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}{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Dr.Shivaprasad. P.N.} \affil[1]{ Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Bangalore} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2013 Accepted: 5 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The skin is a complex and the largest organ in the body. Wide range of diseases can develop from the skin including tumors from surface epidermis. The vast diversity of these lesions and descriptive data, often overlapping produces confusion in the area of nomenclature and difficulty in diagnosis.1 Histopathological study is valuable means of diagnosis in dermatology. But it has limitations; som - etimes, in case of tumors definitive diagnosis cannot be made.2 The distinction between benign and malignant neoplasm are rather more difficult to define when they appear in skin than when found elsewhere3 and histopathological examination is frequently required to establish a definitive diagnosis. Diagnosis of any skin tumors can be done by correlating clinical features and histological features, which can be supported by histochemistry, immuno-histochemistry and electron microscopy. \end{abstract} \keywords{} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par he skin is a complex and the largest organ in the body. Wide range of diseases can develop from the skin including tumors from surface epidermis. The vast diversity of these lesions and descriptive data, often overlapping produces confusion in the area of nomenclature and difficulty in diagnosis. \hyperref[b0]{1} Histopathological study is valuable means of diagnosis in dermatology. But it has limitations; sometimes, in case of tumors definitive diagnosis cannot be made. \hyperref[b1]{2} The distinction between benign and malignant neoplasm are rather more difficult to define when they appear in skin than when found elsewhere \hyperref[b2]{3} and histopathological examination is frequently required to establish a definitive diagnosis.\par Diagnosis of any skin tumors can be done by correlating clinical features and histological features, which can be supported by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. \section[{II. Methodology}]{II. Methodology}\par This study of "Tumors of the skin" was carried out from November 2005 to April 2007 over a period of 18 months. Inclusion Criteria: All benign and malignant tumors of skin were included.\par Exclusion Criteria: All non-neoplastic lesions and mesenchymal tumors were excluded.\par Brief clinical history and findings were noted. Gross features were examined; Incisional or excisional biopsy study was done to assess nature of tumors, and fixed all specimens in 10\% formalin for 12-36 hours. Further, tissue was processed and embedded in paraffin blocks. Sections of 6 micron thickness were taken and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and studied. Special stains were used whenever necessary. According to WHO classification of skin tumors (1974) \hyperref[b3]{4} cases were classified into:\par 1 \section[{III. Results}]{III. Results}\par During the period of 18 months from November 2005 to April 2007, out of the total surgical specimens received in Department of Pathology, for histopathological study 790 were of tumors and out of these 54 were skin tumors. Of the 54 cases, 14 were diagnosed as benign tumors and 40 as malignant tumors. The benign tumors constituted 25.92\% and malignant tumors constituted 74.07\%.\par The study also showed there was male predominance and the male to female ratio was 2.7:1. ? 2 = 30.741; p < 0.000 (Highly Significant)\par In the present study the peak age group was between 5 th and 7 th decade. ? 2 = 12.519; p < 0.000 (Highly Significant) The study showed there was male predominance with the male to female ratio of 2.7:1. \section[{a) Benign tumors of skin}]{a) Benign tumors of skin}\par In the present study, benign tumors amounted to 14 (25.92\%) out of total 54 skin tumors. In the present study, 8 cases (57\%) of Seborrheioc keratosis were encountered, out of which one is melanoacanthoma. Two male patients were between age group of 60-65 years.\par Gross examination showed tumor within the epidermis limited by horizontal line. (Figure {\ref 4A and 4B}) ii. Keratoacanthoma Four cases of keratoacanthoma were encountered.These were solitary lesion over the expo -sed area in old males of few months duration.\par Histologically, it showed a central keratin filled crater and proliferation of epidermis form the base of the crater into the dermis. Dermis showed chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates.\par iii. Warty dyskeratoma Two cases of warty dyskeratoma were encountered. These were solitary lesions over the scalp in old females.\par Histologically, it showed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, parakeratosis and cup shaped invagination of the epidermis filled with keratinous material. Dermis showed chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates. \section[{IV. Discussion}]{IV. Discussion}\par Skin tumors constitute a small but significant proportion of patients with cancer. Skin tumors are an ideal subject for study from clinical, morphological and therapeutic point of view and are so ubiquitous that they can affect people of all ages.\par In this study, the WHO classification of skin tumors 5 was followed. All non-neoplastic lesions and dermal tumors were excluded from this study. However, keratoacanthoma and warty dyskeratoma have been included under benign tumors of epidermis following the recent classification of tumors of epidermis by WHO. \hyperref[b5]{6} During this 18 month study period (November 2005 to April 2007) a total of 790 specimens of neoplasms were received in the Department of Path -ology, K.R. Hospital, Mysore. Out of these, tumors of epidermis, epidermal adnexal and melanogenic system were 54, constituting 6.83\%.\par In the present study it was observed that malignant epidermal tumors were the most common (61\%), followed by benign tumors of epidermal appendages (13\%), benign tumors of epidermis (11\%), malignant melanogenic tumors (9\%), malignant adnexal neoplasms (4\%) and benign melanogenic tumor (2\%).\par Of these 54 cases studied, the ratio of benign (14) to malignant tumors (40) was 1:2.85.\par In India, skin cancers constitute about 1-2\% of all diagnosed cancers. Various cancer registries in India reported cumulative incidence of skin cancer varying from 0.5 to 2 per 1,00,000 population. 7 \section[{V. Conclusion}]{V. Conclusion}\par Skin tumors constitute a small but significant proportion of patients with cancer. The anxiety of the patients to differentiate benign from malignant tumors, can be solved by histopathology. Histopathological study is one of the most valuable means of diagnosis in dermatology and diagnosis of skin tumors can be done by correlating clinical features gross and histological appearances. In this study advance age and male preponderance seen, maybe because of excess sun and irritants exposure.\par In some cases rare entities and problems of differential diagnosis encountered maybe solved with the help of histochemical and/or electron microscopic studies. \section[{VI. Summary}]{VI. Summary}\par Out of 54 cases, histopathologically 40 were diagnosed as malignant and 14 as benign lesions.\par The ratio of malignant to benign tumors was 2.8:1. The peak incidence of tumors was in 5th and 6th decades with a male to female ratio of 2.8:1.\par Of the benign epidermal tumors, 8 (57\%) were seborrheic keratosis 4(29\%) keratoacanthoma and 2(14\%) warty dyskeratoma.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4A5}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 4A :Figure 5 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.425\textwidth}P{0.2833333333333333\textwidth}P{0.14166666666666666\textwidth}} 790\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 6\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.48571428571428565\textwidth}P{0.15454545454545454\textwidth}P{0.20974025974025973\textwidth}} 0-19\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\\ 20-29\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\\ 30-39\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\\ 40-49\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 23.5\\ 50-59\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 20\\ 60-69\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 23.5\\ 70-79\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 19\\ 80-89\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\\ Total\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.27321428571428574\textwidth}P{0.31875\textwidth}P{0.25803571428571426\textwidth}} Sex\tabcellsep Number of cases\tabcellsep Percentage\\ Male\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 74\\ Female\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 26\\ Total\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5464285714285715\textwidth}P{0.23526785714285714\textwidth}P{0.06830357142857144\textwidth}} Tumor\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Number of cases Percentage}\\ Epidermal\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Seborrheic Keratosis\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 57\\ Keratoacanthoma\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 29\\ Warty dyskeratosis\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 14\\ Total\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: b) Benign tumors of epidermis i. Seborrheic keratosis]} \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \backmatter \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Rosai and Ackerman]{b0}\label{b0} \textit{Ackerman's Surgical Pathology}, J Rosai , Ackerman . Elsevier. 9 p. . \bibitem[Mcgrath and Pope]{b3}\label{b3} \textit{Anatomy and organization of human skin. 7 th ed. In: Rook, Wilkinson, Ebling's Textbook of Dermatology}, J A Mcgrath , Raj E Pope , FM . Blackwell. \bibitem[Seldon ()]{b4}\label{b4} ‘Histological typing of skin tumors’. Rej Seldon . \textit{International Classification of Tumors} 1974. \bibitem[Deo ()]{b6}\label{b6} ‘Surgical management of skin cancers: Experience from a regional cancer centre in North India’. S V Deo . \textit{Ind J Cancer} 2005. 42 p. . \bibitem[Chu et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} ‘The structure and development of skin. 4 th ed’. D H Chu , A R Haake , K Holbrook , C A Loomis . \textit{Fitzpatrick}, (McGraw-Hill) 2003. p. . \bibitem[Nigel ()]{b5}\label{b5} \textit{Tumors and cysts of the epidermis: Lever's histopathology of skin. 8 th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven}, K Nigel . 1997. p. . \bibitem[David and Ragsdale ()]{b1}\label{b1} \textit{Tumors of epidermal appendages. Histopathology of skin. 8 th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven}, E David , Rosalie E Ragsdale , BD . 1997. p. . \end{bibitemlist} \end{document}