, Rupandehi, 2011). To study knowledge, attitude and risk factors of JE, a research was conducted from May to November 2012 including HH survey, pig survey, sera collection and rapid kit for JE antibody. Using purposive random sampling, questionnaire survey was conducted on hundred households (50 pig raisers and 50 pig non raisers) to compare knowledge on JE risk factors; 100 pig farmers to study roles of pig as risk factor for JE in human. A total of 55 pig sera samples were taken from two research sites for JE surveillance. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Result}]{Result}\par Fifty four percent (54/100, 95\% CI: 44.2 to 66.6\%) of the respondents heard about JE which was 60\% (30/50, 95\% CI: 46 to 72.8\%) in pig raisers and 48\% (24/50, 95\% CI: 34.5 to 61.8\%) in pig non raisers indicating a non significant difference among two respondent types. The media (television and radio) were found to be mostly used information source (56\%) for JE and other vector borne diseases (VBDs) followed by health personnel (26\%) and formal academic study (18\%). Only 50.9\% (28/54) of the respondents who heard of JE knew about mosquito as the vector, 50.9\% (28/54) knew about its transmission cycle, and 49.1\% (27/54) knew that JE could be treated. It was found that 50\% of the community members were known about basic symptoms of JE (high fever, severe headache, neck rigidity and vomiting). The pig raisers were found to be less careful on the practices to avoid mosquito bite. The knowledge on JE was associated significantly with age (?² = 3.931; p = 0.047, Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}). In next 100 pig farmer's survey, 84.5\% of pig farmers had seen mosquitoes in pig shed and 52\% had seen mosquitoes biting pigs. Most farmers (68\%) saw mosquitoes biting pigs everyday and major biting time was dusk (49\%) and night (39\%). Similarly, one third (33\%) of pig raisers applied practices like disinfection, fumigation outside building, and removing stagnant water to avoid mosquitoes while the remaining 67\% had done nothing. Half of farmers (50/100) reported being bitten by mosquito while working in the pig farms, 15\% were in doubt, but 35\% didn't suffer from mosquito bite. Only 44 (44\%) of them had vaccinated their piglets against few infectious diseases like Swine Fever, FMD but none of them had vaccinated against JE. There was a significant association between knowledge on JE and their practices to avoid mosquitoes in pig shed (?² = 10.684; p = 0.001, Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}). A total of 55 sera samples were collected aseptically from pigs puncturing ear vein for rapid antibody detection of JE. The prevalence of JE was 67.3\% (37/55) (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3}). \section[{Discussion a) Risk factor of JE among community members}]{Discussion a) Risk factor of JE among community members}\par The community members ranked mosquito bite as major cause of fever both in Rupandehi and Kapilvastu. In community member at Rupandehi, 54\% (54/100) and in Kapilvastu, only 12 \% (12/100) of respondents knew about JE which was found different from that of Morang (USAID, 2010) where 32 \% of respondent were aware of JE. As per the research of Pandit (2010), in Mandya district of Karnataka, about 42\% of respondents had knowledge of JE and in Koppal district, 19.85\% of the heads of household had the knowledge of JE. Similarly, 38\% of the respondent pig farmers in Rupandehi had known about JE which supports the knowledge in pig farmers of Kathmandu (42\%) \hyperref[b6]{(Dhakal et al., 2012)} and contrast among in pig farmers (10\%) of mountain districts \hyperref[b22]{(Thakur et al., 2012)} of Nepal. This variation of knowledge might have influenced by the socioeconomic and education status of respondents {\ref (USAID, 2003)}. The lower level of knowledge in Kapilvastu might have been due to low economic and education status. The major source of information regarding VBDs were found to be media like Radio, Television. Similar research was supported by USAID (2003) as they had found that knowledge and awareness of VBDs increased with radio ownership. The younger age, high literacy rate and access to the media were found important predictors for Knowledge on JE. According to CDC (2011) 40\% of respondent (20/50) get bite while working in the field and 60\% got bite while in house at different time in house which is similar to our finding. In similar research of USAID (2003), 85\% use bed nets among those aware of JE compared to 68\% among those not aware but it avoidance practices were not significantly associated with the knowledge. \section[{b) Swine sero prevalence of JE}]{b) Swine sero prevalence of JE}\par The prevalence of JE was found was different in different places. Our research is contrast with that of \hyperref[b22]{Thakur et al., (2012)} their results showed that 16.7\% (17/102), 4\% (4/100), 6.6\% (10/151) and 44.6\% (45/101) of pigs had anti-JEV antibodies in Sindhupalchowk, Dolakha, Solukhumbu and Kavrepalanchowk districts respectively. The higher prevalence of JE in pigs in our research site could be because of higher prevalence of culine mosquitoes but is was similar to that of Kathmandu \hyperref[b17]{(Pant, 2006)}. Sero prevalence of JE in pigs varies considerably across geographic locations, and the result of this study is slightly larger than estimates of sero positivity from other Asian countries: 49\% in Bali, 6\% in Java, Indonesia \hyperref[b27]{(Yamanaka et al., 2010)}; 4.5\% in Ishigaki Island, Japan \hyperref[b14]{(Nidaira et al., 2009)}; and 33.3\% in Tibet \hyperref[b11]{(Li et al., 2011)}. The higher sero prevalence could be high vector prevalence and their breeding in nearby rice field of the southern belt of Nepal. The expansion of the JE virus-endemic area depends on irrigated rice farming and pig rearing \hyperref[b16]{(Oya and Kurane, 2007)}. High densities of JE vector were reported in rice fields after the rainy season when there is plenty of water and temperatures are high, facilitating larval grow in large numbers (Sunish and Reuben 2001). Conlan (2012) identified proximity to rice fields (OR 2.93, 95\% CI 1.57-5.45), pig ownership (OR 2.24, 95\% CI 1.17-4.26), and older age (OR 1.21, 95\% CI 1.09-1.33) as being independently associated with the risk of JE. A research in laos showed that peak JEV transmission coincides with the start of the monsoonal wet season and poses the greatest risk for human infection. Many of the ecological, environmental, climatic and human behavioral factors are involved in the JE virus spread \hyperref[b19]{(Solomon, 2006)}. The practice of paddy cultivation, proximity of houses to water bodies and suitable climatic factors were the most important environmental factors associated with several recent JE outbreaks in Northeast India (Phukan et al., 2004).\par V. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par The community members in Rupandehi were found at high risk of JE as the amplifying hosts harvest large prevalence of JE virus and agro-ecological scenario favors transmission of JEV from maintenance hosts to amplifying host. Many pig farmers were illiterate so the training regarding the piggery management along with the measures to be prevented from vector borne diseases like JE should be provided through informal teaching learning process like farmer's trainings and demonstration. This is an important public health disease governed by many environmental, social, climatic and ecological factors. Thus, stakeholders are required to address the problems remaining inside the umbrella of One Health Strategy.\par VI.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.3784671532846715\textwidth}P{0.1551094890510949\textwidth}P{0.19854014598540146\textwidth}P{0.11788321167883212\textwidth}} Respondent type\tabcellsep Knew about JE\tabcellsep Didn't know about JE\tabcellsep ?² (P value)\\ Adult\tabcellsep 27 (50\%)\tabcellsep 14 (30.4\%)\tabcellsep \\ Older\tabcellsep 27(50\%)\tabcellsep 32 (69.6\%)\tabcellsep 3.931 (0.047)\\ Access to TV, radio\tabcellsep 52 (96.3\%)\tabcellsep 36 (78.3\%)\tabcellsep \\ No access to TV, radio\tabcellsep 2 (3.7\%)\tabcellsep 10 (21.7\%)\tabcellsep 7.651 (0.006)\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{The access of HH to the source of information}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ like Radio,\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.34795321637426896\textwidth}P{0.17397660818713448\textwidth}P{0.19883040935672514\textwidth}P{0.12923976608187132\textwidth}} Pig farmer practice\tabcellsep Knew about JE\tabcellsep Didn't know about JE\tabcellsep ?² (P value)\\ Avoid mosquito\tabcellsep 20(52.6\%)\tabcellsep 13 (21\%)\tabcellsep \\ Don't avoid mosquito\tabcellsep 18(47.4\%)\tabcellsep 49 (79\%)\tabcellsep 10.684 (0.001)\\ Total pig farmers\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.1280120481927711\textwidth}P{0.09216867469879518\textwidth}P{0.05120481927710843\textwidth}P{0.09216867469879518\textwidth}P{0.13825301204819276\textwidth}P{0.10240963855421686\textwidth}P{0.08704819277108433\textwidth}P{0.1177710843373494\textwidth}P{0.04096385542168675\textwidth}} District\tabcellsep Site\tabcellsep Farms\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep Avg.\tabcellsep Pigs >6\tabcellsep Sera\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Rapid kit test}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep pigs\tabcellsep pig/farm\tabcellsep months\tabcellsep samples\tabcellsep +ve\tabcellsep -ve\\ Rupandehi\tabcellsep Majuwa\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 151\tabcellsep 16.77\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 8\\ \tabcellsep Charange\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 308\tabcellsep 20.53\tabcellsep 97\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 10\\ Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 661\tabcellsep 26.70\tabcellsep 164\tabcellsep 55\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 18\\ IV.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgement}]{Acknowledgement}\par The pig farmers and community members of Rupandehi districts who supported this research project were highly acknowledged. The District Livestock Service Office of the, research crew of Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, crew of National Zoonosis and Food Hygiene Research Center, Kathmandu supported well till completion of this research and they are highly acknowledged. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Dhs ()]{b7}\label{b7} \textit{}, Dhs . 2011. 2010. Kathmandu, Nepal. p. 123. (Annual report) \bibitem[Dhakal et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} \textit{}, S Dhakal , C Stephan , A Ale , D D Joshi . \url{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22587420} 2012. 2012. (Retrieved on August 14) \bibitem[Barzaga ()]{b1}\label{b1} ‘A review of Japanese encephalitis cases in the Philippines (1972-1985)’. N G Barzaga . \textit{Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health} 1989. 20 p. . \bibitem[Pant ()]{b17}\label{b17} ‘A serological survey of pigs, horses, and ducks in Nepal for evidence of infection with Japanese encephalitis virus’. G R Pant . \textit{Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci} 2006. p. . \bibitem[Akiba et al. ()]{b0}\label{b0} ‘Analysis of Japanese encephalitis epidemic in Western Nepal in 1997’. T Akiba , S Osaka , S Tang , M Nakayama , A Yamamoto , I Kurane , N Okabe , T Umenai . \textit{Epidemiol. Infect} 2001. 126 (1) p. . \bibitem[Solomon ()]{b19}\label{b19} ‘Control of Japanese encephalitis -within our grasp?’. T Solomon . \textit{N. Engl. J. Med} 2006. 355 p. . \bibitem[Mogi ()]{b13}\label{b13} ‘Effect of intermittent irrigation on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and larvivorous predators in rice fields’. M Mogi . \textit{J. Med. Entomol} 1993. 30 p. . \bibitem[Keiser et al. ()]{b10}\label{b10} ‘Effect of irrigated rice agriculture on Japanese encephalitis, including challenges and opportunities for integrated vector management’. J Keiser , M F Maltese , T E Erlanger , R B Tanner , B H Singer , J Utzinger . \url{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15878762.} \textit{Acta. Trop} 2005. 2012. 95 (1) p. . (Retrieved on October 13) \bibitem[Li and Zhu ()]{b11}\label{b11} ‘Epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis in Shanghai’. Y T Li , Y Y Zhu , BH . \textit{Trop. Med.e and Int. Health} 2011. 15 (6) p. . \bibitem[Bista and Shrestha ()]{b2}\label{b2} ‘Epidemiological situation of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal’. M B Bista , J M Shrestha . \textit{J. Nepal Med. Assoc} 2005. 44 p. . \bibitem[Pant et al. ()]{b18}\label{b18} ‘Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal’. S Pant , A C Phukan , P K Borah , J Mahanta . \textit{Japanese encephalitis in Assam Northeast India. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health} 2010. 2004. 29 p. . (J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc.) \bibitem[Jani ()]{b9}\label{b9} ‘Evolution and distribution of Japanese Encephalitis virus in Asia’. P Jani . \textit{Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg} 2009. 81 (6) p. . \bibitem[Sunish and Reuben ()]{b21}\label{b21} ‘Factors influencing the abundance of Japanese encephalitis vectors in ricefields in India -I’. I P \& A Sunish , Reuben . \textit{Abiotic. Med. and Vet. Ent} 2001. 15 p. . \bibitem[Solomon ()]{b20}\label{b20} ‘Japanese encephalitis and its distribution in Asia’. T Solomon . \textit{N. Engl. J. Med} 2009. 358 p. . \bibitem[Oya and Kurane ()]{b16}\label{b16} ‘Japanese encephalitis for a reference to international travelers’. A \& I Oya , Kurane . \textit{J. of Trav. Med} 2007. 14 p. . \bibitem[Cdc ()]{b3}\label{b3} ‘Japanese encephalitis in two children--United States’. Cdc . \textit{WRMorb Mortal Wkl Rep} 2011. 2010. 60 (9) p. . \bibitem[Tsai ()]{b23}\label{b23} \textit{Japanese encephalitis vaccines}, T F Tsai . \url{http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/pubs/je-pubs.html} 2008. 2012. (Retrieved on October 21) \bibitem[Who ()]{b26}\label{b26} \textit{Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines: WHO Position Paper. Weekly epidemiol Record}, Who . \url{http://www.who} 2010b. 2010. \bibitem[Mackenzie et al. (ed.) ()]{b12}\label{b12} \textit{Japanese encephalitis virus: the geographic distribution, incidence, and spread of a virus with a propensity to emerge in new areas}, J S Mackenzie , D T Williams , D W Smith . Tabor E, editor (ed.) 2007. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. . (Emerging viruses in human populations) \bibitem[Nidaira et al. ()]{b14}\label{b14} M Nidaira , K Taira , S Okano , T Shinzato , T Morikawa , M Tokumine , Y Asato , Y Tada , K Miyagi , S Mastuda , K Itokazu , J Kudaka , M Nakamura , K Tamanaha . \textit{Survey of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs on Miyako}, (Ishigaki, Kume, and Yonaguni Islands in Okinawa) 2009. 62 p. . \bibitem[Erlanger et al. ()]{b8}\label{b8} ‘Past present and future of Japanese Encephalitis’. T E Erlanger , S Weiss , J Keiser , J Utzinger , K Wiedenmayer . \url{http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/1/08-0311\textunderscore article.html} \textit{Journal of emerging Infectious Diseases Available} 2009. 2012. 17. (Retrieved on October) \bibitem[Conlan et al. ()]{b4}\label{b4} ‘Serologic study of pigassociated viral zoonoses in Laos’. J V Conlan , K Vongxay , R G Jarman , R V Gibbons , R A Lunt , S Fenwick , R C Thompson , S D Blacksell . \textit{Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg} 2012. 86 (6) p. . \bibitem[Ogawa et al. ()]{b15}\label{b15} ‘Serological and virological studies of Japanese encephalitis in the Terai region of Nepal’. S Ogawa , M P Shrestha , S K Rai , M B Parajuli , J N Rai , S C Ghimire , K Hirai , K Nagata , T Tamura , Y Isegawa . \textit{Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health} 1992. 23 p. . \bibitem[Thakur et al. ()]{b22}\label{b22} \textit{Seroprevalence of Japanese Encephalitis virus and risk factors for Seropositivity in pigs in four mountain districts of Nepal}, K K Thakur , G R Pant , L Wang , C A Hill , R M Pogranichniy , S Manandhar , A J Johnson . \url{http://www.vet.prudue.edu/cpb/seminars/2011/20110217Krishna} 2012. 2012. (Retrieved on September 19) \bibitem[Zimmerman et al. ()]{b28}\label{b28} ‘Short report: an outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in Kathmandu’. M D Zimmerman , R M Scott , D W Vaughn , S Rajbhandari , A Nisalak , M P Shrestha . \textit{Nepal. Am. J.Trop. Med. Hyg} 2010. 57 p. . \bibitem[Darsie and Pradhan ()]{b5}\label{b5} ‘The mosquitoes of Nepal: their identification, distribution and biology’. R F Darsie , S P Pradhan . \textit{J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc} 1990. 22 p. . \bibitem[The Nepal Survey on Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis and Kala-azar]{b24}\label{b24} \textit{The Nepal Survey on Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis and Kala-azar}, USAID. 2003a. \url{http://www.ehproject.org/PDF/EHPBriefs/EHPB19.pdf} (Retrieved on September 13, 2012) \bibitem[The Nepal Survey on Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis and Kala-azar (2012)]{b25}\label{b25} \textit{The Nepal Survey on Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis and Kala-azar}, USAID. 2003b. \url{http://www.ehproject.org/PDF/EHPBriefs/EHPB19.pdf.} 19th September, 2012. (Retrieved on) \bibitem[Yamanaka et al. ()]{b27}\label{b27} A Yamanaka , K C Mulyatno , H Susilowati , E Hendrianto , T Utsumi , M Amin , M I Lusida , S Soegijanto , E Konishi . \textit{Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus among pigs in Bali and East Java}, (Indonesia) 2010. 2008. 63 p. . \end{bibitemlist} \end{document}