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\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Cinthya Dessaune Neves} \affil[1]{ State University of North Fluminense} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2013 Accepted: 1 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Rocuronium is a neuromuscular blocker with potential to provide advantages in surgeries that require shortterm muscular relaxation. A sample consisting of 20 female canines submitted to ovaryhysterectomy was randomly divided into two equally sized groups. All the animals received acepromazine (0,1 mg.kg-1, IV), propofol (6,0 mg.kg-1, IV) and maintenance with isofluorane. Rocuronium (0,1 mg.kg-1, IV) was administered at the moment of the skin incision to the animals in the ?rocuronium group? (GR). In the ?control group? (GC), saline 0,9% was administered in equivalent volume of that used to rocuronium in double-blind study. Respiratory frequency (FR) and the minute-volume (VM) were measured before the beginning of the treatment (M0), 15 minutes after the administration of pre-anesthesic medication (M1), subsequent to induction (M2), and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 minutes after the administration of rocuronium or saline. The other variables were systolic blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiography, measured at M0, M1, M2 and every 10 minutes from this last moment (M3, M4, M5 and M6). The collection of samples for blood gas analysis was performed at M0, M3 and M6. A questionnaire on the muscular relaxation was responded by the surgical staff right after the procedures. The results revealed that there were only a few alterations in the respiratory dynamics. A reduction on the VM was noted 2 minutes from the administration of rocuronium in the GR group when compared to the GC group. Both protocols produced acidemia, respiratory acidosis and hyperchloremia. No significant alteration was noted in the circulatory dynamics. The muscular relaxation was considered superior in 80% of the animals in the group treated with rocuronium when compared to the non-treated group. \end{abstract} \keywords{rocuronium, female canines, ovary hysteric tomy.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par ocuronium bromide is a mono quartenary depolarizing muscle relaxant of intermediate-term action \hyperref[b19]{(Tranquili et al., 2007)}. Due to its low potency, rocuronium needs to be administered in high doses in order to achieve a sufficient number of molecules in the neuromuscular junction, setting its fast beginning of action \hyperref[b11]{(Hunter 1996}\hyperref[b19]{, Tranquili et al., 2007)}. Rocuronium has minimum influence on the cardiovascular system and does not promote histamine release in horses, dogs, cats and humans \hyperref[b22]{(Xue et al., 1998}\hyperref[b15]{, Neves, 2007)}. In high doses rocuronium may cause small increase in the heart rate and significant increase in blood pressure, probably by vagolytic action \hyperref[b1]{(Booij, 1997}\hyperref[b14]{, Miranda et al., 2008)}. According to \hyperref[b4]{Dugdale et al. (2002)}, hypertension is transient and not followed by changes in heart frequency or rhythm.\par This neuromuscular blocker presents good chemical stability and minimum liver biotransformation \hyperref[b12]{(McCoy et al., 1996)}. In men, rats and dogs, its inactive metabolite 17-deacetyl-rocuronium may be found in negligible amounts \hyperref[b16]{(Proost et al., 2000)}. This is probably an advantage over vecuronium, its precursor, which presents active metabolites that may contribute to the cumulative characteristics that follow clinical doses in healthy patients and in kidney insufficient patients. \hyperref[b21]{(Wright et al.,1994)}. The main elimination pathway is hepatic-biliary \hyperref[b20]{(Wierda \& Proost, 1995)} and occurs majorly in the first 24 hours, with 65\% to 75\% of the metabolites being eliminated in the feces and 9\% to 25\% in the urine \hyperref[b16]{(Proost et al., 2000)}.\par Rocuronium has a specific cyclodextrin-based reverser, sugammadex, which favors its elimination through the kidney by making the drug more water soluble. The clearing time takes about two hours after its administration with no recurarization effect \hyperref[b0]{(Almeida \& Locks, 2011)}.\par The present experiment aimed to evaluate the utilization of a IV bolus 0,1 mg.Kg -1 rocuronium dose as a muscle relaxant in elective ovaryhysterectomy surgeries of female canines, in order to verify possible alterations over the respiratory and circulatory dynamics as well as the muscle relaxation effects, with the objective to help these proposed surgical techniques. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Material and Methods}]{Material and Methods}\par With the approval of the ethics committee of Viçosa Federal University (UFV) (process 09/2007), 20 female canines with indication to elective ovaryhysterectomy from the UFV Veterinary Hospital routine were selected, with the owner's consent, all of them included in anesthetic risk class I, according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (Futema, 2002).\par The animals presented medium weight of 15 ± 0,9 kg and medium age of 4 ± 1,12 years. They were randomly distributed into two groups of 10 subjects. Complete physical examination, hemogram and biochemical profile were performed for all the animals in the presurgical period, in order to ensure their good state of health. Only healthy animals were used in this experiment.\par After 6 hours of water abstinence and 12 hours of fasting, all the subjects received acepromazine (IV 0,1 mg.kg -1 ) and 10 minutes from that point the cephalic vein was catheterized and anesthetic induction was perfomed using propofol 6,0 mg.kg -1 IV along with orotracheal intubation. Shortly after that, inhalatory anesthesia was initiated using isofluorane diluted in pure oxygen, in an anesthetic circuit with partial gas reinhalation with a calibrated vaporizer. The administered isofluorane concentration was the one necessary to maintain the anesthetic level compatible to the surgical procedure.\par Immediately before the skin incision, the subjects in the GR group received rocuronium 0,1 mg.kg -1 IV, while the subjects in the GC group received NaCl 0,9\% solution in the same volume as the rocuronium solution.\par The following variables were registered: respiratory frequency (FR), by the observation of the chest movement; minute-volume (V M ), by Wright's ventilometer 1 ; systolic blood pressure (SBP), by a noninvasive method using a vascular doppler 2 ; heart rate (HR) using a oximeter 3 , with its sensor initially placed in the inguinal fold and in the tongue after anesthetic induction;\par The electrocardiography, using a computer program in DII derivation 4 ; arterial blood gasometry, performed in three samples collected from the femoral artery and measured by a portable blood gas analyzer 5 ;\par 1 Ferraris Mark 8 -Wright Ventilometer 100L. 2 Portable Vascular Doppler -Medmega Industry and Medical Equipment Ltd. 3 NPB 290 -Nellcor Puritan Bennett Europe BU. 4 Computer ECG Acquisition Module -Brazilian Electronic Technology TEB. 5 Portable Clinical Blood Gas Analyzer I -STAT. blood electrolytes analysis (Cl -, iCa,, Na + , K + ) by the colorimetric method 6 ; and muscular relaxation by questionnaire (Fig. {\ref 1}). \section[{Volume XIV Issue IV Version I}]{Volume XIV Issue IV Version I}\par Year ( ) \section[{2014}]{2014}\par Did the anesthetic protocol used in this surgery somehow interfered in the surgical procedures? Chose the option(s) that better represent your opinion about it.\par ( ) The muscular relaxation was equal to the commonly found in HOV anesthetic states for elective ovaryhysterectomy; ( ) The muscular relaxation was higher than the commonly found in HOV anesthetic states for elective ovaryhysterectomy; ( ) It was noted no difference regarding the easiness in exposing the suspensory ovaries ligaments; ( ) It was noted higher easiness in exposing the suspensory ovaries ligaments.\par Figure {\ref 1} : Questionnaire on the muscular relaxation applied to the surgical staff after the experimental period\par The respiratory frequency (FR) and the minutevolume (V M ) were measured before MPA (M0), 15 minutes after MPA (M1), and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 minutes after the administration of rocuronium or saline solution. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR) and electrocardiography were measured before MPA (M0), 10 minutes after MPA (M1), after the setting of surgical anesthesia (M2), and, from that moment on, every 10 minutes (M3, M4, M5 e M6). A 40-minute fixed transoperative period was set for the surgeries. Blood samples were collected for gasometry at M0, M3 and M6. The anion gap (Na + +K + )-(Cl -+HCO -3 ) and the measurable strong ion quotient (Na + +K + )-(Cl -) were obtained by calculation. After data collection was conducted statistical analysis, between groups was used for parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) data and non-parametric Wilcoxon test data. For comparison along time within each group was used for parametric data and the Tukey test for nonparametric data, the Dunn's test with p<0,05. As for the muscular relaxation, descriptive analysis was performed. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par The simultaneous evaluation of respiratory frequency (FR) and minute-volume (V M ) (Fig. {\ref 2}) revealed similar responses in both GR and GC groups. After sedation with acepromazine, a significant decrease in these variables was noted due to the sensibility reduction of the chemoceptors in the carotid and aortic sheath and in the central nervous system facing the changes of carbon dioxide concentration in the blood \hyperref[b2]{(Cortopassi \& Fantoni, 2002)}.\par Figure {\ref 2} : Representation of FR medium values (mrm) and V M medium values (l) featured by anesthetized female dogs with acepromazine, propofol and isofluorane, treated with rocuronium (GR) or not (GC) Medium values followed by equal capital letters in columns do not differ between them according to ANOVA or the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. Medium values followed by equal lowercase letters in lines do not differ between them according to Tukey's parametric test or the non-parametric Dunn's test (p<0,05). *AG (Ânion gap); **DIFm (difference between measured strong ions).\par After the administration of propofol and isofluorane for anesthetic maintenance, respectively, it was noted decrease in FR and V M , in a dose-dependent manner, according to Short \& Bufalari (1999) and \hyperref[b6]{Evers et al., (2006)}. A 0,1mg.kg -1 rocuronium dose did not promote respiratory arrest in any of the subjects in the GR group, nor significant reduction in FR. However, V M was significantly and transiently affected in this group, only two minutes after the administration of rocuronium. This effect was no longer noted four minutes from the administration, demonstrating a slight reduction in intercostal muscles and/or diaphragm activities. This Year 2014 E also demonstrates that other muscular groups were influenced by rocuronium as well, since respiratory arrest may happen when a neuromuscular blocker is administered, in a dose-dependent manner. There is a sequence of muscular paralysis beginning by facial and tail muscles, moving towards limbs and neck, followed by phonation and swallowing muscles, abdominal muscles, intercostals muscles and finally the diaphragm. Therefore, when diaphragm contraction ceases, it means that other muscular groups are under the effect of the muscular relaxant \hyperref[b8]{(Fuller, 2001)}.\par The sequence of events in the recovery occurs in the reverse order of the neuromuscular blocking \hyperref[b10]{(Hall, 1971)}. Considering all that, our theory is that the dose utilized in this experiment is very close to the ideal one, if not actually ideal.\par Systolic blood pressure behaved in the same manner for both groups (Tab.1). However, for the GR group, it was noted a progressive reduction nonsignificat in this variable until M4, a point where reestablishment of the values start, which may be assigned to the potentiating effect of the neuromuscular blockers on other central depressing drugs \hyperref[b5]{(Duke, 1995}\hyperref[b17]{, Sano et al., 2003)}. The medium values of the heart rate remained stable during the whole anesthetic period in both evaluated groups, demonstrating that the protocols used in this experiment did not promote any effects on this variable. According to \hyperref[b22]{Xue et al. (1998)} and \hyperref[b15]{Neves (2007)}, rocuronium has minimum influence on the cardiovascular system and does not lead to histamine release, which causes vascular dilation and decrease in blood pressure. Changes in pressure lead to reflex tachycardia or rhythm alterations, which were not observed in this study. Some the subjects in both experimental groups showed sinus rhythm without electrocardiogram changes during the anesthetic period. Evaluation of the acid-base profile revealed that pCO 2(a) values were not significantly different in both groups during the whole experimental period, but it was noted an increase between M0 and M3 in both groups, stating post-induction respiratory acidosis. It is known that propofol and isoflourane promote respiratory depression that leads to heart rate decrease and hypoventilation, as previously seen. By its turn there may be pCO 2(a) increase \hyperref[b8]{(Ferro et al., 2005)}, an independent respiratory variable.\par The analysis of pH (a) medium values indicate acidosis, once this is a dependent variable that may be altered by base concentration (metabolic component) and by pCO 2(a) (respiratory component), being inversely proportional to this last one. Since all animals in GR and GC group showed respiratory acidosis and no alterations in base concentrations it is possible to allege that the main factor was the pCO 2(a) increase, corroborating \hyperref[b7]{Ferro et al., (2007)}.\par Increase in pCO 2(a) lead to rising bicarbonate levels, since they are interdependent. Each 10mmHg increase in pCO 2(a) is equivalent to an increase of 1,5mEq.Lin bicarbonate levels (Tab.1). The CO 2 concentration behaved in the same manner as bicarbonate, since it maintained 1 to 2 mEq.Lhigher than bicarbonate (it also represents the CO 2 concentration dissolved in plasma) \hyperref[b3]{(DiBartola, 2006;}\hyperref[b19]{Tranquili et al., 2007)}. While CO 2 chemical metabolites elimination processes take place in the organism, CO 2 associates to water (H 2 O) and forms carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), which, by its turn, will form HCO -3 and H + ions, this last one's production higher since carbonic acid is weak and suffers low dissociation in bicarbonate. In addition, according to DiBartola (2006), pCO 2(a) increase may be responsible for 50\% of the blood bicarbonate level variation. Lately, the reason for this increase will be due to an attempt of kidney adaptation and respiratory acidosis, since kidneys control H + ions concentration in the organism excreting either acid or basic urine (DiBartola 2006).\par The ions showed physiological medium values and did not differ between them \hyperref[b19]{(Tranquili et al., 2007)}, except by chloride, which presented itself elevated indicating hyperchloremia. It is suggested that the NaCl 0,9 \% may have caused this effect (DiBartola 2006). The alterations were transient and similar in both groups, and did not influence in the recovery/deambulation of the subjects.\par The response to the questionnaire on the muscular relaxation revealed that 80\% of the animals treated with rocuronium showed appropriate relaxation and easiness in the maneuvers to expose the viscera, meanwhile, in the control group, this response was achieved in only 30\% of the subjects.\par From these observations, we are able to imply that abdominal musculature presented itself easy to manipulate, confirming the benefits mentioned by \hyperref[b10]{Hall (1971)}, who stated that the use of small doses of muscular relaxant might favor several surgical procedures in superficial anesthetic level.\par IV. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par The administration of a 0,1 mg.kg -1 rocuronium dose led to little alteration in the respiratory dynamics as well as to increase in the muscular relaxation level, thus presenting important benefits to surgical performance. Both utilized anesthetic protocols did not promote significant changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure and electrocardiogram. Also both protocols promoted acidemia, respiratory acidosis and transient hyperchloremia, with no prejudice to anesthetic recovery. \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.046767537826685\textwidth}P{0.11458046767537826\textwidth}P{0.15550206327372765\textwidth}P{0.060797799174690505\textwidth}P{0.056121045392022\textwidth}P{0.1636863823933975\textwidth}P{0.040921595598349375\textwidth}P{0.05378266850068776\textwidth}P{0.15784044016506188\textwidth}} Groups\tabcellsep \tabcellsep M0\tabcellsep M1\tabcellsep M2\tabcellsep M3\tabcellsep M4\tabcellsep M5\tabcellsep M6\\ GR\tabcellsep PAS\tabcellsep 129 A,a\tabcellsep 107 A,ab\tabcellsep 95 A,bc\tabcellsep 77 A,c\tabcellsep 74 A,c\tabcellsep 83 A,bc\tabcellsep 99 A,bc\\ GC\tabcellsep PAS\tabcellsep 145 A,a\tabcellsep 143 A,a\tabcellsep 118,5\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{111,5 A,ab 104,5 A,ab}\tabcellsep 99 A,ab\tabcellsep 117 A,ab\\ GR\tabcellsep FC\tabcellsep 115,5 A,a\tabcellsep 103,2 A,a\tabcellsep 114,1 A,a\tabcellsep 103,8 Aa\tabcellsep 102 A,a\tabcellsep 105 A,a\tabcellsep 108,3 A,a\\ GC\tabcellsep FC\tabcellsep 136,7 A,a\tabcellsep 103,3 A,b\tabcellsep 117,6 A,ab\tabcellsep 107 A,ab\tabcellsep 102 A,b\tabcellsep 94,4 A,b\tabcellsep 109,7 A,ab\\ GR\tabcellsep SpO 2\tabcellsep 93,1 A,bc\tabcellsep 92,8 A,c\tabcellsep 96,4 A,ab\tabcellsep 96,3 A,ab\tabcellsep 97 A,a\tabcellsep 97 A,a\tabcellsep 97 A,a\\ GC\tabcellsep SpO 2\tabcellsep 92,8 A,c\tabcellsep 93,4 A,bc\tabcellsep 99 A,a\tabcellsep 97 A,ab\tabcellsep 97 A,ab\tabcellsep 96,3 A,bc\tabcellsep 95,7 A,abc\\ GR\tabcellsep pO2 (a)\tabcellsep 84,5 A,b\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 437, A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 325,8 A,ab\\ GC\tabcellsep pO2 (a)\tabcellsep 74,3 B,b\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 387, A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 367,4 A,a\\ GR\tabcellsep pCO 2)\tabcellsep 31,03 A,c\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 79,8 A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 63,83 A,b\\ GC\tabcellsep pCO 2)\tabcellsep 31,06 A,b\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 69,1 A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 66,43 A,a\\ GR\tabcellsep pH (a)\tabcellsep 7,39 A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 7,1 A,c\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 7,17 A,b\\ GC\tabcellsep pH (a)\tabcellsep 7,39 A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 7,14 A,b\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 7,17 A,b\\ GR\tabcellsep cHCO -3 (a)\tabcellsep 18,9 A,b\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 24,4 A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 22,5 A,a\\ GC\tabcellsep cHCO -3 (a)\tabcellsep 18,9 A,b\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 23,2 A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 21 A,a\\ GR\tabcellsep ctCO2 (a)\tabcellsep 19,8 A,b\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 26,7 A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 24,4 A,a\\ GC\tabcellsep ctCO2 (a)\tabcellsep 19,9 A,b\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25,4 A,a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 23,1 A,a\\ GR\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.0804054054054054\textwidth}P{0.11103603603603603\textwidth}P{0.08614864864864866\textwidth}P{0.1837837837837838\textwidth}P{0.1876126126126126\textwidth}P{0.20101351351351351\textwidth}} 2014\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Volume XIV Issue IV Version I\tabcellsep GC GR GC GR\tabcellsep Cl -Na + Na + K +\tabcellsep ,a 117,4 A,a 143 A,a 142 A,a 3,82 A,a\tabcellsep 118 A,a 127 A,a 141 A,ab 141 A,a 3,88 A,a\tabcellsep 108,3 A,a 125,4 A,a 141 A,b 140 A,a 3,91 A,a\\ ( ) E\tabcellsep GC GR\tabcellsep K + iCa\tabcellsep 3,75 A,a 1,33 A,a\tabcellsep 3,76 A,a 1,33 A,a\tabcellsep 3,7 A,a 1,24 A,a\\ \tabcellsep GC\tabcellsep iCa\tabcellsep 1,19 A,a\tabcellsep 1,29 A,a\tabcellsep 1,25 A,a\\ \tabcellsep GR\tabcellsep *AG\tabcellsep 5,21 A,a\tabcellsep 2,22 A,a\tabcellsep 13,66 A,a\\ \tabcellsep GC\tabcellsep *AG\tabcellsep 9,86 A,a\tabcellsep 5,79 A,b\tabcellsep -0,51 A,ab\\ \tabcellsep GR\tabcellsep **DIFm\tabcellsep 24,12 A,a\tabcellsep 26,6 A,a\tabcellsep 36,22 A,a\\ \tabcellsep GC\tabcellsep **DIFm\tabcellsep 28,73 A,a\tabcellsep 17,3 A,a\tabcellsep 20,72 A,a\\ \tabcellsep © 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure} \footnote{CELM E-225-D-Company for Modern Laboratory Equipment -São Paulo -Brazil.} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgment}]{Acknowledgment}\par The contribution of Dutra Rocha Nina for their availability and dedication to work. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Tranquili et al. ()]{b19}\label{b19} \textit{}, W J Tranquili , J C Thurmon , K A Grimm . 2007. 1096p. Iowa: Blackwell Publishing. \bibitem[Duke ()]{b5}\label{b5} ‘A new intravenous anesthetic agent: Propofol’. T Duke . \textit{Canadian Veterinary Journal} 1995. 36 (3) p. . \bibitem[Evers et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} ‘Anestésicos Gerais’. A S Evers , M Crowder , J R Balser . \textit{Godman \& Gilman As Bases Farmacológicas da Terapêutica. 11ªed. McGraw Hill}, (Rio de Janeiro) 2006. p. . \bibitem[Futema ()]{b9}\label{b9} ‘Avaliação pré-anestésica’. 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