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\title{Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activities of Citrullus Lanatus Seed against some Pathogenic Microorganisms Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activities of Citrullus Lanatus Seed against some Pathogenic Microorganisms}
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             \author[1]{  Onwuakor}

             \author[2]{Onwuakor Chijioke  Ethel}

             \author[3]{  Onwuakor}

             \affil[1]{  Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2013 Accepted: 2 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


To evaluate the phytochemical components and antibacterial potentials of Citrullus lanatus. Materials and Methods: This was carried out by the crude extraction of the seeds with hot water, ethanol and methanol. The extracts were used to determine the presence of phytochemicals. Stock cultures of test organism such as Staphylococcus aereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pyogenes were used to test the antibacterial effects of the extracts using the agar well diffusion method.Results: The extracts showed presence of antibacterial activities which were compared to antibacterial activity of a commercial antibiotic (Ciprofloxacin) against the test organisms.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{citrus lanatus seed, phytochemical analysis, antibacterial activity, pathogenic microorganisms.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
itrullus lanatus (water melon) is the fruit of a plant originally from a vine of Southern Africa. It produces about 93\% water; hence name "water" melon \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. C. lanatus is a prostrate animal plant with several herbaceous, firm and stout stems. The leaves are herbaceous but rigid, becoming rough on both sides. The leaf stalks are somewhat having and up to 150 mm long. The tendrils are rather robust and usually divided in the upper part. They are monoecious with the flower stalk up to 4mm long and to 20mm in diameter; the fruit still is up to 50mm long \hyperref[b1]{[2]}.\par
C. lanatus seeds are increasingly used for their oil in semi-arid regions and also the use of the oil in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry is increasing. There are also prospects for use of the seeds in the improvement of infant nutrition in review of their high protein and fat content \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. In Chinese traditional medicine, watermelon rind is extensively applied to clear away heat to eliminate toxic substances and its extracts are available in powdered form \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. In Nigeria, watermelon rind is fermented, blended and consumed as juice. High antioxidant activities have been reported on food products in microbial fermentation \hyperref[b4]{[5]}.\par
One generous slice of watermelon (about 1/16th of a melon) contains large amounts of vitamin C and Beta-carotene which may help against various forms of cancer due to their antioxidant properties. Watermelon is also high in potassium which helps regulate heart function and normalize blood pressure. It is a good source of fiber also which helps maintain bowed regularity and works to prevent colon and renal cancer \hyperref[b4]{[5]}. Emulsion obtained from the seed water extract of watermelon is used to cure catarrhal infections, disorders of the bowel, urinary passage and fever \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. The plant contains large amount of betacarotene and it is a natural source of lycopene. It is also rich in citrulline, an effective precursor of L-arginine \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. Phenolic compounds are constituents of both edible and non-edible parts of the plant. The seeds are sources of protein, tannins and minerals \hyperref[b6]{[7]}.\par
The antimicrobial compounds found in pants are of interest because antibiotic resistance is becoming a worldwide public health concern in terms of food borne illness and nosocomial infections \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. The plane kingdom has proven to be the most useful in the world's pharmaceuticals \hyperref[b8]{[9]}. The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants includes phenol, tannin, saponin, alkaloid, flavonoid, steroids, carotenoids, and cyanogenic glycosides \hyperref[b9]{[10]}. These phytochemicals constitute the antibiotic principals of plants \hyperref[b8]{[9]}. They are found to be distributed in plants \hyperref[b10]{[11]}. Leaves, roots, flowers, whole plants, seeds and stems have being examined in many research projects, few reports refers to seeds as sources for pharmaceutical \hyperref[b11]{[12]}. Chemical compounds including alkaloids, lectins and phenolic compounds such as lactones, tannins and flavonoids are present in seeds and seed coat \hyperref[b11]{[12]}, and they probably function in the protection of seeds from microbial degradation until conditions are favorable for germination \hyperref[b12]{[13]}  \hyperref[b9]{[10]}.\par
Many studies suggest that endogenous antioxidant or exogenous antioxidants supplied by diet can function as free radical scavengers and improve human health \hyperref[b13]{[14]} [15] \hyperref[b15]{[16]}. Thus consumption of a variety of plant foods including watermelon seeds may provide additional health benefits \hyperref[b16]{[17]}. Amongst all the amino acids which the body requires, there are some known as essential amino acids which the body cannot produce C. lanatus seeds supply some of these acids including tryptophan and glutamic acids.\par
Effective health cannot be achieved in Africa, unless orthodox medicine is complemented with traditional medicine. At least, 80\% Africans depend on plant medicine for their healthcare \hyperref[b17]{[18]}. Fruits and vegetables have been recognized as natural sources of various bioactive compounds \hyperref[b18]{[19]} which could be attributed to their phyto-constituent such as flavonoids, fiber and phenolic compounds.\par
One of such medicinal plant is Citrullus lanatus.\par
Although several of its uses in traditional medicine have been documented, many of these claims are yet to be validated by scientific researchers. Therefore a review of some investigated phytochemical components and therapeutic activities of the plant are highlighted in this present study. each (with filter paper imbedded) then 60ml of hot water, cold water, ethanol and methanol were added respectively and allowed to settle for some time. The filtrate of the extracts was obtained by separation of the suspension in the filter paper. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts were allowed to evaporate and stored in an airtight conical flask. The hot and cold water extracts were then neatly separated and also stored. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} 
\section[{c) Phytochemical Analysis}]{c) Phytochemical Analysis}\par
The phytochemical analysis was performed using universal laboratory techniques for qualitative determination \hyperref[b19]{[20]}  \hyperref[b21]{[21]}. The phytochemical analyzed includes phenols, saponin, flavonoid, alkaloids, tannin and cyanogenic glycoside. i.\par
Phenol Analysis 2g of the sample was emerged in 20ml of methanol, extracted by filtration through filter paper. 1ml of the filtrate was testes by adding 1ml of Folinconcalteon plus 1ml of 20\% NaCO3, the presence of dark blue color shows the presence of phenol.\par
ii. 
\section[{Saponin Analysis}]{Saponin Analysis}\par
About 20ml of water was added to 10.25g of the specimen in 100ml beaker and boiled gently on a hot water bath for 2 minutes. The mixture was filtered hot and allowed to cool and the filtrate used for frothing test. Frothing Test About 5ml of the filtrate was diluted with 20ml of water and shaken vigorously. A stable froth (foam) upon standing indicates the presence of saponins.\par
iii. Flavonoid Analysis 10ml of ethylacetate was added to about 10g of the sample and heated in a water bath for 3 minutes. The mixture was cooled, filtered and the filtrate used for ammonium test. Ammonium Test About 5ml of filtrate was shaken with1ml of solute ammonia solution. The layers were allowed to separate and the yellow colour in the ammonical layer indicates the presences of flavonoids. iv. Tannin Analysis About 5g of the specimen was boiled with 40ml of water, filtered and used for the ferric chloride test.\par
Ferric Chloride Test: About 3ml of the filtrate was added to few drops of ferric chloride solution. A greenish black precipitate indicates the presence of tannin. 
\section[{v. Cyanogenic Glycoside Analysis}]{v. Cyanogenic Glycoside Analysis}\par
Fehling's Test: About 5ml of mixture of equal parts of Fehling's solution I and II were added to about 3ml of the filtrate and boiled for 5minutes. A more dense brick red precipitate indicates the presence of glycoside. The isolates were screened to confirm their identities. They were sub-cultured on nutrient agar and stored on slant before use \hyperref[b22]{[22]}. 
\section[{e) Sensitivity Test}]{e) Sensitivity Test}\par
The antibacterial activity of the four (4) extracts of the C. lanatus seeds were tested using the Agar well diffusion techniques standardized inocula culture of the respective test organisms was spread evenly on the surface of nutrient agar plates. Wells of 6mm were aseptically punched on the agar using a sterile cork borer allowing at least 30mm between adjacent wells and the Petri dish. Different concentrations of the 4 different extracts (1000, 500, 125 and 62.5mg) of C. lanatus seeds were then introduced into the wells. Each extract was screened separately. The plates were incubated at 37 0 C for 24hours \hyperref[b23]{[23]}. Activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition produced by the extracts against the test organisms.\par
The different concentrations were used for determine the minimum inhibitory concentration using Mueller Hinton Agar. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} shows the phytochemical components of watermelon seed extracts. The presence of phenol, saponin, tannin, flavonoid and cyanogenic glycosides were observed. Amongst the observed phyto-components, only cyanogenic glycoside was not present in the ethanol extracts.     
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenol, saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid and cyanogenic glycoside. The presence of these phytocomponents has been linked with the antibacterial activity of plants and plants that contain them in higher amount are considered to be superior in their antimicrobial activity \hyperref[b24]{[24]} [25] \hyperref[b21]{[21]}.\par
The result of antibacterial activity of the extract against selected human pathogens indicated that the plant sample was active against a wide variety of human pathogenic bacteria. Ethanol extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect followed by methanol, hot water and cold water in that trend. This result agrees with the findings made by \hyperref[b26]{[26]} where ethanol extract proved active in inhibition of the tested organisms than other extraction solvents. The low inhibition effect shown by the aqueous extracts as compared to ethanol and methanol could be due to the fact that these phytocomponents are more soluble in ethanol and methanol than in water or that the hot water could have caused the denaturing of the active components.\par
However, most of the Gram negative organism e.g. E. coli showed high susceptibility than most of the Gram positive. The higher susceptibility of the Gram negative bacteria is difficult to explain in the study considering the observation of [27] that the Gram negative bacteria appear to be more resistant to antimicrobial agents than the Gram positive bacteria. This resistance has been observed to reside in the complex cell wall and cell membrane structure. More so, more antibacterial activities were observed with high concentration of the extracts than at lower concentrations. Activity even at low concentration indicates high potency of the extract against the microorganism.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
These results gotten from the phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of the watermelon seed extracts supports the application of the extracts in ethno-medicine and will serve as a good source in pharmaceutical productions against some pathogenic microorganisms. Key: 
\section[{Volume XIV Issue}]{Volume XIV Issue}\begin{figure}[htbp]
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\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.46604627766599593\textwidth}P{0.01881287726358149\textwidth}P{0.01795774647887324\textwidth}P{0.31212273641851107\textwidth}P{0.01795774647887324\textwidth}P{0.01710261569416499\textwidth}}
Component\tabcellsep Cold\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Hot}\tabcellsep Methanol\tabcellsep Ethanol\\
\tabcellsep Water\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Water}\tabcellsep Extract\tabcellsep Extract\\
\tabcellsep Extract\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Extract}\tabcellsep \\
Phenol\tabcellsep +\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{+}\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep +\\
Saponin\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{+}\tabcellsep +\tabcellsep +\\
Tannin\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep +\tabcellsep +\\
Flavonoid\tabcellsep +\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{+}\tabcellsep +\tabcellsep +\\
Alkanoid\tabcellsep +\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{+}\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep +\\
Cyanogenic\tabcellsep +\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep +\tabcellsep -\\
glycoside\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Key: + = present, -= absent}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Table 2 shows the zone diameter of growth}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{growth inhibition of test organism by ethanolic extracts}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{inhibition of the test organisms by methanolic extracts at}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{at different concentrations are shown in table 3.}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{different concentrations. There was no inhibitory effect}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000mg/ml inhibited all}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{observed against any of the test organisms at}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{the organisms. Only B. cereus was not inhibited at}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{62.5mg/ml concentration. At 125mg/ml, B. cereus, P.}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{125mg/ml concentration while at 62.5mg, only S.}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis were not inhibited.}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pyogenes}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{There were inhibitory effects against all the test}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{were inhibited. The MIC value ranged from 62.5-250}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{organisms at concentrations of 250-1000mg. The MIC}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{mg/ml.}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{value range from 125-250mg/ml. the zone diameter of}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.32446236559139785\textwidth}P{0.10739247311827957\textwidth}P{0.08682795698924732\textwidth}P{0.0228494623655914\textwidth}P{0.0228494623655914\textwidth}P{0.025134408602150538\textwidth}P{0.26048387096774195\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2014\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume XIV Issue IV Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep D D D D ) C\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Diameter Zone Inhibition (mm)}\tabcellsep MIC\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (Mg/ml)\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Concentrations (mg/ml)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Pathogen\tabcellsep 1000\tabcellsep 500\tabcellsep 250\tabcellsep 125\tabcellsep 62.5\tabcellsep \\
Staphylococcus aureus\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1.25\\
Klebsiella pneumoniae\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 250\\
Escherichia coli\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 125\\
Pseudomonas aeruginosa\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 250\\
Bacillus cereus\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 250\\
Proteus mirabilis\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 250\\
Streptococcus pyogenes\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 125\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.062195121951219505\textwidth}P{0.3946998123827392\textwidth}P{0.18020637898686678\textwidth}P{0.08531894934333958\textwidth}P{0.010365853658536586\textwidth}P{0.010365853658536586\textwidth}P{0.020731707317073172\textwidth}P{0.08611632270168855\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Diameter Zone Inhibition (mm)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep MIC\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (Mg/ml)\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Concentrations (mg/ml)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Pathogen\tabcellsep 1000\tabcellsep 500\tabcellsep 250\tabcellsep 125\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{62.5}\\
\tabcellsep Staphylococcus aureus\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 6.25\\
\tabcellsep Klebsiella pneumonia\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 125\\
\tabcellsep Escherichia coli\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 125\\
\tabcellsep Pseudomonas aeruginosa\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 125\\
\tabcellsep Bacillus cereus\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 250\\
\tabcellsep Proteus mirabilis\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 62.5\\
2014\tabcellsep Streptococcus pyogenes\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 62.5\\
Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
24\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume XIV Issue IV Version I ( ) C\tabcellsep Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumonia Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacillus cereus Proteus mirabilis Streptococcus pyogenes\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Diameter Zone Inhibition (mm) Concentrations (mg/ml) 1000 500 250 125 62.5 27 13 7 2 0 25 12 6 0 0 29 14 7 0 0 25 12 3 0 0 24 12 4 2 0 21 10 2 0 0 23 9 4 0 0}\tabcellsep MIC (Mg/ml) 125 250 250 125 125 250 250\\
Medical Research\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Diameter Zone Inhibition (mm)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep MIC\\
Global Journal of\tabcellsep Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumonia Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa\tabcellsep 1000 28 26 27 24\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Concentrations (mg/ml) 500 250 125 15 6 1 13 5 0 13 6 0 12 15 0}\tabcellsep 62.5 0 0 0 0\tabcellsep (Mg/ml) 250 250 250 250\\
\tabcellsep Bacillus cereus\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 250\\
\tabcellsep Proteus mirabilis\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 250\\
\tabcellsep Streptococcus pyogenes\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 250\\
\tabcellsep © 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 6}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.23831775700934577\textwidth}P{0.1350467289719626\textwidth}P{0.3257009345794392\textwidth}P{0.15093457943925231\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{C.W.E-Cold Water Extract}\tabcellsep H.W.E-Hot Water Extract\tabcellsep E.E-Ethanol Extract\\
M.E\tabcellsep -Methanol Extract\tabcellsep CIP -Ciprofloxacin\\
IV.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.40936454849498327\textwidth}P{0.07959866220735785\textwidth}P{0.07959866220735785\textwidth}P{0.07391304347826086\textwidth}P{0.07391304347826086\textwidth}P{0.07391304347826086\textwidth}P{0.05969899665551839\textwidth}}
Pathogen\tabcellsep C.W.E\tabcellsep H.W.E\tabcellsep M.E\tabcellsep E.E\tabcellsep CIP\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 1000mg\tabcellsep 1000mg\tabcellsep 1000mg\tabcellsep 1000mg\tabcellsep 1000mg\tabcellsep \\
Staphylococcus aureus\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep \\
Klebsiella pneumonia\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep \\
Escherichia coli\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep \\
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacillus cereus Proteus mirabilis Streptococcus pyogenes\tabcellsep 24 22 20 20\tabcellsep 25 24 21 23\tabcellsep 29 29 25 24\tabcellsep 30 28 32 30\tabcellsep 32 29 30 39\tabcellsep Year 2014\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep D D D D ) C\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}}\end{figure}
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